The document provides information on geological times, continental drift, and three schools of evolutionary thought. It summarizes key transitions in evolution such as the RNA world, prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes, the emergence of sex and multicellularity. It also outlines the geological timescale from eons to epochs and provides examples of major events in Earth's history.
This document provides information about an evolution and ecology course, including:
- The semester A lectures will focus on evolution, covering topics like the history of evolutionary thought, natural selection, human evolution, and more.
- Semester B lectures will focus on ecology, covering topics like food webs, biomes, global warming, and more.
- Assessment will include a workshop in each semester worth 20% and 80% for a final exam.
- Recommended reading materials are also provided to supplement the course content.
This document discusses human evolution and recent insights from genomics. It summarizes that Neanderthals were the closest evolutionary relatives to modern humans and lived in Europe and Western Asia until disappearing 30,000 years ago. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome from three individuals was presented, composed of over 4 billion nucleotides. Comparisons with five modern human genomes identified regions potentially affected by selection in ancestral modern humans, involving genes related to metabolism, cognition, and skeletal development. Analysis suggests Neanderthals shared more genetic variants with non-Africans, indicating gene flow from Neanderthals into their ancestors occurred before Eurasian groups diverged.
Presentació per part de Gabriel Borràs (Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic) en el marc de l’acte de clausura del projecte europeu CIRCLE 2 MOUNTain co-organitzat per l'Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic durant els dies 26 i 27 de setembre de 2013.
Human Impacts on the biosphere: Climate Change Mariel Marjes
Human activities are changing the atmosphere in dangerous ways by increasing levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, causing global warming. This is raising average global temperatures and will lead to problems like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, effects on agriculture and human health. While warmer temperatures may slightly increase some crop yields, issues like droughts and disease spread outweigh any benefits. Addressing this problem will require coordinated global action between citizens, corporations, and governments to develop green technologies and reduce emissions.
This document provides an overview of geologic history from the Precambrian era to present day. It describes the major eras, periods, events, climate changes, organisms, and theories of evolution that are recorded in the layers of rock and fossil records. The document is organized chronologically, with each era and period summarized in terms of dominant life forms, environmental conditions, and significant developments or extinctions. Major theories like plate tectonics and mass extinction events are also outlined.
This document provides a brief history of climate change from 1712 to 2013, highlighting key milestones in scientific discoveries, innovations, and political actions. Some of the major events summarized include the invention of the steam engine in 1712, scientific studies in the 1800s establishing the greenhouse effect and role of CO2, regular CO2 measurements beginning in 1958 showing rising levels, formation of the IPCC in 1988 to assess climate change evidence, and the 2013 IPCC report attributing 95% probability that humans are the dominant cause of warming since the 1950s. The document traces the progression of scientific understanding of climate change and increasing political will to take action over the past 300 years.
A Brief History of Earth’s Climate ChangeLarry Smarr
10.01.13
Invited Talk
Youth Leadership Dialogue
Australian American Leadership Dialogue
Stanford University
Title: A Brief History of Earth’s Climate Change
Palo Alto, CA
This document discusses climate archives and how they are used to study past climate changes. It explains that climate archives like ice cores, ocean sediments, tree rings, and corals contain information about climate variations over time recorded in their layers of deposition. Different types of archives provide climate data at varying resolutions depending on factors like accumulation rates. The document outlines various climate proxies, such as oxygen isotope ratios and carbon isotopes, that can be measured in these archives to indirectly infer past temperature and environmental conditions. It also discusses challenges and uncertainties in interpreting climate records as well as findings of past climate cycles from proxy evidence.
This document provides information about an evolution and ecology course, including:
- The semester A lectures will focus on evolution, covering topics like the history of evolutionary thought, natural selection, human evolution, and more.
- Semester B lectures will focus on ecology, covering topics like food webs, biomes, global warming, and more.
- Assessment will include a workshop in each semester worth 20% and 80% for a final exam.
- Recommended reading materials are also provided to supplement the course content.
This document discusses human evolution and recent insights from genomics. It summarizes that Neanderthals were the closest evolutionary relatives to modern humans and lived in Europe and Western Asia until disappearing 30,000 years ago. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome from three individuals was presented, composed of over 4 billion nucleotides. Comparisons with five modern human genomes identified regions potentially affected by selection in ancestral modern humans, involving genes related to metabolism, cognition, and skeletal development. Analysis suggests Neanderthals shared more genetic variants with non-Africans, indicating gene flow from Neanderthals into their ancestors occurred before Eurasian groups diverged.
Presentació per part de Gabriel Borràs (Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic) en el marc de l’acte de clausura del projecte europeu CIRCLE 2 MOUNTain co-organitzat per l'Oficina Catalana del Canvi Climàtic durant els dies 26 i 27 de setembre de 2013.
Human Impacts on the biosphere: Climate Change Mariel Marjes
Human activities are changing the atmosphere in dangerous ways by increasing levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, causing global warming. This is raising average global temperatures and will lead to problems like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, effects on agriculture and human health. While warmer temperatures may slightly increase some crop yields, issues like droughts and disease spread outweigh any benefits. Addressing this problem will require coordinated global action between citizens, corporations, and governments to develop green technologies and reduce emissions.
This document provides an overview of geologic history from the Precambrian era to present day. It describes the major eras, periods, events, climate changes, organisms, and theories of evolution that are recorded in the layers of rock and fossil records. The document is organized chronologically, with each era and period summarized in terms of dominant life forms, environmental conditions, and significant developments or extinctions. Major theories like plate tectonics and mass extinction events are also outlined.
