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week 11 clinical.pptx
The document discusses the humanistic approach to psychology pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Some key points: 1) Humanism posited that human nature is inherently good and focused on self-actualization, or fulfilling one's potential. 2) Maslow's hierarchy of needs describes how people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before pursuing growth needs like self-actualization. 3) Rogers believed the core therapeutic conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness were necessary and sufficient for therapy to be effective.
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week 11 clinical.pptx
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- 2. Pioneers and Introduction •Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow • The humanistic approach to understanding people stood in opposition to the biologically based, id-dominated, Freudian view that prevailed at the time. • Other names: Non directive, person-centred, client-centred
- 3. Humanism • Carl Rogerswas a leading figure – Abraham Maslow was another • Humanism was a reaction against Freud’s approach • Assumed that human nature wasn’t so bad (e.g., id-driven) • Overlapping terms for humanism include “nondirective,” “client-centered,” and “person-centered”
- 4. Self - Actualisation •Both Rogers and Maslow believed that every person has an innate tendency to realise their full potential, or self-actualise. • This may be achieved in different ways by different people. Some may achieve it through religious devotion, others through cooking, and others through writing poetry.
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- 6. • As eachneed is satisfied, the person may go up the hierarchy and attempt to satisfy the next need. People who suffer extreme poverty or privation may spend all their time trying to satisfy the basic physiological and safety needs, and may never achieve the higher needs.
- 7. Hierarchy explained • Thefirst four needs are deficiency needs (trying to make or achieve what is essential to live), while the fifth need, self-actualisation, is a growth need. • Maslow said there are 3 main preconditions for a person to be able to self actualise:
- 8. • No restraintsimposed by others on what you can do; • Little or no distraction from deficiency needs; • An ability to know yourself very well.
- 9. Key characteristics ofpeople who self- actualise (Maslow 1970) • Accurate perceptions of the world; • Acceptance of other people; • Creative; • Good sense of humour; • Detached and needing privacy.
- 10. • Maslow describedthe experience of self- actualisation as having a ‘peak experience’. • Some may regard self-actualisation as a deeply religious experience or mythical experience that is of great significance in their life. • Moments of self-actualisation do not often occur in life and some people may never achieve this.
- 11. Humanistic Concepts: Clinical Implications •People have an inborn tendency toward self- actualization • People also have a need for positive regard— warmth, acceptance, “prizing” • Sometimes, people are forced to sacrifice self- actualization in order to obtain positive regard from important others (e.g., parents)
- 12. Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy •Primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is to foster self-actualization • Problems stem from stifled self-actualization or growth • Therapist’s task is to create a climate in which the client can resume their natural growth toward psychological wellness
- 13. Goal of HumanisticTherapy (cont.) • In humanistic therapy, there are no conditions of worth on the client – Clients’ real selves can match their ideal selves – This match is known as congruence, and is the root of psychological wellness – Mismatch between real and ideal selves is known as incongruence, and is the root of psychopathology
- 14. Three Essential Therapeutic Conditions •Empathy – The therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions just as the client would – A deep, nonjudgmental, compassionate understanding of the client’s experiences • Unconditional Positive Regard – Accepting or “prizing” the client “no matter what” and without judgment • Genuineness – Honesty toward client, rather than playing a role
- 15. Necessary and Sufficient? •Rogers boldly argued that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness were necessary and sufficient for successful therapy with any client – No other techniques needed for anyone • A controversial claim • Research is inconsistent; generally supports necessary, but not sufficient
- 16. Therapist Attitudes, Not Behaviors •Rogers emphasized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness are attitudes, not specific behaviors • Therapy should not be mechanical or formulaic – Attitudes, not specific techniques or skills, should be emphasized
- 17. Reflection: An Important TherapistResponse • Reflection of feeling is one therapist response that humanists do emphasize • Reflection takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client’s statements in a way that highlights the client’s feelings or emotions • Communicates all three key ingredients • Should be done with humility and not mechanically
- 18. Alternatives to Humanism •Historical alternatives –Existential psychotherapy • Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom • Address anxiety of inescapable solitude of life –Gestalt therapy • Fritz Perls • Holistic approach to enhancing current experience (“the now”); often uses role-plays
