This document provides guidance on evidence-based medicine (EBM) literature searching. It discusses the hierarchy of levels of evidence and acquiring the best evidence through systematic reviews, individual studies, and databases. It outlines six prerequisites for successful literature searching and strategies such as using textbooks, primary literature databases like PubMed, and secondary sources. The document also discusses resources for EBM knowledge translation including clinical decision support systems, guidelines, and quality improvement tools.
This document discusses meta-analysis techniques for systematically reviewing and statistically combining results from multiple clinical trials. It covers the history of meta-analysis, methodology for combining test statistics and assessing heterogeneity, software for conducting meta-analyses, and current issues including how to handle different study designs. Examples are provided to illustrate meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing treatments for stroke, myocardial infarction, and other conditions.
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to synthesize the results of multiple scientific studies. It provides a high-level overview of the key steps in conducting a meta-analysis, which include: formulating the research question, performing a literature search and selecting studies based on eligibility criteria, extracting relevant data from the studies, using statistical methods like fixed or random effects models to calculate an overall effect, and conducting sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of the results. Meta-analysis allows researchers to obtain a better understanding of how an intervention works by combining results from several studies while accounting for variability between the studies.
Critical appraisal presentation by mohamed taha 2Cairo University
This document discusses how to critically appraise a research article. It provides 10 questions to ask when appraising an article, including whether the study question is relevant, if the study design was appropriate, and if the data supports the conclusions. As an example, it summarizes a study that examined the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and exposure to violence in suicide attempters. The study addressed relevant questions, utilized an appropriate cohort study design, and its conclusions were reasonably supported by the collected data.
Overview of systematic review and meta analysisDrsnehas2
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to summarize research evidence on a topic. This document provides an overview of how to conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses, including formulating a question, identifying relevant studies, extracting data, assessing bias, synthesizing data through meta-analysis if appropriate, interpreting results, and updating reviews. Key steps involve developing eligibility criteria, searching multiple databases, assessing risk of bias, addressing heterogeneity, and evaluating for publication bias. Conducting reviews using standardized methods helps provide reliable conclusions to inform clinical practice and policy-making.
A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summaries the results of the studies. Meta-analyses are conducted to assess the strength of evidence present on a disease and treatment. The results of a meta-analysis can improve precision of estimates of effect, answer questions not posed by the individual studies, settle controversies arising from apparently conflicting studies, and generate new hypotheses. In particular, the examination of heterogeneity is vital to the development of new hypotheses.
"Hierarchies of Evidence" is an important but problematic concept for medical professionals to understand as it underpins their capacity to be effective practitioners and researchers.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to summarize all available evidence on a topic. A systematic review collects and analyzes results from relevant studies, while a meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine results into a pooled estimate. Meta-analyses can determine if an effect exists and its direction, but are subject to biases from unpublished or missing studies. They provide more reliable conclusions than individual studies but also have limitations like heterogeneity between studies.
演講-Meta analysis in medical research-張偉豪Beckett Hsieh
This document provides an overview of meta-analysis. It defines meta-analysis as a quantitative approach to systematically combining results from previous studies to arrive at conclusions about the body of research. It discusses key aspects of planning and conducting a meta-analysis such as defining the research question, searching for relevant literature, determining study eligibility, extracting data, analyzing effect sizes, assessing heterogeneity, and addressing publication bias. Software for performing meta-analyses and specific effect sizes like risk ratio and odds ratio are also mentioned.
This document discusses meta-analysis techniques for systematically reviewing and statistically combining results from multiple clinical trials. It covers the history of meta-analysis, methodology for combining test statistics and assessing heterogeneity, software for conducting meta-analyses, and current issues including how to handle different study designs. Examples are provided to illustrate meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing treatments for stroke, myocardial infarction, and other conditions.
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to synthesize the results of multiple scientific studies. It provides a high-level overview of the key steps in conducting a meta-analysis, which include: formulating the research question, performing a literature search and selecting studies based on eligibility criteria, extracting relevant data from the studies, using statistical methods like fixed or random effects models to calculate an overall effect, and conducting sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of the results. Meta-analysis allows researchers to obtain a better understanding of how an intervention works by combining results from several studies while accounting for variability between the studies.
Critical appraisal presentation by mohamed taha 2Cairo University
This document discusses how to critically appraise a research article. It provides 10 questions to ask when appraising an article, including whether the study question is relevant, if the study design was appropriate, and if the data supports the conclusions. As an example, it summarizes a study that examined the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and exposure to violence in suicide attempters. The study addressed relevant questions, utilized an appropriate cohort study design, and its conclusions were reasonably supported by the collected data.
Overview of systematic review and meta analysisDrsnehas2
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to summarize research evidence on a topic. This document provides an overview of how to conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses, including formulating a question, identifying relevant studies, extracting data, assessing bias, synthesizing data through meta-analysis if appropriate, interpreting results, and updating reviews. Key steps involve developing eligibility criteria, searching multiple databases, assessing risk of bias, addressing heterogeneity, and evaluating for publication bias. Conducting reviews using standardized methods helps provide reliable conclusions to inform clinical practice and policy-making.
A meta-analysis is the use of statistical methods to summaries the results of the studies. Meta-analyses are conducted to assess the strength of evidence present on a disease and treatment. The results of a meta-analysis can improve precision of estimates of effect, answer questions not posed by the individual studies, settle controversies arising from apparently conflicting studies, and generate new hypotheses. In particular, the examination of heterogeneity is vital to the development of new hypotheses.
