1) Milieu therapy, also known as therapeutic community, was developed in the 1940s independently by T. Main in Birmingham and Maxwell Jones in the UK. It focuses on manipulating the patient's social environment and involving them in community activities and decision making.
2) Milieu therapy aims to use a patient's social environment to provide therapeutic experiences. It enables patients to actively participate in their own care and the daily problems of their community.
3) There are three main types of milieu therapy: genuine therapeutic community, therapeutic milieu of institution, and social therapy or concept-based therapy. The therapeutic community respects individuals and shares decision making with patients.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Family therapy is a family oriented psychotherapy that is aomed at resolving the conflicts and poor communication pattern among the family members. It also aid them in learning coping strategies to deal with distress and deal with the stress related to psychiatric illness of the family member.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
Group therapy is a type of psychotherapy wherein therapisr treats a group of people together. Group members meet at regular sessions to resolve their symptoms or conflicts.
Family therapy is a family oriented psychotherapy that is aomed at resolving the conflicts and poor communication pattern among the family members. It also aid them in learning coping strategies to deal with distress and deal with the stress related to psychiatric illness of the family member.
These slides contain detailed description of family therapy including : Introduction, Definition, Aims/Goals, Indication, Contraindication, Functions, Types, Nursing diagnosis and interventions, Nursing responsibilities, Research.
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
Crisis intervention
To introduce the topic
To define crisis
To describe the crisis proneness Characteristic
To enumerate about the types of crisis.
To explain the phases of crisis.
To enlist the sign and symptoms of crisis.
To discuss about the process of crisis intervention
To define the crisis intervention.
To elaborate about aims of crisis intervention
Milieu therapy is the treatment of mental disorder or maladjustment by making substantial changes in a patient's immediate life circumstances and environment in a way that will enhance the effectiveness of other forms of therapy.
Mental Health Nursing
Psychiatric Nursing
Dr. Rahul Sharma
Associate Professor
H.O.D. of Mental Health Nursing
Ph. D Coordinator
Seedling School of Nursing,
Jaipur National University, Jaipur
In milieu therapy, you spend a significant amount of time in a home-like environment, interacting with other people as you conduct ordinary activities throughout the day. You may attend group or individual therapy sessions as part of your schedule.
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Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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2. CONCEPT:
• Developed by MAXWELL in 1953
• 1st published in ENGLAND book name is “SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY”
• Later on it was published in United States & name changes to
“THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY”
3. BACKGROUND:
• Two persons, namely T. Main in Bermingham and Maxwell Jones of
UK during 2nd world war worked simultaneously on this concept
without the knowledge of each other.
4. WHAT IS MILIEU THERAPY:
• A small cohesive communities where patients have a significant
involvement in decision making & the practicalities of the running
unit.
• the emphasis is on manipulation of the environment to bring about
changes in the patients behavior.
5. DEFINITION:
• According to Kraft,
“the therapeutic community is a very special type of milieu therapy in
which the total structure of the treatment unit is involved as a part of
the helping process.”
• Stuart and Sundeen defined milieu therapy as,
“A therapy in which patient's social environment would be used to
provide a therapeutic experience for the patient by involving him as an
active participant in his own care and the daily problems of his
community."
6. OBJECTIVES:
• To use patient's social environment to provide a therapeutic
experience for him.
• To enable the patient to be an active participant in his own care and
become involved in daily activities of his community.
• To help patients to solve problems, plan activities and to develop the
necessary rules and regulations for the community.
• To increase their independence and gain control over many of their
own personal activities.
• To enable the patients become aware of how their behaviour affects
others.
7.
8. TYPES:
1. GENUINE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY OF DEMOCRATIC / ANALYTIC
2. THERAPEUTIC MILIEU OF INSTITUTIONAL
3. SOCIAL THERAPY OR CONCEPT BASED THERAPY
9.
10. The therapeutic community attempts to:
• Respect the individual client as a citizen having capacity for
autonomous action
• Share decision making with residents about day to day life of the
community
• Use the mechanism of meetings and groups to develop openness of
the communication about problems, feelings and conflicts.
• Stress an ordinary domestic environment, in which, clients can enjoy
in meaningful, purposeful activity.
11. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
• The Health in Each Individual Is to Be Realized and Encouraged to Grow
• Every Interaction Is an Opportunity for Therapeutic Intervention
• The Client Owns His or Her Own Environment
• Each Client Owns His or Her Behavior
• Restrictions and Punishment Are to Be Avoided
• Peer pressure
• Appropriate behavior
12. PRINCIPLES:
1. Responsibility for treatment belongs to the staff and client
2. Roles of staff and clients are equalized – may discuss either staff behavior
or client’s behavior.
3. Democratic environment is fostered
4. Open communication is encouraged
5. Focus is on client assets
6. Peer pressure is utilized to reinforce rules and regulations
7. Interpersonal interactions are utilized to improve communication skills
8. Inappropriate behavior is dealt with as they occur
13. CONTINUE….
9. Group discussion and temporary seclusion are favoured approaches for
acting out behavior
10. Team approach is used
11. Clients are treated as part of team and share in the responsibility and
process of making decisions.