- 19. Motivational Interviewing • Contemporaryvariation of humanistic therapy • William Miller—leading figure • Address clients’ ambivalence or uncertainty about making major changes • Help clients see the discrepancy between their behavior and their own values • Elicit motivation to change from client; don’t impose it on client • Much empirical data supporting its efficacy with many problems • Consistent with positive psychology movement
- 20. Motivational Interviewing (cont.) • Centralprinciples of MI –Expressing empathy –Developing the discrepancy –Avoiding argumentation –Rolling with resistance –Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk” –Supporting self-efficacy
- 21. Positive Interventions and Strength-BasedCounseling • Positive psychology –Emerged in 1990s –Martin Seligman –Emphasizes human strengths –Bolster strengths to prevent and treat psychological problems –Therapies: positive interventions, strength- based counseling
- 22. Other Contemporary Alternatives • HowClients Make Therapy Work: The Process of Active Self-Healing • Therapist’s role is a collaborator • Goes against symptom-focused, manualized approaches to therapy
- 23. How Well DoesHumanism Work? • Carl Rogers was a pioneer of psychotherapy outcome research, despite inherent problems in defining and measuring humanistic concepts • However, in more recent years humanistic outcome research has decreased • Recent meta-analyses suggest it is beneficial, at about the same rate as most other major therapies • Extent to which empathy, positive regard, and genuineness are present correlates significantly with success of therapeutic relationship and ultimately the therapy
Editor's Notes
- #4 A recent survey of over 2400 psychotherapists found that Carl Rogers was the single most prominent figure in terms of influence on the way they practiced psychotherapy (Cook, Biyanova, & Coyne, 2009).
- #12 Plant metaphor: Picture a small plant growing from the soil. Assume that the plant has an innate tendency to grow, given the proper environment. Assume that the plant’s growth depends on sunlight. Assume that if sunlight is only available from certain directions, the plant will bend toward the sunlight—it will not grow straight and tall. People are like the plant; they naturally want to “grow” or self-actualize. Positive regard is the “sunlight” for people. If positive regard is unconditional—it shines on them from all directions—the person will naturally grow to meet his potential. When sunlight shines from only some directions—conditional positive regard—the person may develop psychopathology because not all aspects of the person are being prized.
- #13 Self-actualization: inborn tendency to grow
- #14 Real self: the self the person actually is Ideal self: the self the person could be if he fulfilled his own potential
- #19 Existential psychotherapy centers on the premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that realization of this fact can overwhelm us with anxiety. This anxiety may take a number of forms and is the root of all psychopathology. Existential therapists place great emphasis on clients’ abilities to overcome meaninglessness by creating their own meaning through the decisions they make. Gestalt therapy emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client’s experience. This experience includes both mental and physical perceptions, and Gestalt therapists attend to both these aspects of client communication. In practice, Gestalt therapists encourage clients to reach their full potential, often through the use of role-play techniques.
- #21 The central principles of MI reveal its humanistic roots. It has been found to improve substance-related disorders, gambling, smoking, weight-loss efforts, anxiety disorders, depression, violence toward intimate partners, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure. Expressing empathy: take clients’ points of view and honoring their feelings about their experiences Developing the discrepancy: highlight how client’s behavior is inconsistent with his goals or values Avoiding argumentation: do not directly confront clients, even if clients are engaging in self-destructive behaviors Rolling with resistance: when clients express hesitancy to change, accept and reflect it rather than battle against it Identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk”: sustain talk includes statements in favor of continuing the problem behavior; change talk inlcludes statements clients make in favor of changing the problem behavior Supporting self-efficacy: make efforts to communicate to clients that they have the power to improve themselves
- #22 Positive psychology is a broad-based approach that emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology and the cultivation of happiness in addition to the reduction of symptoms in psychotherapy. It acknowledges the inherent potential of individuals to develop and maintain positive attributes based on such assets as hope, wisdom, creativity, courage, autonomy, optimism, responsibility, and growth. Moreover, it suggests that bolstering these strengths is an often overlooked way of preventing psychological problems such as depression and anxiety or improving the lives of those who already experience them.
- #23 Bohart and Tallman believe that therapists should mobilize clients to help themselves, rather than paternalistically presuming they cannot and applying prescribed techniques to them.
- #24 Research has shown that the extent to which empathy, positive regard, and genuineness are present correlates significantly with the success of the therapeutic relationship and ultimately the therapy itself. Even if a therapists doesn’t identify as a humanist, he should consider empathy, positive regard, and genuineness as empirically supported components of therapy along with any technique he may also choose to incorporate.