"Hierarchies of Evidence" is an important but problematic concept for medical professionals to understand as it underpins their capacity to be effective practitioners and researchers.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to summarize all available evidence on a topic. A systematic review collects and analyzes results from relevant studies, while a meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine results into a pooled estimate. Meta-analyses can determine if an effect exists and its direction, but are subject to biases from unpublished or missing studies. They provide more reliable conclusions than individual studies but also have limitations like heterogeneity between studies.
演講-Meta analysis in medical research-張偉豪Beckett Hsieh
This document provides an overview of meta-analysis. It defines meta-analysis as a quantitative approach to systematically combining results from previous studies to arrive at conclusions about the body of research. It discusses key aspects of planning and conducting a meta-analysis such as defining the research question, searching for relevant literature, determining study eligibility, extracting data, analyzing effect sizes, assessing heterogeneity, and addressing publication bias. Software for performing meta-analyses and specific effect sizes like risk ratio and odds ratio are also mentioned.
This document outlines the process for conducting a systematic review. It defines a systematic review as a review that uses explicit and reproducible methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research and collect and analyze data from the included studies. It notes that systematic reviews help address biases and provide more robust evidence than individual studies. The document describes the key steps in a systematic review as developing a focused question, performing a comprehensive search, applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessing study quality, extracting data, performing meta-analyses if appropriate, and interpreting results. It also discusses challenges such as ensuring systematic reviews address developing world priorities and include studies conducted in those settings.
This document discusses critical appraisal of published medical research. It notes that thousands of new medical articles are published daily, making it difficult for clinicians to keep up-to-date. Critical appraisal involves assessing the validity, reliability, and applicability of a study rather than just dismissing it or looking only at the results. Key aspects of critical appraisal include describing the evidence, assessing internal validity by examining potential biases and confounding factors, evaluating external validity and whether results can apply to other populations, and comparing results to other evidence. The document provides guidance on how to critically appraise studies and lists resources for further information.
This document provides an overview of meta-analysis, including:
1) Meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining results from multiple studies to obtain a single estimate of effect. It provides a more precise estimate than individual studies.
2) Proper meta-analyses require a detailed protocol and eligibility criteria. Studies must be carefully selected and data extracted by multiple independent reviewers.
3) Results are typically reported as odds ratios, risk ratios, or mean differences along with confidence intervals. Forest plots visually display results and heterogeneity between studies.
Bias in research can occur at any stage from study design to publication. There are several types of bias including selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. Selection bias occurs when the study sample is not representative of the target population. Information bias results from errors in measuring or classifying exposure and outcome variables. Confounding bias is introduced when a third variable is associated with both the exposure and outcome. Researchers should employ techniques like randomization, matching, and restriction to minimize bias.
This document discusses assessing risk of bias in studies included in systematic reviews. It defines bias as systematic error that can vary in direction and magnitude. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool is recommended for assessing bias in domains such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and reporting bias. Assessments involve describing the risk of bias and making a judgment of low, high, or unclear risk. Summary assessments of risk of bias are made within and across studies.
Basics of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Part 3Rizwan S A
A 4 part lecture series on the basics of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Part 3 discusses the software needed and analytical techniques used for this purpose.
This document provides a summary of a meta-analysis presented by Preethi Rai on November 12, 2013. It defines meta-analysis as a quantitative approach that systematically combines the results of previous research studies in order to arrive at conclusions about the body of research. The summary explains that meta-analysis increases the overall sample size and statistical power to better understand treatment effects. It also addresses how meta-analysis can help resolve controversies, identify areas needing more research, and generalize study results. Limitations including publication bias and inability to improve original study quality are also noted.
This document provides guidance on appraising a systematic review using a checklist. It addresses key questions like whether the systematic review had a clear research question, performed a comprehensive literature search, explicitly stated inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, stated how results were combined statistically, reported absolute numbers and summary statistics, and discussed clinical relevance. The document notes that important details on these aspects can typically be found in sections like the Methods, Results, and Conclusion sections of a systematic review. It aims to help reviewers appraise important methodological aspects of a systematic review.
The document outlines the key components of writing a research protocol, including defining research, the purpose of a protocol, and the typical parts of a protocol. It discusses that a protocol should clarify the research question, compile existing knowledge, form a hypothesis and objectives. The typical parts are an introduction with the problem and background, methodology covering the research design and data collection/analysis, and ethical considerations. It provides guidance on writing each section, such as making the introduction concise and specific, clearly linking objectives to the research problem, and describing the study design and statistical analysis plan in the methodology.
This document outlines the steps involved in conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of elder abuse. It discusses how 52 studies from around the world were analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. The key findings were that the pooled prevalence of elder abuse was 15.7%. While systematic reviews have strengths like being comprehensive and transparent, they also have limitations such as reliance on the quality of primary studies and risk of publication bias.
This document discusses sample size determination and calculation. It defines sample size as the subset of a population chosen for a study to make inferences about the total population. The key factors in determining sample size are the desired level of accuracy, allowing for appropriate analysis, and validity of significance tests. The document provides formulas and methods for calculating sample size for different study designs and populations, including using formulas, readymade tables, nomograms, and computer software. Accurately determining sample size is essential for research.
