This document discusses Carl Rogers and his person-centered theory. It outlines key concepts in Rogers' theory including self-concept, congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathy, and the actualization tendency. The document also explains how Rogers' theory influences advanced psychiatric nursing by promoting a client-centered approach and focusing on self-awareness, acceptance, and understanding. Finally, it discusses how Rogers' theory can help nurses develop therapeutic relationships with patients and support personal and behavioral changes.

1. Celente French
VPEK 875
Module 1
Dr.E. Du Plessis

2. 1. Analysis of assumptions and approaches
within the psycho-analytical approach.
2. Relating this theoretical framework in
advanced psychiatric nursing science by
arguing how this theory influences advanced
psychiatric nursing science.
3. Identification of concepts and relevant
terminology in psychiatric nursing science
and synthesizing these concepts in order to
develop a conceptual framework for
advanced psychiatric nursing.

3. Born 8 January 1902 in
Chicago.
One of 6 children.
Studied Theology, then moved
to psychology.
Abandoned Christianity and the
Church when he decided to
follow psychology, according to
Thorne & Sanders (2013) this
may be related to the fact that
Rogers was brought up in a
home where Religion was a
very large, important aspect of
the family’s lives.
Rogers was very sick as a child
and was seen by the family as
the one that always needs
extra care.

4. Person centered theory
Self concept seen as most important part of
personality.
Congruence & Incongruence
Subjective experiences are more important
than objective reality when it comes to
personality.

5. Inspired
by
Maslow’s
hierarchy
of needs.

6. According to Weiten (2010:509) Rogers
developed the human potential movement, the
focus of this movement is on self-realization
through sensitivity training aimed at enhancing
growth.
Rogers called the gap between self-concept and
reality incongruence.
Conditional and unconditional love from parents
 unconditional love fosters congruence,
conditional love fosters incongruence.
Experiences that threaten personal views cause
anxiety. The more inaccurate self-concept is, he
larger amount of anxiety one will perceive when
feeling threatened (Weiten, 2010:509)

7. Belief that
affection from
others is
unconditional.
Need to
distort
shortcomings
in order to
feel worthy of
affection.
Relatively
incongruent
self-concept
Recurrent
anxiety
Defensive
behavior
protects
inaccurate
self-concept.

8. Can assist nurses is gaining and assessing self awareness
and personal growth.
Nurses have been following client centered, non-directive
approach for years as established by Rogers.
According to Brooks & Clarke (2011) Rogers stated that there
are three conditions for effective patient based therapy.
1. Genuineness where nurses have an open relationship with
patients with mutual respect and understanding.
2. Unconditional regard and acceptance in a non-judgmental
manner.
3. Empathy where the nurse shows insight and
understanding into the patient’s situation.
This applies to nursing in general not just psychiatric nursing.

10. phenomenological and existentialist
unique human issues, such as the self, self-actualization,
health, hope, love, creativity,
nature, being, becoming, individuality, and
meaning—that is, a concrete understanding
of human existence.

11. Person centered approach.
Belief that an individual has the ability to
understand themselves and challenge
themselves toward attitude and behaviors.
(actualizing tendency)
Believes that counseling can enable the
patient to become what they are capable of.
Helps the psychiatric nurse to determine what
the patient thinks about themselves, and what
they are capable of-goal orientated.
Assists nurses in basic skills needed for
effective counseling, but also with skills to be
a nurse. Caring, understanding, non-judgmental,
honest, genuine, open.

12. “the organized consistent conceptual
gestalt composed of perceptions of the
characteristics of 'I' or 'me' and the
perceptions of the relationships of the 'I' or
'me' to others and to various aspects of
life, together with the values attached to
these perceptions. It is a gestalt which is
available to awareness though not
necessarily in awareness. It is a fluid and
changing gestalt, a process, but at any
given moment it is a specific entity.”
(Rogers, 1959)[

13. incongruence :refers to the discrepancy between the self-concept and
reality.
Congruence: fairly accurate match between the self-concept and reality.
Self actualization
Organismic self
phenomenal field
Our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and
people, and our behaviour, thoughts, images, and ideas.
holistic
Relating to the whole instead of a separation into parts.
Humanistic

15. BROOKS, A. & CLARKE, L. 2011. Combining client-centred therapy with attribution theory.
Mental health practice, 14(9):34-37.
http://www.google.co.za/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8 Date of access: 2/3/14
Dobbins, M., Ciliska, D., Coskerill, R., Barnsley, J., Dicenso, A. 2002. a framework for the
disemmination and utilization of research forhealth-care policy and practice.
Weiten, W. 2012. Psychology: Themes and Variations: Themes and Variations. Electronic
book.
http://books.google.co.za/books?id=sILajOhJpOsC&pg=PT555&dq=carl+rogers+humanistic
+theory&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fDQVU8ThOIm3hQf2tIGYBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&
q=carl%20rogers%20humanistic%20theory&f=false . Date of access: 1/3/2014
Thorne & Sanders. 2013. Key figures in counseling and therapy Carl Rogers. 3rd ed.
London. SAGE publications. Electronic book.
http://books.google.co.za/books?id=NuE2zkBxGX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=carl+rogers+
humanistic+theory&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WUkVU_mWJ5OThQf23oCQBA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw
#v=onepage&q=carl%20rogers%20humanistic%20theory&f=false Date of access: 1/3/14
Townsend, C. 2012. Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-
Based Practice. Philadelphia. F. A. Davis company.
http://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fXj2AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=psychi
atric+nursing+and+freud&ots=Ym1STYCXp3&sig=NoG1phnRHkfXl0IXylU3Sq5gsPs#v=one
page&q=psychiatric%20nursing%20and%20freud&f=false
Date of access: 28/2/2014