This document discusses various exogenous (external) geological processes that shape the Earth's surface features. It describes weathering as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks, including frost wedging, salt crystal growth, and hydrolysis. Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of weathered materials by agents like water, wind, and ice. Mass movement involves the downslope transport of soil and rock due to gravity, including processes like creep, landslides, and rockfalls.

1. EXOGENIC
PROCESSES

2. TOPIC OUTLINE
 Geological Process
 Weathering
 Erosion
 Mass movement

3. SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGIES
 Creep
 Detachment
 Entertainment
 Erosion
 Falls (rock fall)
 Flocculation
 Flow
 Landslide (landslip)
 Mass movement (mass
wasting)
 Plucking
 Precipitation
 Slump
 Topples
 Weathering

4. GEOLOGIC PROCESSES
Geological processes are the internal
(endogenous) and external ( exogenous) forces
that shape the Earth’s feature. Exogenous
processes on the surface of the Earth are caused
by external agents such as weathering, erosion,
mass wasting.

5. WEATHERING
Rocks undergo natural process known as weathering which
involves changes in its physical and chemical properties.
Physical or mechanical weathering and chemical weathering
are processes that lead to soil formation. Physical or
mechanical occurs when physical forces break rocks into
smaller pieces without changing the rock’s composition.
Physical weathering is caused by the following:

6. Frost wedging-The mechanical breakup of rock
is due to the expansion of freezing water in
cracks.
Pressure (stress) release-It is also known as
unloading which occurs when overlying materials
that cause stress to the underlying rocks are
removed by erosion.

8. Salt crystal growth (salt crystallization)- The disintegration
of rocks is caused by salt solutions that seep into cracks and
joints in the rocks. The water component of the salt solution
evaporates leaving salt crystals behind. When the salt crystals
are heated up, the expand to exert pressure on the rock which
causes its breakdown.
Water(hydraulic) action- The disintegration of rocks is
caused by water from powerful waves that move rapidly into
cracks in the rock.

10. Thermal stress- Rock expands when heated and
contracts when it cools. The outer layers of rocks
peel off in thin sheets because of the temperature
changes which cause expansion and contraction of
rock. It is an important mechanism in deserts, where
there is a large temperature range, hot in the day and
cold at night.

12. Chemical weathering is caused by different chemical reactions
such as:
Carbonation- It occurs when water(rain) combines with carbon
dioxide or an organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid. This
acid reacts with calcium carbonate (the limestone) present in
the rock and forms calcium bicarbonate. Decrease in
temperature can speed up the chemical reaction because cold
water holds more dissolved carbon dioxide gas. Therefore
carbonation is a significant feature of glacial weathering.

14. Hydrolysis- It refers to the reaction between
water and the silicate and carbonate minerals
present in rock.
Oxidation- It involves reaction between oxygen
(in air or water) and metal (such as iron) present
in the rock.

16. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Living organism may contribute to mechanical
as well as chemical weathering. The activity of
organisms, including plants, burrowing
animals, and humans, can cause physical
breakdown of rock. The attachment of lichens
and mosses to the rock surface can cause
physical or chemical breakdown.

17. Seedlings sprouting can also cause physical
breakdown of rock. Plant roots can cause physical
weathering by exerting stress or pressure on rocks.
It also causes chemical weathering by providing
pathway for the infiltration of water and chemical.
The organic molecules produced by plants can react
with the minerals found in rock. This reaction is
known as chelation which can contribute to the
decomposition of rock.

19. End.

20. EROSION

21. This a surface process which involves the removal of
soil, sediment, and rock fragments from the landscape.
The natural agents of erosion include gravity, wind,
running water, glaciers, waves, and rain. It is
responsible for: (1) the creation of hills and valleys; (2)
removal of sediments from areas that were once
glaciated; (3) shaping the shorelines of lakes and
coastlines; and (4) movement of material downslope from
elevated sites. Erosion is different from weathering since
erosion has the moving element.

22. The three processes involved in erosion are
detachment, entrainment and transport.
Detachment is a separation of a particle from
surrounding material. The agents of erosion can
cause detachment on surface rocks and soil due
to different mechanisms such as plucking,
cavitation, raindrop impact, and abrasion.

23. Plucking occurs when ice freezes onto the surface and
cracks which cause fragmentation of the rock.
Cavitation is caused by moving water with high
velocity like high waterfalls.
Raindrop impact is characterized by the force of a
raindrop falling on the soil and weathered rock surface
which is enough to break the weaker particle bonds.
Abrasion is due to the excavation of surface particles
by material carried by the erosion agent.