This document discusses sources of bias and error that can occur in research studies. It defines validity as the degree to which a measurement measures what it intends to measure. Reliability is defined as the degree to which repeated measurements produce similar results. There are two types of errors - random errors which are due to chance, and systematic errors which have a recognizable source or pattern. Bias is a deviation from the truth that can lead to conclusions that differ from reality. There are three main types of biases: selection bias due to systematic differences between study groups, measurement/misclassification bias from inaccurate measurements, and confounding bias when an extraneous factor is associated with both an exposure and outcome. Confounding can distort the apparent
Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically analyze the research paper to judge its trustworthiness, its value and relevance in a particular context. (Amanda Burls 2009)
A critical review must identify the strengths and limitations in a research paper and this should be carried out in a systematic manner.
The Critical Appraisal helps in developing the necessary skills to make sense of scientific evidence, based on validity, results and relevance.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in medical research. It discusses what research is, types of research including conventional and unconventional, and the objectives of research. The basis of research methodology in medical research is explained, noting that medicine is inherently experimental. The steps in medical research are outlined, including identifying the problem, formulating research questions, study design and methodology, data collection and analysis. Common research study designs like case reports, case series, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses are described.
Critical appraisal of a journal articleDrSahilKumar
This document provides guidance on critically appraising journal articles. It defines critical appraisal as systematically identifying the strengths and weaknesses of research to assess validity and usefulness. Key aspects to evaluate include relevance of the research question, appropriateness of study design, addressing biases, adherence to original protocol, statistical analyses, and conflicts of interest. Checklists like CASP, CONSORT, and STROBE provide frameworks to appraise study methodologies like randomized trials, systematic reviews, and observational studies. The goal of critical appraisal is for clinicians to identify high-quality evidence to inform clinical practice.
A systematic review is a rigorous analysis of published research on a focused question that collects and summarizes the evidence. It contrasts with an overview, which may include non-research articles and be influenced by other evidence. Meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine results from multiple studies. To ensure validity, meta-analyses must have a well-defined methodology, including comprehensive searches and duplicate screening and data extraction to reduce bias. Important factors include assessing whether all relevant studies were found and the sources searched, as well as controlling for biases such as from selective data extraction or funding influences.
Meta-analysis in Epidemiology is:
Useful tool for epidemiological studies which investigates the relationships between certain risk factors and disease.
Useful tool to improve animal well-being and productivity
Despite of a wealth of suitable studies it is relatively underutilized in animal and veterinary science.
Meta-analysis can provide reliable results about diseases occurrence, pattern and impact in livestock.
It is utmost essential to take benefit of this statistical tool for produce. more reliable estimates of concern effects in animal and veterinary science data.
This document describes different types of epidemiological study designs, including observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. It provides details on descriptive versus analytical epidemiology and discusses cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort study designs, including their characteristics, uses, strengths, limitations, and how to conduct them. Key points covered include how observational studies observe exposures and outcomes without intervention, while experimental studies test interventions, and how case-control and cohort studies are used to test hypotheses about disease risk factors.
Introduction to meta-analysis (1612_MA_workshop)Ahmed Negida
This document provides an overview of a meta-analysis workshop. It will introduce descriptive and inferential statistics, the concept of meta-analysis, and meta-analysis software and models. The workshop covers new topics like quality effects meta-analysis, heterogeneity models, and assessment of publication bias. It explains that simply averaging study results is incorrect, and meta-analysis statistically combines studies while weighting them by size and power to provide a single pooled effect estimate. Meta-analysis has advantages like larger power but must address heterogeneity and differences between studies.
Common mistakes in data visualization include misusing pie charts, using misleading axes scales, and including unnecessary embellishments that obscure the data. Effective data visualization focuses on clearly communicating the key messages and considers the audience. Charts should use colors and scales appropriately and focus on conveying meaning over aesthetics. Proper preparation of data and understanding the limitations of visualization tools are important to avoid unintentionally misleading audiences.
Gut instinct doesn't cut it. Feeling works for romance novels. Your hunches and guesstimates carry zero weight. Only solid data earns a seat at the boardroom table. How would you like your research prepared? Qualitative, quantitative or mixed method? Primary or secondary? Basic or applied? There are so many choices. What is the best way to proceed?
This document outlines the process for conducting a systematic review. It defines a systematic review as a review that uses explicit and reproducible methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research and collect and analyze data from the included studies. It notes that systematic reviews help address biases and provide more robust evidence than individual studies. The document describes the key steps in a systematic review as developing a focused question, performing a comprehensive search, applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessing study quality, extracting data, performing meta-analyses if appropriate, and interpreting results. It also discusses challenges such as ensuring systematic reviews address developing world priorities and include studies conducted in those settings.
This document discusses critical appraisal of published medical research. It notes that thousands of new medical articles are published daily, making it difficult for clinicians to keep up-to-date. Critical appraisal involves assessing the validity, reliability, and applicability of a study rather than just dismissing it or looking only at the results. Key aspects of critical appraisal include describing the evidence, assessing internal validity by examining potential biases and confounding factors, evaluating external validity and whether results can apply to other populations, and comparing results to other evidence. The document provides guidance on how to critically appraise studies and lists resources for further information.
This document provides an overview of meta-analysis, including:
1) Meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining results from multiple studies to obtain a single estimate of effect. It provides a more precise estimate than individual studies.
2) Proper meta-analyses require a detailed protocol and eligibility criteria. Studies must be carefully selected and data extracted by multiple independent reviewers.
3) Results are typically reported as odds ratios, risk ratios, or mean differences along with confidence intervals. Forest plots visually display results and heterogeneity between studies.
Bias in research can occur at any stage from study design to publication. There are several types of bias including selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. Selection bias occurs when the study sample is not representative of the target population. Information bias results from errors in measuring or classifying exposure and outcome variables. Confounding bias is introduced when a third variable is associated with both the exposure and outcome. Researchers should employ techniques like randomization, matching, and restriction to minimize bias.