This document provides a brief history of climate change from 1712 to 2013, highlighting key milestones in scientific discoveries, innovations, and political actions. Some of the major events summarized include the invention of the steam engine in 1712, scientific studies in the 1800s establishing the greenhouse effect and role of CO2, regular CO2 measurements beginning in 1958 showing rising levels, formation of the IPCC in 1988 to assess climate change evidence, and the 2013 IPCC report attributing 95% probability that humans are the dominant cause of warming since the 1950s. The document traces the progression of scientific understanding of climate change and increasing political will to take action over the past 300 years.
A Brief History of Earth’s Climate ChangeLarry Smarr
10.01.13
Invited Talk
Youth Leadership Dialogue
Australian American Leadership Dialogue
Stanford University
Title: A Brief History of Earth’s Climate Change
Palo Alto, CA
This document discusses climate archives and how they are used to study past climate changes. It explains that climate archives like ice cores, ocean sediments, tree rings, and corals contain information about climate variations over time recorded in their layers of deposition. Different types of archives provide climate data at varying resolutions depending on factors like accumulation rates. The document outlines various climate proxies, such as oxygen isotope ratios and carbon isotopes, that can be measured in these archives to indirectly infer past temperature and environmental conditions. It also discusses challenges and uncertainties in interpreting climate records as well as findings of past climate cycles from proxy evidence.
- Climate change occurs on various timescales and is influenced by factors like solar activity, Earth's orbit, atmospheric composition and greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like fossil fuel burning.
- Evidence from geology and fossils shows past climate changes, including intervals warmer than today and ice ages. The last ice age peaked around 20,000 years ago and glaciers have since retreated.
- Future climate is uncertain but computer models predict global warming and changing precipitation patterns if CO2 doubles from current levels due to feedbacks like ice-albedo and water vapor effects. Careful study of past and present helps understand complex climate system.
The document summarizes information about the Deccan Traps volcanic province located in India. Some key points:
1) The Deccan Traps cover an area of over 500,000 square kilometers in west-central India and have an estimated volume of over 1 million cubic kilometers of basaltic lava.
2) The eruptions are believed to have occurred around 64-65 million years ago as India was moving over the Réunion hotspot, causing extensive volcanic activity.
3) Studies have divided the lava flows into 11 formations based on chemical and isotopic signatures. Geophysical and geochemical studies provide insights into the eruption history and dynamics.
4) Electrical resistivity tomography has
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The nebula gains angular momentum and forms the early Earth. A sun exploded, creating a nebula from which the early Earth formed under the influence of angular momentum. The formation of Earth is described as a guide of the Gods.
History and formation of the Earth (Presentation #2 Bilogy L2 project)Sebasttian98
The Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Its early atmosphere was toxic and volcanic activity and asteroid impacts were common. One large impact is believed to have formed the Moon. Over billions of years the planet cooled and developed tectonic plates and a stable crust allowing liquid water and the first life. The atmosphere gradually gained oxygen as photosynthetic life evolved. Multicellular life diversified in the Phanerozoic Eon starting over 500 million years ago, though many species died out in extinction events like the one that ended the Cretaceous Period.
Prehistory 1: Geologic Timeline- Notes on the geologic & life history of Ear...Robin Seamon
This document provides information about Earth's prehistory and geologic timeline. It discusses how Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, and life has changed the planet's chemistry over the past 3/4 of geologic time. Five major extinctions have occurred, including the K-Pg extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Mass extinctions are caused by long-term stresses combined with short term catastrophic events. Recovery of biodiversity after extinctions can take 5-10 million years as weedy species repopulate the planet. The eras of geologic time - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - are summarized along with significant developments in life during each period
This document provides an overview of evolution on Earth from the earliest life forms to present day. It describes the major eras and events in life's history, including the earliest bacteria and multicellular organisms, the Cambrian explosion of diversification, the rise of plants and animals through the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras, several mass extinction events, and the radiation and dominance of mammals and modern species. The timeline spans from 4.5 billion years ago to the most recent ice age around 18,000 years ago.
The document provides an overview of Earth's geological history and processes. It discusses how heat from the Earth's core and energy from the sun drive plate tectonics and geological changes over long periods of time. Precise dating methods like radiometric dating indicate that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, much older than traditionally thought. The constant recycling of the crust through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock processes comprises the long-term geological evolution of our planet.
The document summarizes the history of Earth based on geological evidence. Scientists have determined that early Earth had a different atmosphere composed of gases from volcanic eruptions. Over millions of years, these gases and precipitation formed oceans. Green plants then produced oxygen through photosynthesis, changing the atmosphere. Scientists use various geological features like rock layers, fossils, and radioactive dating to determine the sequence of events in Earth's history and develop a geological timescale.
1) Approximately 6 billion years ago, the Earth formed from a part of the sun that cooled and separated. While the interior remains hot, tectonic forces later caused hills, mountains, and changes to the surface.
2) Around 4 billion years ago, the cooled Earth developed water and an atmosphere, allowing the first living single-celled organisms to form in oceans about 3.5 billion years ago.
3) Multicellular life eventually emerged, followed by more complex organisms like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and later humans. Periods like the ice age were challenging as many species went extinct while others survived.
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity to form a spinning disk. As the disk spun and separated into rings, the particles at the center became molten and formed the Sun, while the outer particles cooled to form planets like Earth. The Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected during a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet called Theia. Without the stabilizing effect of the Moon, Earth's rotation would have been faster and its climate more extreme, potentially preventing the emergence of life.
Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
History of climate negotiation & National Action Plan for Climate Change, indiaAmit Prakash
The document provides a history of global climate change negotiations from the 1970s to present. It discusses the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and highlights key conferences and agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and COP meetings. It also summarizes India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, which outlines 8 missions focusing on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water, the Himalayas, green India, agriculture, and strategic knowledge. The missions address mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Vulnerability Assessmentramtpiitb
Climate change poses serious threats to humanity and the environment. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities are causing the planet to warm beyond natural variability. This document discusses the science of climate change, its causes, impacts such as sea level rise and effects on ecosystems, food security, water supply and public health. It also covers climate change policies and conferences, as well as social and economic dimensions of the issue.
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the formation of the solar system to the present. It describes the origin of life beginning with simple prokaryotes over 3 billion years ago. The first complex eukaryotic cells emerged around 1.7 billion years ago, followed by multicellular organisms over 700 million years ago. The development of land plants and animals is outlined through the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, along with changing climates and configurations of the Earth's continents and oceans. Absolute and relative dating methods are also summarized that are used to determine the age of geological features and fossils.
This document summarizes the formation of the solar system according to the core accretion model. It explains that the solar system began as a solar nebula that collapsed under gravity to form the sun. Heavier elements near the sun merged to form terrestrial planets, while lighter elements further from the sun formed gas giants. The earliest Earth had a hot molten surface and atmosphere of gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Over time, the Earth cooled and developed layers, water was introduced via asteroids, and a water cycle, plate tectonics, and life emerged.
The document summarizes the formation and early history of Earth and life:
1) Around 4.6 billion years ago, Earth formed from a cloud of dust and gas left over from the creation of the Sun.
2) Life first emerged around 3.8-2.5 billion years ago in the form of primitive microbes like cyanobacteria and archea.
3) The first soft-bodied animals appeared around 543 million years ago, marking the end of the Proterozoic Eon and the beginning of complex life on Earth.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings. It describes how early Earth conditions like primordial soup, meteorite impacts, and undersea vents could have facilitated the formation of simple organic molecules and polymers. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA arose first before DNA and proteins, as evidence shows some RNA can function as enzymes. The emergence of life is now seen as an inevitable consequence of cosmic evolution and the fundamental laws of physics given the right conditions over billions of years.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution including tectonic plate movement, vulcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. Tectonic plate movement has caused continental drift and formation of supercontinents like Pangaea, affecting species distributions. Vulcanism causes both local and global climate changes through emission of gases and particles and formation of new land barriers and islands. Climate changes over geological timescales have also impacted evolution. Meteorite impacts have precipitated mass extinctions. These geological forces alter Earth's conditions and drive evolution through large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.
The document discusses the Cambrian explosion, which was the geologically rapid appearance of complex animal life around 541 million years ago. It summarizes key debates, such as whether there was animal life before the Cambrian period. While no complex fossils were found, some evidence of simpler pre-Cambrian life exists, like stromatolites and trace fossils. The document also examines whether the Cambrian explosion was truly rapid or gradual, noting biases in the fossil record. Overall, it finds evidence for both a pre-Cambrian fauna and a rapid diversification of animal forms in the Cambrian period.
- Climate change occurs on various timescales and is influenced by factors like solar activity, Earth's orbit, atmospheric composition and greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like fossil fuel burning.
- Evidence from geology and fossils shows past climate changes, including intervals warmer than today and ice ages. The last ice age peaked around 20,000 years ago and glaciers have since retreated.
- Future climate is uncertain but computer models predict global warming and changing precipitation patterns if CO2 doubles from current levels due to feedbacks like ice-albedo and water vapor effects. Careful study of past and present helps understand complex climate system.
The document summarizes information about the Deccan Traps volcanic province located in India. Some key points:
1) The Deccan Traps cover an area of over 500,000 square kilometers in west-central India and have an estimated volume of over 1 million cubic kilometers of basaltic lava.
2) The eruptions are believed to have occurred around 64-65 million years ago as India was moving over the Réunion hotspot, causing extensive volcanic activity.
3) Studies have divided the lava flows into 11 formations based on chemical and isotopic signatures. Geophysical and geochemical studies provide insights into the eruption history and dynamics.
4) Electrical resistivity tomography has
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The nebula gains angular momentum and forms the early Earth. A sun exploded, creating a nebula from which the early Earth formed under the influence of angular momentum. The formation of Earth is described as a guide of the Gods.
History and formation of the Earth (Presentation #2 Bilogy L2 project)Sebasttian98
The Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Its early atmosphere was toxic and volcanic activity and asteroid impacts were common. One large impact is believed to have formed the Moon. Over billions of years the planet cooled and developed tectonic plates and a stable crust allowing liquid water and the first life. The atmosphere gradually gained oxygen as photosynthetic life evolved. Multicellular life diversified in the Phanerozoic Eon starting over 500 million years ago, though many species died out in extinction events like the one that ended the Cretaceous Period.
Prehistory 1: Geologic Timeline- Notes on the geologic & life history of Ear...Robin Seamon
This document provides information about Earth's prehistory and geologic timeline. It discusses how Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, and life has changed the planet's chemistry over the past 3/4 of geologic time. Five major extinctions have occurred, including the K-Pg extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Mass extinctions are caused by long-term stresses combined with short term catastrophic events. Recovery of biodiversity after extinctions can take 5-10 million years as weedy species repopulate the planet. The eras of geologic time - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - are summarized along with significant developments in life during each period
This document provides an overview of evolution on Earth from the earliest life forms to present day. It describes the major eras and events in life's history, including the earliest bacteria and multicellular organisms, the Cambrian explosion of diversification, the rise of plants and animals through the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras, several mass extinction events, and the radiation and dominance of mammals and modern species. The timeline spans from 4.5 billion years ago to the most recent ice age around 18,000 years ago.
