Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
The Importance Of Human Evolution
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Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORSV.docxroushhsiu
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORS
VOLUME 31 NO. 1 SPRING 2010
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE HUMAN?
A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
by Alison S. Brooks
˜ ˜ ˜
“…it would be impossible to fix on any point when the term “man”
ought to be used……” (Darwin 1871: 230)
A
new permanent exhibit at the Smithsonian’s Na
tional Museum of Natural History asks the ques
tion “What does it mean to be human?” Before
there were any fossils to inform us about the roads taken
and not taken on our evolutionary journey, 18th and 19th
century scholars wrestled with the anatomical similarities
between humans and apes, especially, as Darwin noted,
the African apes. Many of the human distinctions these
early scholars cited were behavioral, including language,
tool-making and technology-dependence, culture, use of
fire, a sense of shame, burial of the dead, and a sense of
the sacred. Even today, our anatomy alone may not suf-
fice to define our genus Homo. Indeed in 1964 one of the
oldest members of our genus, Homo habilis, was defined
as Homo to a large extent on the basis of the tools found
in association with its bones; the evolutionary or generic
status of the bones themselves remains controversial. As
in the museum’s new exhibit, new approaches to under-
standing our past and defining our species emphasize the
role of changing human behavior and its relationship to
and possible role in changing our anatomy.
This paper offers a brief summary of key discover-
ies in the fossil record followed by a discussion of be-
havioral characteristics defining modern humans and their
emergence through time. This is followed by a descrip-
tion of the evidence documenting the development of
archaic, Neanderthal, and modern humans, tracing the
evolution of key behaviors from 600 kya to 40 kya (thou-
sands of years ago). Finally, the evidence for the role of
Africa in the gradual evolution of distinctly modern hu-
man behaviors is argued as the paper concludes.
The Fossil Record of Human Evolution
Charles Darwin in his 1871 book, The Descent of Man,
located the likely origination of humans in Africa due to
the geographic distribution and comparable anatomy of
the chimpanzee and gorilla. Other early scholars, how-
ever, thought that our two most distinctive anatomical
features, our large brains and our two-legged gait, had
evolved together and that these changes had happened in
Europe. In Darwin’s time, only a few fossils of Nean-
SPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINS
What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?
ANTHRONOTES®
Page 2
AnthroNotes Volume 31 No.1 Spring 2010
derthals, our closest extinct relatives, had been recovered
from European sites. The 1891 finding in Java of Pithecan-
thropus erectus (now Homo erectus), an ...
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. What is evolution?
Human evolution began in Africa about six million years ago and it describes the
very long process that our ancestors went through to ultimately become modern
humans.
Evolution means the changes that occur in a population over time. In this
definition, a “population” means a group of the same species that share a specific
location and habitat.
Evolutionary changes always occur on the genetic level.
In other words, evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on
or inherited from generation to generation. It does not, for example, describe
how people can change their muscle mass by lifting weights.
4. Scienticfic discipline
The study of human evolution involves several scientific disciplines
Physical anthropology
primatology
archaeology
paleontology
ethology
linguistics
embryology
genetics
Genetic studies show that primates diverged from
other mammal about 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period,
and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55million years ago.
6. YEAR EVOLUTION CHRACTERISTICS
15 million years ago Dryopithecus (ape like)
Ramapithecus (manlike ape)
(common ancestor of man and ape)
Hairy, walked similar to chimpanzee
3-4 million years ago Man like primates
(4 feet long fossils)
Not tall but walked straight
2 million years ago Autralopithecus ( Homo habilis)lived
in East Africa
Used stone weapons, ate fruit, human
like Hominid, brain capacity
650-800 cc not meat eater
1.5 million years ago Homo eractus (early human ancestor) Brain capacity 900 cc ,meat eater
100000-40000 years ago Neandethal man (fore runner of man) Brain capacity 1400 cc
Cromagnan
75000-10000 years ago Homo sapiens Brain capacity 1500 cc used hides, dead
body buried,
11. Anatomical changes
Human evolution from its first separation from the last common
ancestor of humans and chimpanzeesis characterized by a number
of
morphological
developmental
physiological
behaviora changes
The most significant of these adaptations are
bipedalism
increased brain size
12.
13. Other changes
A number of other changes have also characterized the evolution of humans
among them an increased importance on vision rather than smell
a longer juvenile developmental period and higher infant dependency
a smaller gut
faster basal metabolism
loss of body hair
evolution of sweat glands
a change in the shape of the dental.
14. First fossils
Neanderthal remains were discovered in a limestone quarry in 1856
Neanderthal fossils had been discovered in Gibraltar even earlier, but it was originally
claimed that these were human remains of a creature suffering some kind of illness.
Despite the 1891 discovery by Eugène Dubois of what is now called Homo
erectus at Java it was only in the 1920s when such fossils were discovered in Africa
15. Evidence
. The main source of knowledge about the evolutionary process has traditionally been
the fossil record
but since the development of genetics beginning in the 1970s, DNA analysis has
come to occupy a place of comparable importance
The studies of ontogeny, phylogeny and especially evolutionary developmental
biology of both vertebrates and invertebrates offer considerable insight into the
evolution of all life
16. Evidence from molecular biology
The closest living relatives of humans are bonobos and chimpanzees (both
genus Pan) and gorillas (genus Gorilla). With the sequencing of both the human
and chimpanzee genome, as of 2012 estimates of the similarity between their
DNA sequences range between 95% and 99%.
17. Evidance from fossil record
Replica of skull fossil
of Homo habilis
Replica of skull fossil
of Homo ergaster
18. Evolution of genus Homo
The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved
around 2.8 million years ago.
Homo habilis lived from about 2.8 to 1.4 Ma. The species evolved in South and East Africa in
the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocen.
The first fossils of Homo erectus were discovered by Dutch physician Eugene Duboisin 1891
on the Indonesian island of Java.
H. antecessor is known from fossils from Spain and England that are dated 1.2 Ma–500 ka.
H. cepranensis refers to a single skull cap from Italy, estimated to be about 800,000 years old.
19. H. Sapiens
H. sapiens (the adjective sapiensis Latin for "wise" or "intelligent") emerged in Africa around
300,000 years ago
20. References:
Ambrose, S. H. (1998). Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic
winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 34(6),
623-651.
Bruner, E. (2007). Cranial shape and size variation in human evolution: structural
and functional perspectives. Child's Nervous System, 23(12): 1357-1365.
Dunbar, R. I. (1992). Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in
primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 22(6): 469-493.
Leonard, W. R., Snodgrass, J. J., & Robertson, M. L. (2007). Effects of brain
evolution on human nutrition and metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 27: 311-327.
21. Potts, R. (2012). Evolution and environmental change in early human
prehistory. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41: 151-167.
Tavaré, S., Marshall, C. R., Will, O., Soligo, C., & Martin, R. D. (2002). Using the
fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant
primates. Nature, 416(6882): 726.
Zalmout, I. S., Sanders, W. J., MacLatchy, L. M., Gunnell, G. F., Al-Mufarreh, Y. A.,
Ali, M. A., ... & Matari, A. H. (2010). New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia
and the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys. Nature, 466(7304): 360.