This document discusses assessing risk of bias in studies included in systematic reviews. It defines bias as systematic error that can vary in direction and magnitude. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool is recommended for assessing bias in domains such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and reporting bias. Assessments involve describing the risk of bias and making a judgment of low, high, or unclear risk. Summary assessments of risk of bias are made within and across studies.
Basics of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Part 3Rizwan S A
A 4 part lecture series on the basics of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Part 3 discusses the software needed and analytical techniques used for this purpose.
This document provides a summary of a meta-analysis presented by Preethi Rai on November 12, 2013. It defines meta-analysis as a quantitative approach that systematically combines the results of previous research studies in order to arrive at conclusions about the body of research. The summary explains that meta-analysis increases the overall sample size and statistical power to better understand treatment effects. It also addresses how meta-analysis can help resolve controversies, identify areas needing more research, and generalize study results. Limitations including publication bias and inability to improve original study quality are also noted.
This document provides guidance on appraising a systematic review using a checklist. It addresses key questions like whether the systematic review had a clear research question, performed a comprehensive literature search, explicitly stated inclusion/exclusion criteria, assessed study quality, stated how results were combined statistically, reported absolute numbers and summary statistics, and discussed clinical relevance. The document notes that important details on these aspects can typically be found in sections like the Methods, Results, and Conclusion sections of a systematic review. It aims to help reviewers appraise important methodological aspects of a systematic review.
The document outlines the key components of writing a research protocol, including defining research, the purpose of a protocol, and the typical parts of a protocol. It discusses that a protocol should clarify the research question, compile existing knowledge, form a hypothesis and objectives. The typical parts are an introduction with the problem and background, methodology covering the research design and data collection/analysis, and ethical considerations. It provides guidance on writing each section, such as making the introduction concise and specific, clearly linking objectives to the research problem, and describing the study design and statistical analysis plan in the methodology.
This document outlines the steps involved in conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of elder abuse. It discusses how 52 studies from around the world were analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. The key findings were that the pooled prevalence of elder abuse was 15.7%. While systematic reviews have strengths like being comprehensive and transparent, they also have limitations such as reliance on the quality of primary studies and risk of publication bias.
This document discusses sample size determination and calculation. It defines sample size as the subset of a population chosen for a study to make inferences about the total population. The key factors in determining sample size are the desired level of accuracy, allowing for appropriate analysis, and validity of significance tests. The document provides formulas and methods for calculating sample size for different study designs and populations, including using formulas, readymade tables, nomograms, and computer software. Accurately determining sample size is essential for research.
This document discusses sources of bias and error that can occur in research studies. It defines validity as the degree to which a measurement measures what it intends to measure. Reliability is defined as the degree to which repeated measurements produce similar results. There are two types of errors - random errors which are due to chance, and systematic errors which have a recognizable source or pattern. Bias is a deviation from the truth that can lead to conclusions that differ from reality. There are three main types of biases: selection bias due to systematic differences between study groups, measurement/misclassification bias from inaccurate measurements, and confounding bias when an extraneous factor is associated with both an exposure and outcome. Confounding can distort the apparent
Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically analyze the research paper to judge its trustworthiness, its value and relevance in a particular context. (Amanda Burls 2009)
A critical review must identify the strengths and limitations in a research paper and this should be carried out in a systematic manner.
The Critical Appraisal helps in developing the necessary skills to make sense of scientific evidence, based on validity, results and relevance.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in medical research. It discusses what research is, types of research including conventional and unconventional, and the objectives of research. The basis of research methodology in medical research is explained, noting that medicine is inherently experimental. The steps in medical research are outlined, including identifying the problem, formulating research questions, study design and methodology, data collection and analysis. Common research study designs like case reports, case series, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses are described.
Critical appraisal of a journal articleDrSahilKumar
This document provides guidance on critically appraising journal articles. It defines critical appraisal as systematically identifying the strengths and weaknesses of research to assess validity and usefulness. Key aspects to evaluate include relevance of the research question, appropriateness of study design, addressing biases, adherence to original protocol, statistical analyses, and conflicts of interest. Checklists like CASP, CONSORT, and STROBE provide frameworks to appraise study methodologies like randomized trials, systematic reviews, and observational studies. The goal of critical appraisal is for clinicians to identify high-quality evidence to inform clinical practice.
A systematic review is a rigorous analysis of published research on a focused question that collects and summarizes the evidence. It contrasts with an overview, which may include non-research articles and be influenced by other evidence. Meta-analysis uses statistical methods to combine results from multiple studies. To ensure validity, meta-analyses must have a well-defined methodology, including comprehensive searches and duplicate screening and data extraction to reduce bias. Important factors include assessing whether all relevant studies were found and the sources searched, as well as controlling for biases such as from selective data extraction or funding influences.
Meta-analysis in Epidemiology is:
Useful tool for epidemiological studies which investigates the relationships between certain risk factors and disease.
Useful tool to improve animal well-being and productivity
Despite of a wealth of suitable studies it is relatively underutilized in animal and veterinary science.
Meta-analysis can provide reliable results about diseases occurrence, pattern and impact in livestock.
It is utmost essential to take benefit of this statistical tool for produce. more reliable estimates of concern effects in animal and veterinary science data.
This document describes different types of epidemiological study designs, including observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. It provides details on descriptive versus analytical epidemiology and discusses cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort study designs, including their characteristics, uses, strengths, limitations, and how to conduct them. Key points covered include how observational studies observe exposures and outcomes without intervention, while experimental studies test interventions, and how case-control and cohort studies are used to test hypotheses about disease risk factors.
