Downloaded 18 times
![@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:
Interoperabilituy
Every
Identity,
Its
Ontology
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Open
World
Ramifications
(2)
Uh-‐oh!!
• There
are
infinite
(potential)
properties
• [Imagine
the
loop
could
run
in
zero
time]
• Any
different
property
would
prevent
identity
• The
likelihood
of
encountering
indiscernibles is
1/∞
…
or
0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/identityontologyberkeley-170226230517/75/Every-Identity-its-Ontology-15-2048.jpg)
![@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:
Interoperabilituy
Every
Identity,
Its
Ontology
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Escaping
the
Infinite
Loop?
Also
trivial
to
construct
a
failing
case:
let Ψ = [rdfs:label]
a rdfs:label “Unknown”
b rdfs:label “Unknown”
Should
not
conclude
that
a owl:sameAs b](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/identityontologyberkeley-170226230517/75/Every-Identity-its-Ontology-20-2048.jpg)
![@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:
Interoperabilituy
Every
Identity,
Its
Ontology
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Five
Laws
of
LOD
• Linked
Open
Data
is
for
Use
• Every
Developer,
her
Data
• Every
Data,
its
Application
• Save
the
time
of
the
Developer
• LOD
[Community]
is
a
growing
Organism](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/identityontologyberkeley-170226230517/75/Every-Identity-its-Ontology-39-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byRobert Sanderson
Every Identity, its Ontology
The document discusses the philosophical and practical challenges of linked open data (LOD) and identity, focusing on the complexities of defining and managing identities in a distributed system. It emphasizes the need for shared ontologies, understanding resemblance, and the potential of LOD to allow institutions to link data beyond their own and trust external sources. Additionally, it highlights the significance of accepting imperfection and promoting usability over strict identity matching.
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Every Identity, its Ontology
- 1. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Every Identity, its Ontology Robert Sanderson Semantic Architect J. Paul Getty Trust rsanderson@getty.edu / @azaroth42
- 2. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu The shared identity of the concept of the fictional person Dr Strangelove: How I learned to stop worrying and love inconsistency
- 3. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Overview • Linked Open Data and Identity • Philosophical Challenges • Practical Challenges • Practical Philosophy • A Philosophy of Practicality
- 4. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Linked Open Data’s Potential Linked Open Data achieves its potential when institutions: • link outside of their own data (⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐), • trust other organizations to manage, publish and maintain data which they use
- 5. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Linked Open Data’s Challenges Commonly cited: • Amount of data to transform • Data is mostly “strings”, not “things” • Cost of new management system • Cost of new business workflows • Difficulty of data enrichment • Institutional reluctance to embrace change, trust, imperfection
- 6. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Identity We need to understand the entity before we can reuse its identifier! Questions: 1. What constitutes “identity”? 2. How does one describe entities? 3. How does one discover identifiers?
- 7. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu LOD Identity Fundamentals • Open World Assumption • What is not stated is unknown, not false • No single agent or observer has complete knowledge in a distributed system • Identifier space is infinite • No formal character limit for IRIs • Even practical limit is very large (65536 ^ length)
- 8. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu LOD Identity Fundamentals • IRIs are globally unique • IRIs used for identifying entities and relationships • No identity for instance of a relationship • Only one contextual identity (named graph) per statement, with inconsistent use • Anyone may make assertions about any entity
- 9. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Every Identity, …
- 10. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/249050/ … some Philosophy • RDF falls in Plato’s “Universals” space • Same relationship had by many entities • No relationship instances • Fictional entities and relationships ok
- 11. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu 1. Indiscernibility of Identicals for each object a: for each object b: if a === b: for each property P: P(a) === P(b) Or … owl:sameAs
- 12. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Open World Ramifications If we know that a owl:sameAs b And discover that a property x Then we know that b property x The rule is an effect of identity, it doesn’t help us determine identity.
- 13. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu 2. Identity of Indiscernibles object a === object b if: for each property P: P(a) === P(b) Or: If two entities share all of their properties, they are the same entity.
- 14. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Open World Ramifications (1) Uh-‐oh! • There are infinite (potential) properties • We cannot compute indiscernibility as the for loop on the properties would run forever len(Ψ) = ∞ Indiscernibility: (∀ P ∈ Ψ)(P(a) = P(b)) → a = b
- 15. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Open World Ramifications (2) Uh-‐oh!! • There are infinite (potential) properties • [Imagine the loop could run in zero time] • Any different property would prevent identity • The likelihood of encountering indiscernibles is 1/∞ … or 0
- 16. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Open World Ramifications (3) Uh-‐oh!!! • There are infinite (potential) properties • Any property not asserted is just not known locally and could be known elsewhere • To compute, you need complete knowledge of an infinite set of instances and infinite properties, and zero cost comparison.