24. Entrainment is the process of particle lifting by the
agent of erosion. The particle cohesive bonds are
weakened by weathering or forces created by the
erosion. This resistance should be overcome by the
entrainment forces. The main force responsible for
entrainment is fluid drag which cause the particle
to move. The forces of friction, slope angle, and
cohesion are overcome once the particle is lifted and
the only force resisting in transport is gravity.

25. Once a particle is entrained, transport can
already occur through various mechanisms
such as suspension, saltation, traction
and solution.

27. Suspension is where the particles are carried by
the medium without touching the surface of
their origin. It can occur in air, water, and ice
Saltation is where the particle moves from the
surface to the medium in quick continuous
repeated cycles.
It is only active in air and water.

28. Traction which occurs in all erosional mediums is
characterized by the movement of particles by
rolling, sliding, and shuffling along the eroded
surface.
Solution is a transport mechanism that occurs only
in aqueous environments. Solution involves the
eroded material being dissolve and carried along in
water as individual ions.

29. The process which ends erosion is known as
deposition. It occurs when the transported
particles fall out of the transporting medium
and settle on a surface. Deposition is caused by
particle precipitation and flocculation which
are active only in the presence of water.

30. Precipitation is a process where dissolved ions
become solid because of changes in the
temperature or chemistry of the water.
Flocculation is a chemical process where salt
causes the aggregation of minute clay particles
into larger masses that are too heavy to remain
suspended.

31. End.

32. MASS
MOVEMENT OR
MASS WASTING

33. It is the geomorphic process by which soil and rock move
downslope due to the gravitational force. It occurs when the
gravitational force acting on a slope exceeds its resisting
force. The process of mass wasting may occur at a very slow
rate in areas that are very dry or those areas that receive
sufficient rainfall because the vegetation has already
stabilized the surface. Mass wasting may occur at very high
speed when there is landslide. The factors that affect the
occurrence of mass wasting by weathering; increased water
content; changes in vegetation cover; and overloading.

34. The various types of mass
movement include creep, landslides,
flows, topples, slump, falls and
debris avalanche.

36. Creep is the slow downhill movement of
soil wherein a steeper the slope means
faster creep.
Flow is characterized by mass movements
of material containing a large amount of
water.

38. Landslide which is also called landslip, is a rapid movement of
a large mass of earth and rocks down a hill or a mountainside.
Heavy rain can facilitate the movement of the materials,
causing a landslide to occur.
Topples occur when blocks of rock pivot and fall away from a
slope.
Slump is the downward movement of a block of material along
a curved surface It involves a mass of soil or other material
sliding along a curved surface (shaped like a spoon). It forms a
small, crescent-shaped cliff, or abrupt scarp at the top end of
the slope.

41. Falls or rockfalls occur when rocks or rock fragments fall
freely through the air. They usually occur at very steep
slopes such as cliff face. The rock material may be
loosened by earthquakes, rain, plant-root wedging,
expanding ice, among other things. The accumulation of
rock material that has fallen and resides at the base of the
structure is known as talus.
Debris avalanche is a variety of very rapid to extremely
rapid debris flow.

44. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is reduced by vibrations of an
earthquake. It takes place when loosely packed, water-
logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose
their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
Liquefaction is most often observed in saturated, loose,
sandy soils. Liquefaction is a special case of
quicksand. Quicksand forms when water saturates an
area of loose sand and the ordinary sand is agitated.

46. BLAST FROM THE PAST:
On November 5, 1991, a massive landslide in Ormoc City,
Leyte killed more than 5,000 people. It was caused by
continuous heavy rain brought about by one of the strongest
typhoon that hit Philippines. The water and mud streams came
downwards from the hills and mountain areas in the central
part of the island to the lowlands around Ormoc City. The soil in
Leyte was unstable and highly susceptible to soil erosion and
transport because the island was formed by volcanic activity.

47. GREAT SCIENTIST:
Vasily Vasil’evich Dokuchaev is considered as the
father of soil science. He was the first carry out a
comprehensive survey and study of soils. According to
Dokuchaev, the properties of soil are closely related to
their position on the earth’s surface and change
regularly as a result of environmental conditions. He
was the founder of the Journal Soil Science in 1899.
He was born in Russia on November 8, 1903.

49. Thank You!