Introduction to meta-analysis (1612_MA_workshop)Ahmed Negida
This document provides an overview of a meta-analysis workshop. It will introduce descriptive and inferential statistics, the concept of meta-analysis, and meta-analysis software and models. The workshop covers new topics like quality effects meta-analysis, heterogeneity models, and assessment of publication bias. It explains that simply averaging study results is incorrect, and meta-analysis statistically combines studies while weighting them by size and power to provide a single pooled effect estimate. Meta-analysis has advantages like larger power but must address heterogeneity and differences between studies.
Common mistakes in data visualization include misusing pie charts, using misleading axes scales, and including unnecessary embellishments that obscure the data. Effective data visualization focuses on clearly communicating the key messages and considers the audience. Charts should use colors and scales appropriately and focus on conveying meaning over aesthetics. Proper preparation of data and understanding the limitations of visualization tools are important to avoid unintentionally misleading audiences.
Gut instinct doesn't cut it. Feeling works for romance novels. Your hunches and guesstimates carry zero weight. Only solid data earns a seat at the boardroom table. How would you like your research prepared? Qualitative, quantitative or mixed method? Primary or secondary? Basic or applied? There are so many choices. What is the best way to proceed?
- The document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) and how to formulate clinical questions and search for evidence using databases and subject headings.
- The EBP process involves identifying a problem, developing a focused clinical question using PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome), searching relevant resources, critically appraising the evidence, and implementing in practice.
- Useful databases for finding evidence include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library. Subject headings and filters can help narrow search results.
Let's Talk Research Annual Conference - 24th-25th September 2014 (Professor R...NHSNWRD
"Introduction to Evidence Synthesis": Professor Rumona Dickson's presentation provided an overview of evidence synthesis and a platform to refine questions that participants wanted to answer related to their own clinical practice. The workshop also included information detailing how teams of health care professionals might access support for addressing their clinical review questions through the CPD programme of the CLAHRC NWC.
This document provides guidance on searching for and managing external evidence to answer clinical questions using an evidence-based practice approach. It discusses determining available resources, carefully constructing search questions, using keywords and controlled vocabularies, combining and limiting searches, appraising evidence found, and organizing search results. The goal is to efficiently find the best available evidence to inform clinical decision making.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based searching strategies for nursing research. It discusses developing a focused research question using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), identifying appropriate databases and search terms, using Boolean operators and subject headings to conduct a systematic search, and tips for refining search results. Key databases for nursing evidence include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Embase. The document emphasizes formulating a clear research question and using both controlled vocabulary and keywords to comprehensively search the literature.
Searching for and finding the EvidenceRCSI Library
S1. This document discusses searching for evidence to answer clinical questions. It covers searching clinical summaries, systematic reviews, and primary studies, as well as grey literature.
S2. The document outlines a 5S approach to searching that includes scoping the topic, identifying search terms, testing searches, and setting up alerts. It also demonstrates breaking down a complex search strategy from the Cochrane Library.
S3. Examples are provided of searching CINAHL for articles on wound cleansing methods and solutions for pressure ulcers. The search strategy builds step-by-step, combining concepts with Boolean operators.
This document discusses evidence-based medicine and evaluating evidence quality. It explains that evidence-based medicine uses the best available evidence from scientific research to guide medical decisions. The gold standard for scientific studies are large, multi-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trials conducted on human subjects. However, not all evidence is definitive, as illustrated by the story of three tourists on a train in Scotland who make different assumptions about sheep based on limited observations from their window. More research and consideration of evidence quality is needed to draw reliable conclusions.
The document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine, including what it is, why it is important, where evidence comes from, levels of evidence, and the steps to practice evidence-based medicine. It discusses formulating a clear clinical question, searching for relevant information and studies, critically appraising the evidence, and applying the evidence to a specific patient case. Key aspects covered include evaluating the validity, importance, and applicability of various types of studies to determine the strength and relevance of the evidence. The goal is to systematically review and apply the best available research findings to clinical decision making.
This document provides an overview of the systematic review process. It begins with developing the research question using PICO(S) or SPICE frameworks. This is then translated into search terms and concepts. The document outlines searching databases and other sources, as well as screening and critically appraising the literature. It discusses data synthesis and publication bias. Tips are provided for searching, such as using wildcards, adjacency searches, and combining concepts. Challenges like books, grey literature, and other languages are noted. Reference manager software is also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to achieve the best possible patient management. The goal of EBM is to improve the quality of information used to make clinical decisions. EBM uses a series of steps including formulating an answerable clinical question, tracking down the best available evidence, critically appraising the evidence, applying the evidence to integrate with clinical expertise and patient values, and evaluating the effectiveness of the process.
This document discusses using the PICO framework to structure systematic review questions and search strategies. It explains the concepts of P, I, C, and O and how they relate to developing search terms for population, intervention, comparison and outcome. The document provides examples of searching Embase for each PICO element, and emphasizes using Emtree terms along with free text searching. It also discusses limits, study type filters, documenting the search process, and upcoming enhancements in Embase.