The document provides an overview of Earth's geological history and processes. It discusses how heat from the Earth's core and energy from the sun drive plate tectonics and geological changes over long periods of time. Precise dating methods like radiometric dating indicate that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, much older than traditionally thought. The constant recycling of the crust through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock processes comprises the long-term geological evolution of our planet.
The document summarizes the history of Earth based on geological evidence. Scientists have determined that early Earth had a different atmosphere composed of gases from volcanic eruptions. Over millions of years, these gases and precipitation formed oceans. Green plants then produced oxygen through photosynthesis, changing the atmosphere. Scientists use various geological features like rock layers, fossils, and radioactive dating to determine the sequence of events in Earth's history and develop a geological timescale.
1) Approximately 6 billion years ago, the Earth formed from a part of the sun that cooled and separated. While the interior remains hot, tectonic forces later caused hills, mountains, and changes to the surface.
2) Around 4 billion years ago, the cooled Earth developed water and an atmosphere, allowing the first living single-celled organisms to form in oceans about 3.5 billion years ago.
3) Multicellular life eventually emerged, followed by more complex organisms like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and later humans. Periods like the ice age were challenging as many species went extinct while others survived.
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity to form a spinning disk. As the disk spun and separated into rings, the particles at the center became molten and formed the Sun, while the outer particles cooled to form planets like Earth. The Moon is believed to have formed from debris ejected during a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized planet called Theia. Without the stabilizing effect of the Moon, Earth's rotation would have been faster and its climate more extreme, potentially preventing the emergence of life.
Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
History of climate negotiation & National Action Plan for Climate Change, indiaAmit Prakash
The document provides a history of global climate change negotiations from the 1970s to present. It discusses the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and highlights key conferences and agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and COP meetings. It also summarizes India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, which outlines 8 missions focusing on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water, the Himalayas, green India, agriculture, and strategic knowledge. The missions address mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Vulnerability Assessmentramtpiitb
Climate change poses serious threats to humanity and the environment. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities are causing the planet to warm beyond natural variability. This document discusses the science of climate change, its causes, impacts such as sea level rise and effects on ecosystems, food security, water supply and public health. It also covers climate change policies and conferences, as well as social and economic dimensions of the issue.
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the formation of the solar system to the present. It describes the origin of life beginning with simple prokaryotes over 3 billion years ago. The first complex eukaryotic cells emerged around 1.7 billion years ago, followed by multicellular organisms over 700 million years ago. The development of land plants and animals is outlined through the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, along with changing climates and configurations of the Earth's continents and oceans. Absolute and relative dating methods are also summarized that are used to determine the age of geological features and fossils.
This document summarizes the formation of the solar system according to the core accretion model. It explains that the solar system began as a solar nebula that collapsed under gravity to form the sun. Heavier elements near the sun merged to form terrestrial planets, while lighter elements further from the sun formed gas giants. The earliest Earth had a hot molten surface and atmosphere of gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Over time, the Earth cooled and developed layers, water was introduced via asteroids, and a water cycle, plate tectonics, and life emerged.
The document summarizes the formation and early history of Earth and life:
1) Around 4.6 billion years ago, Earth formed from a cloud of dust and gas left over from the creation of the Sun.
2) Life first emerged around 3.8-2.5 billion years ago in the form of primitive microbes like cyanobacteria and archea.
3) The first soft-bodied animals appeared around 543 million years ago, marking the end of the Proterozoic Eon and the beginning of complex life on Earth.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of life on Earth from its earliest beginnings. It describes how early Earth conditions like primordial soup, meteorite impacts, and undersea vents could have facilitated the formation of simple organic molecules and polymers. The RNA world hypothesis proposes that self-replicating RNA arose first before DNA and proteins, as evidence shows some RNA can function as enzymes. The emergence of life is now seen as an inevitable consequence of cosmic evolution and the fundamental laws of physics given the right conditions over billions of years.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution including tectonic plate movement, vulcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. Tectonic plate movement has caused continental drift and formation of supercontinents like Pangaea, affecting species distributions. Vulcanism causes both local and global climate changes through emission of gases and particles and formation of new land barriers and islands. Climate changes over geological timescales have also impacted evolution. Meteorite impacts have precipitated mass extinctions. These geological forces alter Earth's conditions and drive evolution through large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.
The document discusses the Cambrian explosion, which was the geologically rapid appearance of complex animal life around 541 million years ago. It summarizes key debates, such as whether there was animal life before the Cambrian period. While no complex fossils were found, some evidence of simpler pre-Cambrian life exists, like stromatolites and trace fossils. The document also examines whether the Cambrian explosion was truly rapid or gradual, noting biases in the fossil record. Overall, it finds evidence for both a pre-Cambrian fauna and a rapid diversification of animal forms in the Cambrian period.
Life likely arose between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by stromatolites and microfossils from that period. Experiments show organic molecules can form naturally through chemical reactions in the atmosphere and near hydrothermal vents on the early Earth. It is proposed that self-replicating RNA molecules were able to evolve through natural selection in an "RNA world" before DNA and proteins existed, allowing for the emergence of the first living cells.
Life likely arose between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by stromatolites and microfossils from that period. Experiments show organic molecules can form naturally through chemical reactions in the early Earth's atmosphere and near hydrothermal vents, but an intermediate self-replicating molecule was needed for the transition to life. RNA is a likely candidate for this early self-replicating molecule in an hypothesized "RNA world" before DNA evolved.