- 17. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Escaping the Infinite Loop? But … • Finite asserted properties • Finite set of publishers • Finite changes over time Can’t we iterate over only the properties actually asserted?
- 18. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Escaping the Infinite Loop? Still need the big-‐triplestore-‐in-‐the-‐sky with all assertions from all publishers. Answer: Google can do it! Google, will you run a big triplestore for us?
- 19. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Google is Disinclined to Acquiesce to your Request
- 20. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Escaping the Infinite Loop? Also trivial to construct a failing case: let Ψ = [rdfs:label] a rdfs:label “Unknown” b rdfs:label “Unknown” Should not conclude that a owl:sameAs b
- 21. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu (╯ರ ~ ರ）╯︵ ┻━┻
- 22. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu (╯ರ ~ ರ）╯︵ ┻━┻ angry tableflip
- 23. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Practical Philosophy: John Locke “You cannot know an entity’s identity, only its qualities.” (paraphrased) This rings true: <urn:uuid:493650E7-‐ACBB-‐ 40EC-‐B141-‐4F2B6C660A71>
- 24. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu More Properties, More Identity? Identity is a relationship that admits of degree: • Less than 100% identity is resemblance • The more resemblance, the more certain the identity relation skos:exactMatch • “high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of applications” skos:closeMatch • “sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some applications”
- 25. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu … its Ontology
- 26. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Resemblance? • Given “sufficient resemblance”, we can conclude identity for practical purposes • Resemblance is via shared properties • To compute resemblance, we must understand the properties shared by candidate entities • Properties are given as predicates in LOD • Need for shared ontology?
- 27. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Porridge Too Hot? Too Cold? Too few properties: • Sufficiency of resemblance impossible Too many properties: • Amount of information overwhelming • More likely to run into incompatible properties
- 28. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu _:Porridge crm:P51_has_former_or_current_owner _:Papa Bear? Understanding can then be increased by not only looking at the one entity, but where it fits within the graph of connected entities. Now you have many resemblance problems.
- 29. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Graphs unlikely to have the same shape, even with a shared ontology. Different organizations: • know different information • are from different domains • have different foci • have different contexts for the work Graph Isomorphism
- 30. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Costs / Values Reuse Philosophically Infinite Automated: Expensive Manual: Very Expensive Reinvention Free as in Kittens! Cheap, Fast, Good: Pick One! And forget about picking Cheap!
- 31. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Every Identity, its Ontology In the absence of continuous community pressure, demonstration of value, and in-‐ house expertise, even well-‐intentioned organizations will create their own identities and ontologies for describing entities.
- 32. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Cultural Heritage Sector • Getty ULAN • Library of Congress NAF • Bibliotheque nationale de France • Deutsche National Bibliothek • British Library • ISNI • VIAF • SNAC • … Example: Lewis Carroll Industry • MusicBrainz (LinkedBrainz) • IMDB (LinkedMDB) • DBPedia • WikiData • Google / Freebase • Genealogics • Quora • ReadSocial • …
- 33. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Practical Philosophy
- 34. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu We could stop requiring perfection in our use of others’ data: • skos:exactMatch, not owl:sameAs • Data that is good enough • And contribute improvements! • Persistence, not Permanence • Target is Comprehension, not Inference Perfect is the Enemy of the Good
- 35. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu We could publish a set of rules per class by which sufficiency of resemblance can be determined: • Which properties must overlap? • Which properties must be exactly the same? • Which properties can be ignored? • Which relationships must match? Sufficiency of Resemblance
- 36. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu We could publish services to make it easier to discover and reconcile our identities: • Auto-‐complete / type-‐ahead • Open Refine reconciliation • Embeddable widgets Resemblance Services
- 37. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu We could contribute to shared infrastructure for discovery and change management: • Shared infrastructure, decentralized publication • Notifications when data changes • Notifications when identities are used • With links back from the identity • Separate publishing / discovery concerns Shared Infrastructure
- 38. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Philosophy of Practicality
- 39. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Five Laws of LOD • Linked Open Data is for Use • Every Developer, her Data • Every Data, its Application • Save the time of the Developer • LOD [Community] is a growing Organism
- 40. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu
- 41. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu
- 42. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu
- 43. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Patrick Hochstenbach, @hochstenbach
- 44. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu https://www.flickr.com/photos/harris77/3357537737
- 45. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Linked Open Usable Data! • Strict identity matching is impossible • Target is skos:exactMatch, not owl:sameAs • Shared ontologies are more important than precision • Target is comprehension, not inference • Build services & infrastructure to enable reconciliation • Target audience of LOD is Developers Pick Usable not Perfect!
- 46. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Thank You! Rob Sanderson rsanderson@getty.edu / @azaroth42
- 47. @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu IIIF: Interoperabilituy Every Identity, Its Ontology @azaroth42 rsanderson @getty.edu Discuss!