This document discusses evidence-based medicine and provides tools for practicing it. It summarizes that there is often a gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice. It then outlines various tools like systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines, and databases that can help bridge that gap by providing critically appraised evidence. It emphasizes Archie Cochrane's view that randomized controlled trials should be organized and summarized by specialty to help inform practice. Finally, it encourages applying and doing, not just knowing, when it comes to evidence-based medicine.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM). It defines EBM as "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." It notes that EBM integrates individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. The document discusses why EBM is important, highlighting that new evidence is constantly being generated and that traditional continuing medical education has not been shown to improve clinical performance. It also reviews major types of complementary and alternative medicine, including alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, biologically-based therapies, and manipulative/body-based methods.
This document provides guidance on searching the medical literature. It discusses four categories of information resources, criteria for selecting resources, and five databases for finding primary studies. It outlines how to develop a search strategy, including turning a question into search concepts and keywords. It also covers running searches, applying screening criteria to search results, and synthesizing findings. The goal is to perform a systematic, explicit and reproducible search of the biomedical literature.
The document discusses evidence-based medicine and sources for clinicians to find high-quality evidence. It defines evidence-based medicine as integrating the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for assessing new interventions. The document recommends searching multiple sources of varying methodological rigor, from the Cochrane Library which systematically reviews randomized trials, to UpToDate, Clinical Evidence, evidence-based guidelines, and PubMed. The key is finding the best evidence available to answer clinical questions and apply results to patients.
It is general introduction to evidence based medicine highlighting its importance and how do we practice it, moreover indicates that evidence based is not for medicine only, instead everything has its own evidence
The document provides guidance on selecting evidence-based medicine tools and resources for clinicians. It recommends keeping resources simple, focusing on those that are free or accessible at the point of care. Primary research sites like PubMed and specialized databases like Cochrane and National Guideline Clearinghouse are suggested as starting places. When formulating questions, a systematic search process including guidelines, reviews and primary studies is outlined.
Evidence Based Medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. It is a 5-step process: 1) framing a clinical question, 2) finding the best evidence, 3) critically appraising the evidence, 4) integrating the evidence into practice, and 5) evaluating the process. The hierarchy of evidence ranks randomized controlled trials highest, while expert opinion is lowest. Several sources can be used to find evidence, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, UptoDate, and clinical guidelines websites. Skill is required to perform efficient searches and appraise evidence critically.
This document provides library resources and search tips for nutrition research. It lists the objectives of finding appropriate library resources, distinguishing between types of scientific literature, and using keywords effectively to search PubMed. Useful research guides are listed for topics like nutrition, public health, and epidemiology. The research process is described as iterative, with developing topics as search is done. Scholarly vs. popular information sources are distinguished. Primary, secondary and tertiary literature are defined. Tips are provided for evaluating information sources and reading scientific literature critically. Methods of tracking search terms and using controlled vocabularies in databases are outlined.
Part 1 Introduction to Evidence-based Medicine Literature SearchingImad Hassan
Evidence-based medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. It uses a three pronged approach considering the best evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. Practitioners must be able to ask clinical questions, acquire the best evidence such as through literature searches, assess the evidence through critical appraisal, and apply the evidence to their patients. Literature searching is an important skill for healthcare professionals to master to engage in evidence-based practice and lifelong learning. It requires understanding key concepts and having certain prerequisites such as knowing how to use search tools and formulate clinical questions.
The characteristics of the Ideal Source for practicing Evidence-Based Medicine are:-
Located in the clinical setting
Easy to use
Fast, reliable connection
Comprehensive /Full Text
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This presentation was funded by CDC and PEPFAR through the SUCCEED project at Stellenbosch University. The presentation was delivered by Ms Lynn Hendricks from the Centre for Evidence Based Health Care in July 2017
Introduce IUON students to evidence-based nursing literature and effective strategies for searching for and accessing evidence-based research in nursing.
This document summarizes a presentation about accessing and using library resources for family medicine. It discusses accessing the library collections remotely using a proxy server, searching PubMed efficiently, and key tools for clinical questions, drug interactions, treatment guidelines, and clinical practice updates. Selected resources highlighted include Clinical Queries in PubMed, setting up email alerts, Single Citation Matcher, Pubget for full text, Cochrane Library, TRIP database, ACP Pier, UpToDate, DynaMed, Lexi-Interact, and Micromedex. Contact information is provided for librarians available to help.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based nursing practice and how to effectively search for and evaluate evidence. It defines evidence-based practice as using the best available evidence from research to improve clinical practice. A 5-step process is outlined: formulating a question, searching literature, critically appraising evidence, applying evidence to practice, and re-evaluating. Guidance is given on formulating search strategies using PICO and searching various library databases and resources like Cochrane and CINAHL to find relevant evidence to answer clinical questions.
1) The document provides guidance on conducting literature searches to support assignments in NUR430. It discusses developing a searchable question using the PICO structure and searching relevant databases.
2) Specific tips are given for formulating a question around reducing hospital readmissions for congestive heart failure patients. An example search question following the PICO model is outlined.
3) Systematic reviews are recommended as the highest level of evidence and guidance is provided on where to search for systematic reviews, such as the Cochrane Library.
Introduction to health informatics : Research Questions Naz Torabi
This document provides an overview of conducting a literature review in health informatics. It discusses formulating a research question, identifying relevant resources like PubMed and Scopus, developing search strategies using keywords and MeSH terms, evaluating search results, and organizing findings to write a literature review. PubMed is described as a biomedical database that can be searched using MeSH or keywords to locate journal citations and abstracts. Steps for structuring a PubMed search around a sample question on the efficiency of St. John's wort for smoking cessation are outlined.
This document provides resources for clinical reasoning exercises for psychiatry clerks. It discusses formulating clinical research questions using the PICO framework and identifying relevant databases for searching. It also covers applying basic criteria to appraise evidence quality, such as publication type, sample size, methodology. Contact information is provided for the librarian as a resource for more information on search strategies, citation styles, and databases.