1. Evolution occurs through "descent with modification" as organisms adapt to their environment over generations through natural selection.
2. Natural selection leads to populations changing over time as certain inheritable traits leave more offspring than others.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy and embryology, and molecular biology.
Delivered this as talk series on Evolution to some of my colleagues interested in systems thinking. It was a great learning for me and will incorporate it into a sequel later.
Updates:
1. Version 2013.11.23 - Reorganized some slides, added images and credits
2. Version 2013.11.25 - Reorganized presentation around three aspects. Added better intro.
3. Version 2013.11.26 - Updated implications aspect for global warming and behavioral sink.
4. Version 2013.11.27 - Updated taxonomy discussion.
5. V 2013.12.05 - Updated natural selection, convergent evolution and punctuated equilibrium. Reorg of slides.
6. V 2013.12.16 - Added chaos and self-organization slides.
7. V 2013.12.21 - Added extinctions and explosions.
8. V2013.12.23 - Added more chaos explanation and Wikipedia logo.
9. V2014.05.05 - Corrected spelling mistakes and cleaned up slides.
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
Evolution is the study of changes in life forms over generations. The theory of evolution proposes that all species are related and gradually change over time through a process called natural selection. Evidence for evolution comes from fossils showing changes in ancient life forms, comparisons of anatomy and genes between current and extinct species indicating common ancestry, and observations of natural selection leading to new species. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection established evolution as the underlying mechanism for the diversity of life.
1. Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variation between species in the Galapagos Islands and after reading Malthus' work on population growth.
2. His theory proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in the local environment.
3. Evidence that supported Darwin's theory included the fossil record, observations of artificial selection influencing domesticated species, and similarities found across all life when comparing genetic codes and cellular functions.
The document discusses analyzing ancient plant and insect DNA extracted from ice core samples in Greenland. Key points:
- Plant and insect DNA was recovered from silty ice samples taken between 2-3 km deep in the Dye 3 and JEG ice cores in Greenland, dating back to before the last glacial period.
- The DNA was identified as coming from tree species like pine and alder, indicating a boreal forest environment in southern Greenland at the time, rather than today's Arctic conditions.
- Other plant species identified include those from orders like Asterales, Poales, Rosales and Malpighiales. Insect DNA from Lepidoptera was also recovered.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
1. Evolutionary biology studies the history of life forms on Earth and how they have changed over time through processes like evolution and natural selection.
2. The origin of life is thought to have begun around 4 billion years ago on the early Earth through chemical evolution. Early Earth conditions allowed simple organic molecules like amino acids and RNA to form.
3. Over millions of years, through gradual processes like mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection, early life forms evolved into diverse organisms, including the first humans which emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
1) The document questions the principles of evolution and argues that life is too complex to have originated through natural processes alone.
2) It argues that the first cell could not have formed by chance and notes that the origin of protein and DNA is not explained by evolution.
3) The document also argues against common mechanisms of evolution like natural selection and mutation, noting a lack of transitional fossils between major animal groups.
The document discusses evidence that supports biological evolution over time, including:
- Comparative anatomy studies show that homologous structures in different species suggest common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures provide evidence that species descended from ancestral forms that used those structures.
- Molecular biology research indicates that organisms with similar DNA sequences share a common ancestor.
The document discusses evidence that supports biological evolution over time, including:
- Comparative anatomy studies show that homologous structures in different species suggest common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures provide evidence that species descended from ancestral forms that used those structures.
- Molecular biology research indicates that organisms with similar DNA sequences share a common ancestor.
The document discusses several early theories on the origin of life and evolution:
1) The extraterrestrial origin theory states that life originated on other planets and was brought to Earth via meteorites.
2) Creationism believes life was put on Earth by divine forces, but it is not scientifically valid.
3) The theory that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter through random processes that eventually led to the first cell.
4) Evolutionary theory provides an explanation for differences among life forms through the mechanism of natural selection, whereby traits that increase reproductive success are passed on. The peppered moth study is a classic example of this process at work.
The document discusses the classification and evolution of life on Earth, including the origins of different domains and kingdoms, such as Archaea, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It examines theories of evolution like gradualism, catastrophism, and punctuated equilibrium. It also covers classification systems, levels of taxonomy, phylogenetic trees, homologous and analogous structures, inherited traits, and dating methods for fossils.
Similar to Evolution lectures 3 & 4 slideshare (20)
This document discusses the experience of a researcher in genomics with applying FAIR and open approaches. It notes that making data and analysis methods FAIR and open can increase visibility, drive citations, and facilitate collaboration. However, it also enables competition to more easily access and utilize resources without contributing. Striking the right balance between openness and protecting competitive advantages is challenging. Overall, the researcher finds FAIR and open principles have greatly increased the impact and robustness of their work, but there are also costs to consider.
2018 08-reduce risks of genomics researchYannick Wurm
Geoffrey Chang, a protein crystallographer at The Scripps Research Institute, had his career trajectory disrupted when several of his high-profile papers describing protein structures had to be retracted. An in-house software program Chang's lab used to process diffraction data from protein crystals introduced a sign error that inverted the structures, invalidating biological interpretations. This included a 2001 Science paper describing the structure of the MsbA protein. A 2006 Nature paper by Swiss researchers casting doubt on Chang's MsbA structure led him to discover the software error. Chang and his co-authors sincerely regretted the confusion and unproductive research caused by the need to retract their influential papers.
