1. Human evolution began with early hominins like Australopithecus that evolved around 4 million years ago in Africa. 2. Key early humans in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis. 3. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa and is the only surviving human species today.

1. HUMAN EVOLUTION
AKASH RADHAKRISHNAN
3rd semester – Environmental
Engineering
CBPGEC

2. CREATION OF THE BLUE PLANET
• All started with the “big bang”
• Earth is roughly 4.54 billion years old
• High energetic chemical reactions took place
• First life is around 4.0-3.8 billion years ago
• LUA- last common ancestor(PROGENOTE)
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS- started taking place
• Eukaryotes came around 2.5 billion years ago
• Amniotic animals started evolving during 355mya

3. human evolution
• Human evolution is the evolutionary process
that leads to the emergence of anatomically
modern humans.
• Mainly focus on the genus “HOMO”
• We will be talking only about the the
phylogenetic relationship

4. Human
evolution
Dryopithicus Ramapithicus
australopithicus
Homo habilus
Homo
erectus
Homo
Neandrethals
Cromagnon
men
Homo
sapiens

5. GREAT APES
They lived during the MIOCENE Epoch They also were present in the MIOCENE Epoch
Roughly 10 -5 mya They were present roughly 12.5 mya
They resembled more like monkeys Resembled more like apes
They were ‘branchiators’ They dwelled on both trees and land
They were found in eastern africa Their fossils were found in the shivalik hills
RAMAPITHECUS

6. AUSTRALOPITHECUS
• It is a extinct genus which evolved in the eastern Africa around 4 mya and then
started spreading throughout the continent.
• Many species of the australopithicus evolved eg: A afrenesis, A africanus , A
anamensis, A garhi, A sedbia
• They played the most significant role in human evolution as the genus ‘homo’ is
derived from australopithecus from some time after 2.8 mya
• One of the Australopith species went onto become the first homo genus in africa
some 2.5 mya
• Their brain capacity was roughly ~ 490-600cc
• They were largely frugivores

7. HOMO HABILLIUS
• They were present during the pleistocene epoch and lived during 2.8 to 1.5 mya
• It is the least similar to modern humans of all species in the genus ‘homo’
• It was short in stature(4ft 3inch) and had long disproportional arms
• Its brain capacity was ~ 550-687cc
• There feeding habits varied from fruits, leafs and occasionally eating small lizards
• Homo habilis is thought to have mastered the Lower Paleolithic Olduwan tool
set which used stone flakes. H. habilis used these stones to butcher animals and
to skin the animals .

8. HOMO ERECTUS
• Means the ‘upright man’ also called the ‘java man’
• Lived in the pleistocene epoch. Lived 1.9 mya– 70,000 years ago.
• Origins in Africa but started to migarte to Eurasia, Georgia, India, China, Sri lanka, Indonasia
• First to use fire and make advanced paleolithic weapons like AXE
• They were 170cm(5ft 7 inch) and had retreating forehead and a sloping chin , BRAIN
CAPACITY-900cc
• They are one of the most long-lived species of the genus homo
~ 1million years
• They probably used to cook their meat
• Stringer graph model-

9. HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
• Named after the valley of Neander river in Germany
• They became extinct b/w 40,000 – 28,000
• They are more closely related to modern day humans and have DNA match of
99.5%
• They used to bury their dead
• They had short legs and bigger muscular body
• Cranial capacity of 1600cc and men were 165-168cm and women 154-156cm
• They widely interbred with the ancestors of modern day human beings

10. CRO MAGNON MAN
• First early modern humans, they are more of a taxonomic status than a species
/subspecies
• lived in European upper paleolithic around 45,000 years ago
• They were robustily buit and muscular
• Average height of176.2cm and cranial capacity of 1600cc
• They practiced specialized hunting and were notorious cannibals
• Their forehead was straight unlike the sloping ones of the neaderathals
• They used manganese and iron oxide to make cave paintings

11. HOMO SAPIENS
• Means the ‘wise one’ and is the only existing human species
• Modern human beings are the sub species “homo sapiens sapiens “
• The ingenuity and adaptability oh H. Sapiens had it to become the most influential
species of any animal in the history of Earth.
• It is currently deemed as the least concern on the red list of endangered species
according to IUCN
• The time frame of evolution of the genus ‘homo’ out of the chimpanzee-human
last common ancestor (CHLCA) is 10.2- 2million
AND, H. Sapiens and H. erectus is 1.8-0.2 million

12. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
• The anatomically modern humans mark the dawn of the subspecies “homo
sapiens sapiens” i.e us
• Modern day human beings were present ~ 1,95,000 years ago
• Modern human are lightly built as compared to their archaic ancestors i.e
Neanderthals and Denisovans
• The cranium lacks a pronounced occipital bun in the neck and the brow ridges are
more pronounced, and the fore head is vertical
• Much more intelligent and abstract thinkers
•