This document provides an overview of health informatics resources for a PATH 9100/4100F course. It discusses objectives to familiarize students with medical resources, databases, and search strategies. It also addresses clinical information needs within an evidence-based medicine framework. Key resources presented include PubMed, Scopus, UpToDate, DynaMed, and Cochrane Database. Search techniques like subject headings, citation tracking, and the pearl methodology framework are covered. Levels of evidence and filtered versus unfiltered information sources are also outlined. Contact information is provided for library assistance.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
This document provides an introduction and overview of systematic reviews. It defines systematic reviews and their key characteristics, including having a clearly defined question and methodology for systematically searching, appraising, and synthesizing the available evidence to answer a specific question. It contrasts systematic reviews with other types of literature reviews and outlines the main steps in planning and conducting a systematic review, including developing a protocol and search strategy.
The document provides an overview of how to find empirical evidence for clinical research projects, outlining key strategies and resources for developing effective search techniques and evaluating different levels of evidence, from systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines down to individual studies. It includes examples of searching databases such as MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library, as well as searching for grey literature and critically appraising the evidence found.
Eisenhower Medical Center Evidence Based Practice 7/8/2014re_johns
This document provides an overview of resources available at the Norris Medical Library. It describes how to access the library homepage and clinicians portal, search PubMed and MEDLINE, request articles through interlibrary loan, find evidence to support clinical decisions, and contact library staff for assistance. Key databases like UpToDate and ClinicalKey are mentioned as sources of clinical information. Guidance is offered on formulating focused clinical questions and searching efficiently using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Bibliographic management tools like RefWorks and EndNote are also briefly outlined.
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Evidence-based Medicine Literature Searching SC
1. EBM Literature
Searching
Dr. Imad Salah Ahmed Hassan MD FACP FRCPI MSc MBBS
Chairman, Knowledge Translation Committee
Department of Medicine, KAMC,KSA
2. What is Best Evidence? Hierarchy of Levels
of Evidence
3. Acquire the Best Evidence:
Finding the Best Evidence First
Hierarchy of Sources of Evidence Pyramid
Pre-appraised, systematic reviews: Cochrane
Pre-appraised, individual studies:
ACP Journal Club, BestBets
Databases with EBM background: CKS, Essential
Evidence Plus ®, DynaMed®, ACP’s PIER, BMJ Best
Treatment, Guidelines Clearinghouse, Guidelines Finder
Highly referenced, current e-textbook:
Up-to-Date
Standard e-textbooks
(emedicine)
Primary Resources: PubMed
(Clinical Queries), Medline
*Adapted from Shaughnessy and Slawson
6. The 6 Prerequisites for successful Literature Searching
1
2
3
4
5
6
• Know how to use a computer/electronic device.
• Know the Internet Jargon of Terms.
• Know the EBM Jargon of Terms.
• Know how to formulate your question.
• Know where to go.
• Know what to do when you get there: the site’s technical
language/know-how.
7. Learn how to navigate your resource: Website Tutorial
8.
9. Resources For EBM Knowledge Translation
EBM Hunting Tools
EBM Resources
Advanced EBM Skills
Point of Care
Clinical
Resources
Updates
New Evidence
Decision
Support
Systems
Critical
Appraisal
Tools
EvidenceBased
Guidelines &
Policies
EvidenceBased Quality
Improvement
•DynaMed
•Essential
Evidence Plus
•First Consult
•UpToDate
•Clinical
Evidence
•ACP PIERS
•Mc Master
Plus: STAT
REF
•BMJ
Evidence
Updates/Alerts
•ACP Journal
Club
•Open Clinical
•Dxplain
•Emergency
Medicine on
the Web
•Clinical
Decision
Making
Calculators
•EBM toolbox
•CATmaker
•Evidence
based
medicine
toolkit
•EBM
Calculator
•National
Guideline
Clearinghouse
• NHS
Evidence
• ICSI Institute
for Clinical
Systems
Improvements
•AHRQ
•Institute for
Healthcare
Improvement
•Knowledge
Translation
Clearinghouse
•NICE
11. “Finding Evidence”: Searching
Strategy
1
2
3
4
• Decide if the question is a Foreground or Background Question
• Convert clinical Foreground question to searchable question
(e.g. PICO)
• Choose the database you want to search: Primary (e.g.
Pubmed), Secondary (e.g. Cochrane)or Tertiary (e.g. Trip
Database)
• Apply filters to restrict your search (e.g. PubMed limits linked to
PICO such as gender, age, study type limits)
12. “Finding Evidence”: Searching
Strategy
5
6
7
8
• Appraise your Primary studies: Critical Appraisal Tools
• Assess result (e.g. using systematic review worksheet)
• Decide if you have enough information to make a decision
• If not then refine steps 2-4 until you either have an answer or
decide there isn’t enough evidence to make an evidence based
decision
13. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 1:
Background Knowledge: Textbooks/eTextbooks e.g.
emedicine
14. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 2:
Foreground Knowledge: Primary Literature/Original
Studies= Pubmed, Embase, Cinahl etc
15. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 3:
Foreground Knowledge: Secondary Literature/Preappraised Literature
Focused/Specific
Broad/General Topic
16. Diagnosis
e.g.
Troponin in ACS
Uric acid in Pre-eclampsia
Therapy
e.g.
– Misoprostol for PPH
– Statins for
hypercholesterolemia
– Specific procedure
Systematic
Review
Sites e.g.