Geoffrey Chang was a prominent structural biologist who received prestigious early career awards. However, his work came under scrutiny when other researchers discovered errors in his published protein structures due to a problem with his in-house data analysis software. This led Chang to retract 5 of his papers describing protein structures. The retractions were costly for Chang's career and reputation as well as for other researchers who had performed follow-up work based on the incorrect structures. The incident highlights the importance of using well-tested, reproducible analysis methods in scientific research.
Keynote talk given at Fairdom User meeting http://fair-dom.org/communities/users/barcelona-2016-first-user-meeting/ .
I begin by summarising how we apply molecular approaches to understand social behaviour in ants. Subsequently, I give an overview of the data-handling challenges the genomic bioinformatics community faces. Finally, I give an overview of some of the tools and approaches my lab have developed to help us get things done better, faster, more reliably and more reproducibly.
The document discusses the genetic basis of social organization in fire ant populations. Researchers used RAD sequencing of haploid males to discover SNPs and genotype individuals at over 2,400 loci. Principal component analysis separated individuals into two clusters corresponding to their social form (single or multiple queen), with the first principal component explaining over 12% of the variance. A region on chromosome 13 containing the Gp-9 gene was completely associated with social form. This research identified a major gene influencing an important social trait using next-generation sequencing techniques.
This document provides an agenda for a spring school on bioinformatics and population genomics, including practical sessions on analyzing genomic data from reads to reference genomes and gene predictions in 6 steps: inspecting and cleaning reads, genome assembly, assessing assembly quality, predicting protein-coding genes, assessing gene prediction quality, and assessing the overall process quality using biological measures. It also addresses wifi issues that could reduce bandwidth and lists the VM password.
This document provides information about a spring school on bioinformatics and population genomics that includes practical sessions. The sessions will cover topics like short read cleaning, genome assembly, gene prediction, quality control, mapping reads to call variants, visualizing variants, analyzing variants through PCA and measuring diversity and differentiation, inferring population sizes and gene flow, and analyzing gene expression from raw sequencing data to expression levels. The document lists the team of practitioners leading the sessions and encourages participants to share their favorite software packages.
2015 12-18- Avoid having to retract your genomics analysis - Popgroup Reprodu...Yannick Wurm
Brief (15min) talk I gave at #PopGroup49 in Edinburgh providing a few simple methods to reduce risk in genomics analyses.
Please cite: Avoid having to retract your genomics analysis (2015) Y Wurm. The Winnower 2, e143696.68941 https://thewinnower.com/papers/avoid-having-to-retract-your-genomics-analysis
This document contains information about programming in R, including practical examples. It discusses accessing and subsetting data, using regular expressions for text search, creating functions, and using loops. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating vectors, accessing subsets of vectors, using regular expressions to find patterns in text, creating functions to convert between units or estimate values, and using for loops to repeat operations over multiple elements. The document suggests R is useful for working with big data in biology and other fields due to its ability to automate tasks, integrate with other tools, and handle large datasets through programming.
This document describes oSwitch, a tool that allows easy access to other operating systems via one-line commands. It works by wrapping Docker containers, allowing commands to be run in different OS environments without disrupting the user's current environment. The document provides an example usage where a user is able to run an "abyss-pe" command in a Biolinux container after it is not found in their native OS. It notes how oSwitch aims to preserve the user's current working directory, login shell, home directory and file permissions during usage.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on the genetic basis of evolution. It begins with introducing key terms like gene, locus, allele, genotype, and phenotype. It then discusses genetic drift and how drift is influenced by population size. Selection is also introduced and defined as a process where individuals with different genotypes have different fitnesses. The document emphasizes that both genetic drift and selection influence evolution, and neither process should be overemphasized. It aims to move people away from only considering selection (pan-selectionism) and highlights the importance of genetic drift.
1. The document discusses best practices for scientific software development, including writing code for people rather than computers, automating repetitive tasks, using version control, and conducting code reviews.
2. Specific approaches and tools recommended are planning for mistakes, automated testing, continuous integration, and using a coding style guide. R and Ruby style guides are provided as examples.
3. The benefits of following such practices are improving productivity, reducing errors, making code easier to read and maintain, and allowing scientists to focus on scientific questions rather than software issues. Reproducible and sustainable software is the overall goal.
This document provides an introduction to regular expressions (regex) for text search and pattern matching. It explains that regex allows for powerful text searches beyond simple keywords. Various special symbols and constructs are demonstrated that allow matching complex patterns and variants in text. Examples show matching names, sequences, microsatellite repeats and more with regex. Functions, loops and logical operators in R programming are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview and schedule for the course "SBC 361 Research Methods & Comms". The course is a mixture of advanced analytical skills taught in computer labs using the programming language R, and theoretical content covered in lectures and workshops. It includes two workshops on careers in science and popular science writing. Students will complete assignments involving the computer practicals and tutorials, and a mock exam. The schedule details the topics to be covered each week by different professors and teaching staff. It emphasizes the importance of attending classes, completing required work, and doing additional outside reading to succeed in the course.
This document discusses computational methods and challenges for genome assembly using next-generation sequencing data. It describes the four main stages of genome assembly as preprocessing filtering, graph construction, graph simplification, and postprocessing filtering. Each stage processes the data from the previous stage to build the assembly graph and reduce complexity, though some assemblers delay filtering steps.