12. Clients are involved in all phases of treatment
13. Community government is set up – use meetings to teach standards,
values and behavior, explore behavior, make decision, use problem solving
14. Two main goals for clients – learn to set limits, learn psychosocial skills
14. LIMIT SETTING:
Behaviours that requires setting limits:
Destructive: suicide, homicide, harm to person or property
Disorganisation: psychotic behaviour- hallucinations, delusions,
disoriented, dissociative episodes of post-traumatic stress disorders
Deviants: acting out, breaking rules, illegal activities
Dysphoric: depressed, withdrawn, elated, phobic, obsessive-
compulsive
Dependent: avoids responsibility for thoughts and behaviours
15. CONTINUE…
• Psycho social skill development:
Leadership: client government
Self-assertion: expressing feelings and attitudes is encouraged, focus
is on taking it out.
Occupational activities: basic skills for managing life, activities of daily
living, vocational counselling, training
Recreational activities: leisure activities, co-operation with others,
conversation within social context
Independence: focus on decision making, problem solving, self-care
16. SPECIFIC ROLES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM
IN MAINTENANCE OF THERAPEUTIC MILIEU
• Psychiatrist.
• Clinical psychologist.
• Psychiatric clinical nurse specialists.
• Mental health technician/psychiatric technician.
• Psychiatric social worker.
• Occupational therapist.
• Recreational therapist.
18. CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE A
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY:
• Basic Physiological Needs Are Fulfilled
• The Physical Facilities Are Conducive to Achievement of the Goals of
Therapy
• A Democratic Form of Self-Government Exists
• Responsibilities Are Assigned According to Client Capabilities
• Community and Family Are Included in the Program of Therapy in an
Effort to Facilitate Discharge from Treatment.
• A structured program of social & work.
19. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY ELEMENTS
• Free communication
• Shared responsibilities
• Active participation
• Involvement in decision making
• Understanding of roles, responsibilities, limitations and authorities
20. Components of Therapeutic
Community
• Daily Community Meetings
• Patient Government or Ward Council
• Staff Meetings or Review
• Living and Learning Opportunities
21. PATIENTS FOR WHOM THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY IS USEFUL
• Schizophrenia
• Substance abuse disorder
• Antisocial disorder
• Children's care taking environment
22. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES REQUIRED BY NURSES
• Sensitive observation of patients and social relationships in order to
form care plan
• Individualized care planning, using imaginative ways of enhancing
patient’s co-operation and implementation
• Articulate and clear report writing and structuring of case notes
• Clarity of oral reporting
• Listening and counselling
• Group techniques as leader, co-worker and participants
• Managerial, administrative, and educational skills appropriate to own
position and role in the community
23. SALIENT FEATURES:
• Free communication both within and between staff and patient group
• Communications are directed towards the modification of patient’s
attitude, behavior and role performance
• Atmosphere in the community will be democratic as opposed to
hierarchical, rehabilitative rather than custodial, permissive instead of
limited and controlled
• Nurses will be more communal with the patient instead of displaying
all the time therapeutic role
• Environment will be essentially permissive and flexible
24. CONTINUE….
• Patients activities are individualized and the role of patients are
unspecified and their participation is completely voluntary
• Group responsibility is emphasized and opportunities for corrective
learning experience are deliberatively provided
• A compulsory daily community meeting that all staff members have
to attend and all patients are encouraged to attend
• The primary role of staff is to help the patients gain new insights and
test new behavioural pattern
• Problems of the patients are discussed and the solutions are sought
in the small group therapy sessions following each community
meeting
25. CONTINUE….
• Patient government or ward council is to deal with practical unit details
such as privileges and housekeeping rosters. Staff member is available to
the patient government, and all decisions are fed back to the community
through the community meetings
• Staff meeting or review is essential to on the ward training. It gives
opportunities for the staff members to examine their own responses,
expectations and prejudices
• Living – learning opportunities are provided to the patient within the social
milieu. Thus, the therapeutic community is like a school for living in which
the patient learns to meet the demands of everyday life.
• Feedback is one of the fundamental concepts in therapeutic community
practice.
26. ADVANTAGES OF TC
• Patient develops harmonious relationships
with other members of the community.
• Gains self-confidence.
• Develops leadership skills.
• Learns to understand and solve problems
of self and others.
• Become socio-centric.
• Learns to live and think collectively with
the members of the community.
• provides opportunities to participate in the
formulation of hospital rules and
regulations
DISADVANTAGES
OF TC
• Role blurring between staff and
patient.
• Group responsibility can easily
become nobody's responsibility.
• Individual needs and concerns
may not be met.
• Patient may find the transition
to community difficult
27.
28.
29. QUESTIONS:
1. Who 1st
gave the concept of milieu therapy?
a. Lazarus
b. Dutchman
c. Maxwell Jones
d. Freud
2. What is not a technique of milieu therapy?
a. Institutional
b. Social
c. Genuine
d. group therapy
3. How many steps are there in milieu therapy?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 4
d. 2