Cochrane
Technology
Assessment
Sites e.g.
Cochrane
Guidelines e.g.
Guideline
Clearinghouse
Evidence Based
eTextbooks e.g. Dynamed
17. Broad/General Topic
Management of Postpartum Guidelines
e.g.
Hemorrhage
Management of hypertension
Management of Fetal Respiratory
Evidence Based
eTextbooks e.g.
Distress Syndrome
UpToDate
Management of cancer pain
Guideline
Clearinghouse
On-line
eTextbooks
18. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 4:
Foreground Knowledge: Evidence-based Quality
Improvement: Policies, Pathways, Order Sets etc
NICE Pathways: guidance at your fingertips- www.nice.org.uk
Society of Hospital Medicine: http://www.hospitalmedicine.org/
AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/
Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Topics/LeadingSystemImprovement/
ICSI Institute for Clinical Systems Improvements http://www.icsi.org/index.aspx
19. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 1:
Background Knowledge: Textbooks/eTextbooks e.g.
emedicine
e.g. Pancreatitis, Appendicitis
How to access emedicine: Three ways! (applies to all EBM
Websites)
1: Google it: pancreatitis emedicine
2. Click on the www address from the hyperlinked page
3: Saved address from your favorites links menu.
30. TBL The Bottom Line
Increase your hits by using the Related option if this
hit is the closest to your PICO
31. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/nlm/
PubMed for Handhelds (PubMed4Hh):
Download to your device from Play Store
MEDLINE/PubMed
Search MEDLINE/PubMed
Read Journal Abstracts
PICO search
Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
askMEDLINE
free-text, natural language search
32. Option 2: Use Pubmed
search box
(for both Primary and
Secondary Literature)
39. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 3:
Foreground Knowledge: Secondary Literature/Preappraised Literature
Focused/Specific
Broad/General Topic
40. Looking for EBM information in Guideline Clearinghouse directly from Google
41.
42.
43.
44. Looking for EBM information in UpToDate directly
from Google
53. Critical Appraisal Checklists
http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/generalpracticeprimarycare/ebp/
checklists/#d.en.19536
Checklist for an article on treatment or prevention
Checklist for an article on qualitative research
Checklist for an article on decision analysis
Checklist for an article on an educational intervention
Checklist for an article on prognosis
Checklist for an article on harm or causation
Checklist for an article on guidelines
Checklist for an article on diagnosis or screening
Checklist for a systematic review
Checklist for economic evaluations
Looking for EBM Critical Appraisal Tools
55. Secrets of Literature Searching
Strategies for Literature Searching:
Strategy 4:
Foreground Knowledge: Evidence-based Quality
Improvement: Policies, Pathways etc
NICE Pathways: guidance at your fingertips- www.nice.org.uk
Society of Hospital Medicine: http://www.hospitalmedicine.org/
AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/
Institute for Healthcare Improvement: http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Topics/LeadingSystemImprovement/
ICSI Institute for Clinical Systems Improvements http://www.icsi.org/index.aspx
71. Boolean search
After its creator George Boole
Boolean operators
Peptic ulcer
OR
Hemorrhage
Peptic ulcer
AND
Hemorrhage
Peptic ulcer
NOT
Hemorrhage
Meaning
SmartArt custom animation effects: pictures peek-in(Basic)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this page, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click Matrix. In the Matrix pane, double-click Titled Matrix (second option from the left) to insert the graphic into the slide. Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Size, and then do the following:In the Height box, enter 5.67”.In the Width box, enter 8.5”.Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Arrange, click Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text in the top-level bullet only (text for the rounded rectangle at the center of the graphic). To remove the [Text] placeholder in the second-level bullets, select each bullet and press SPACE.On the slide, select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, click More, and then under Best Match for Document click Moderate Effect.Select the rounded rectangle at the center of the graphic. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select 28 from the Font Size list, click the arrow next to Font Color, and then click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).With the rounded rectangle selected, under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the ShapeStyles group, click the FormatShape dialog box launcher. In the FormatShape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Direction list, select LinearUp (second row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 80%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).Right-click the top left shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the top right shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the bottom left shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. Right-click the bottom right shape in the graphic, and then click Format Shape. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill,and then under Insert from, click File.In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animations group, click CustomAnimation.On the slide, select the graphic, and then do the following in the CustomAnimation task pane: Click Add Effect, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Subtle, click Expand. Under Modify: Expand, in the Speed list, select Fast.Under Modify: Expand, in the Start list, select After Previous.Also in the Custom Animation task pane, click the arrow to the right of theanimation effect, and then click EffectOptions. In the Expand dialog box, on the SmartArt Animation tab, in the Group Graphic list, select One by one.Also in the Custom Animation taskpane, click the double-arrow below the animation effect to expand the list of effects, and then do the following:Press and hold CTRL, and then select all five animation effects in the Custom Animation task pane. Under Modify: Expand, in the Start list, select With Previous.Press and hold CTRL, select the second, third, fourth, and fifth animation effects (expand effects for the picture-filled rectangles), and then do the following:Click Change, point to Entrance, and then click MoreEffects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Basic, click Peek In. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Speed list, select Fast.Select the second animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Start list, select After Previous.Select the third animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Left.Select the fourth animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Right.Select the fifth animation effect. Under Modify: Peek In, in the Direction list, select From Top.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Corner (fifth option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 71%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).
For reproduction steps for this slide, refer to the PowerPoint template titled “Static text effects for PowerPoint slides” (STATIC_TEXT.potx), slide number 17.