This document outlines the course SBC322 Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics. It discusses how new genomic technologies have changed ecology and evolution research by merging molecular and ecological approaches. It aims to critically evaluate research questions, methods, experimental designs and applications in ecological and evolutionary genomics. The course will improve students' skills in critically reading literature, understanding interdisciplinary science, and oral and written scientific communication through interactive small group work, informal and formal presentations, blog posts, and peer review.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in a bioinformatics course, including using Unix, bioinformatics algorithms, biological databases, sequencing technologies, and genome assembly and variant identification. It lists challenges for students in each topic area and provides examples of concepts that will be covered, such as using HPC systems, dynamic programming for sequence alignment, accessing databases like NCBI, processing sequencing data, and identifying variants from assembly. Images are included of different organisms like ants and sequencing technologies. The document aims to outline the scope and challenges of the bioinformatics course.
Sustainable software institute Collaboration workshopYannick Wurm
The document discusses tools for analyzing biological data. It summarizes four tools:
1. SequenceServer - A simple web interface for BLAST that handles formatting and installing BLAST locally.
2. oSwitch - Allows rapidly switching between operating systems and container environments to access specific bioinformatics software without installation.
3. GeneValidator - Helps curate gene predictions by identifying problematic predictions, choosing best alternative models, and aiding manual curation of individual genes.
4. Afra - A crowdsourcing platform that aims to crowdsource the visual inspection and correction of gene models by recruiting and training students, ensuring quality through tutorials, redundancy and senior review, and creating small, simple initial tasks.
This document provides an overview of genomic tools and best practices for scientific computing. It discusses SequenceServer, a tool for BLAST searches, and Bionode, a collection of Node.js modules for bioinformatics. It also discusses challenges with gene prediction and introduces GeneValidator, a tool for visual inspection and manual correction of gene predictions. Key points include automating repetitive tasks, writing code for people through style guides, and using version control and modularization to improve code quality and reproducibility.
The document discusses genomic analysis of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. It notes that the genome sequencing of a Gp-9 B male fire ant revealed an expansion of lipid-processing gene families and over 420 putative olfactory receptors, more than any other insect. It also identified a functional DNA methylation system. Previous research had linked the fire ant's social structure to its Gp-9 locus, but genome sequencing provided more genomic context around this gene and others related to social behavior and chemical signaling.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
10. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought
• Linneaus: each species was separately
created.
• Lamarck: characteristics
acquired by an
individual are passed on to offspring.
11. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought
• Linneaus: each species was separately
created.
• Lamarck: characteristics
acquired by an
individual are passed on to offspring.
• Darwin & Wallace: viewed evolution
as descent with modification.
12. Darwin’s evidence for evolution
1. The Fossil Record
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Comparative Embryology
4. Vestigial Structures
5. Domestication (artificial selection)
13. Evolution by Natural selection
• There is inherited variation within species.
• There is competition for survival within species.
• Genetically inherited traits affect reproduction or survival. Thus
the frequencies of variants change.
15. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
16. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
17. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
18. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
19. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
20. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
• Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and Lecture 6)
21. Today
1. Major transitions in evolution
2. Geological timescales
3. Major drivers of evolution
4. Examples of major events.
26. Major transitions: early life
• Early life:
• Replicating molecules
• Compartmentalization
• RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes)
to DNA information & protein enzymes
27. Major transitions: early life
• Early life:
• Replicating molecules
• Compartmentalization
• RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes)
to DNA information & protein enzymes
• Linkage of replicators (chromosomes)
28. Major transitions: early life
• Early life:
• Replicating molecules
• Compartmentalization
• RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes)
to DNA information & protein enzymes
• Linkage of replicators (chromosomes)
• Prokaryote to Eukaryote
37. Major transitions: eusociality
• Solitary
lifestyle --> Eusociality
1. Reproductive division of labor
2. Overlapping generations (older offspring help younger offspring)
3. Cooperative care of young
38. Major transitions: eusociality
• Solitary
lifestyle --> Eusociality
1. Reproductive division of labor
2. Overlapping generations (older offspring help younger offspring)
3. Cooperative care of young
Eg: ants, bees, wasps, termites. But also: naked mole rats, a beetle, a shrimp...
42. But “complexity of life” didn’t
increase linearly.
2. Geological time scales
43. But “complexity of life” didn’t
increase linearly.
2. Geological time scales
Defined by changes in flora and fauna (seen in fossil record).
44. But “complexity of life” didn’t
increase linearly.
2. Geological time scales
Defined by changes in flora and fauna (seen in fossil record).
Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
45. Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
2 Ma:
First Hominids
230-65 Ma: 4550 Ma:
Dinosaurs
Hominids
Mammals
ca. 380 Ma: Land plants
First vertebrate land animals Animals
Multicellular life
4527 Ma:
Eukaryotes
ca. 530 Ma: Prokaryotes Formation of the Moon
Cambrian explosion 4.6 Ga
65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
750-635 Ma: Ma Late Heavy Bombardment;
251
Two Snowball Earths first life
Cenozoic
Mes
a
M
ozoi
Ha
Pa
2
de
54
4 Ga
an
leo
Era ca. 3500 Ma:
c
zo
Era
3.8
Photosynthesis starts
Eon
ic
Era
Ga
1 Ga
Eon
n
Pro
hea
ter
Arc
oz
3 Ga
oic
Eon
2 Ga
a
2.5 G
Ma = Million years ago ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
Ga = Billion years ago first Snowball Earth
46. Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
2 Ma:
First Hominids
230-65 Ma: 4550 Ma:
Dinosaurs
Hominids
Mammals
ca. 380 Ma: Land plants
First vertebrate land animals Animals
Multicellular life
4527 Ma:
Eukaryotes
ca. 530 Ma: Prokaryotes Formation of the Moon
Cambrian explosion 4.6 Ga
65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
750-635 Ma: Ma Late Heavy Bombardment;
251
Two Snowball Earths first life
Cenozoic
Mes
a
M
ozoi
Ha
Pa
2
de
54
4 Ga
an
leo
Era ca. 3500 Ma:
c
zo
Era
3.8
Photosynthesis starts
Eon
ic
Era
Ga
1 Ga
Eon
n
Pro
hea
ter
Arc
oz
3 Ga
oic
Eon
2 Ga
a
2.5 G
Ma = Million years ago ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
Ga = Billion years ago first Snowball Earth
49. Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
2 Ma:
First Hominids
230-65 Ma: 4550 Ma:
Dinosaurs
Hominids
Mammals
ca. 380 Ma: Land plants
First vertebrate land animals Animals
Multicellular life
4527 Ma:
Eukaryotes
ca. 530 Ma: Prokaryotes Formation of the Moon
Cambrian explosion 4.6 Ga
65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
750-635 Ma: Ma Late Heavy Bombardment;
251
Two Snowball Earths first life
Cenozoic
Mes
a
M
ozoi
Ha
Pa
2
de
54
4 Ga
an
leo
Era ca. 3500 Ma:
c
zo
Era
3.8
Photosynthesis starts
Eon
ic
Era
Ga
1 Ga
Eon
n
Pro
hea
ter
Arc
oz
3 Ga
oic
Eon
2 Ga
a
2.5 G
Ma = Million years ago ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
Ga = Billion years ago first Snowball Earth
72. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Conditions on earth change.
• Tectonic movement (of continental plates)
• Vulcanism
• Climate change
• Meteorites
73. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
74. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences:
75. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
76. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
• Speciation
77. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
• Speciation
• Mass extinctions
78. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
• Speciation
• Mass extinctions
• Adaptive radiations
79. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
• Speciation
• Mass extinctions
• Adaptive radiations
80. 3. Major drivers of evolution
Meteorite impact
?
Vulcanism ? Climate change
Tectonic movement
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
• Speciation
• Mass extinctions
• Adaptive radiations
82. Today
1. Major transitions in evolution
2. Geological timescales
3. Major drivers of evolution
4. Examples of major events: two recent extinctions
83. 4. Recent major exinction
fraction of genera
present in each time
interval but extinct in
the following interval
Pg
r
T
P-
T)
(K
g
-P
J
-S
r-
D
K
O
T
te
La
ay
o d
T
84. 4. Recent major exinction
fraction of genera
present in each time
interval but extinct in
the following interval
Pg
r
T
P-
T)
(K
g
-P
J
-S
r-
D
K
O
T
te
La
ay
o d
T
85. 4. Recent major exinction
fraction of genera
present in each time
interval but extinct in
the following interval
Pg
r
T
P-
T)
(K
g
-P
J
-S
r-
D
K
O
T
te
La
ay
o d
T
86. 4. Recent major exinction
fraction of genera
present in each time
interval but extinct in
the following interval
Pg
r
T
P-
T)
(K
g
-P
J
-S
r-
D
K
O
T
te
La
ay
o d
T
89. Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.
• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.
90. Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.
• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.
• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses,
lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.
91. Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.
• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.
• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses,
lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.
• Decaying undergrowth forms coal.
92. Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.
• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.
• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses,
lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.
• Decaying undergrowth forms coal.
• Good habitats for terrestrial invertebrates including spiders,
millipedes and insects (e.g. giant dragonflies).
95. Permian-Triassic Extinction
Went extinct:
•Up to 96% of marine species & 70% of terrestrial vertebrates
•21 terrestrial tetrapod families (63%)
• 7 orders of insects
Sun et al Science 2012
96. Permian-Triassic Extinction
Went extinct:
•Up to 96% of marine species & 70% of terrestrial vertebrates
•21 terrestrial tetrapod families (63%)
• 7 orders of insects
Sun et al Science 2012
97. Jurassic/Cretaceous
•Mammal-like reptiles were replaced
as dominant land vertebrates by
reptiles (dinosaurs).
• Lizards, modern amphibians and
early birds appear.
• The conifer- and fern-dominated
vegetation of the Late Triassic
continued into the Jurassic.
100. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera).
Including:
Mosasaur
Ammonite (marine reptile)
101. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera).
Including:
Mosasaur
Ammonite (marine reptile) Non-bird
dinosaurs
102. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera).
Including:
Mosasaur
Ammonite (marine reptile) Non-bird
dinosaurs
Most Plant-eating insects
103. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera).
Including:
Mosasaur
Ammonite (marine reptile) Non-bird
dinosaurs
Most Plant-eating insects
Subsequently, many adaptive radiations to fill newly vacant niches.
eg. mammals, fish, many insects
111. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
112. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
113. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
• dramatic climate & temperature changes are
difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
114. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
• dramatic climate & temperature changes are
difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
• Additional causes?
115. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
• dramatic climate & temperature changes are
difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
• Additional causes?
• Some groups were ALREADY in decline
116. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
• dramatic climate & temperature changes are
difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
• Additional causes?
• Some groups were ALREADY in decline
• Additional impacts?
117. Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction
66 million years ago
• Bolide impact at Chixulub.
• huge tsunamis
• cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
• plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain)
--> animals starve
• dramatic climate & temperature changes are
difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
• Additional causes?
• Some groups were ALREADY in decline
• Additional impacts?
• Deccan traps (India) - 30,000 years
of volcanic activity (lava/gas release)
119. Summary.
• The history of the earth is divided into geological time periods
• These are defined by characteristic flora and fauna
• Large-scalechanges in biodiversity were triggered by continental
movement and catastrophic events (mass extinctions)