A walk through of the Linked Art data model, API and community processes. Presented originally at the Rijksmuseum for the 5th Linked Art face to face meeting. Linked Art is a linked open usable data specification created by the community to describe artwork, museum objects, and related bibliographic and archival content.
Linked Art: Sustainable Cultural Knowledge through Linked Open Usable DataRobert Sanderson
An introduction to Linked Art - why we need it, what it is, and how it works. A great starting point if you're interested in linked open usable data in cultural heritage, especially art museums.
Data is our Product: Thoughts on LOD SustainabilityRobert Sanderson
Invited keynote presentation for the LINCS Project, June 23rd 2022 at the University of Guelph, Canada. It describes thoughts on a framework for sustainability of linked open usable data products in the cultural heritage domain.
Linked Art: Sustainable Cultural Knowledge through Linked Open Usable DataRobert Sanderson
An introduction to Linked Art - why we need it, what it is, and how it works. A great starting point if you're interested in linked open usable data in cultural heritage, especially art museums.
Data is our Product: Thoughts on LOD SustainabilityRobert Sanderson
Invited keynote presentation for the LINCS Project, June 23rd 2022 at the University of Guelph, Canada. It describes thoughts on a framework for sustainability of linked open usable data products in the cultural heritage domain.
This is the presentation I delivered at the 2012 Dallas SourceCon event on LinkedIn: Beyond the Basics. In this deck you will find content covering hidden talent pools on LinkedIn, effective LinkedIn sourcing strategies and tactics, including company and industry search, semantic search, Boolean search, diversity sourcing, LinkedIn Recruiter features such as "All Groups," and LinkedIn signal.You will also find out why you rank where you do in LinkedIn search results, according to LinkedIn.
Session 4 - Bringing the pieces together - Detailed review of a reference ex...FIWARE
This session will explain how everything comes together under i4Trust using a reference example and then explain that example in detail. It will bringing the pieces together: Detailed technical review of a reference example: the prerequisites, creating an offering, acquiring rights / activation , & consumption. And setup of components of the i4Trust experimentation framework. Technical session for Local Experts in Data Sharing (LEBDs)
Quick introduction to APIs: what they are and why they are important. Talk given in February 2014 at Girl Geek Meetup.
http://camillebaldock.co.uk/introduction-to-apis/
Website: http://camillebaldock.co.uk
Twitter: @camille_
Breaking Down Walls in Enterprise with Social SemanticsJohn Breslin
Keynote Talk at the Workshop on New Trends in Service Oriented Architecture for massive Knowledge processing in Modern Enterprise (SOA-KME 2012) / Palermo, Italy / 6th July 2012
An introduction to Linked Open Usable Data (LOUD) through the lens of a zooming paradigm, and thoughts on how such a paradigm can help to address some grand challenges of LOUD, including search granularity, trust and reconciliation. Presented to the IDLab / Knowledge at Web Scale department of the University of Ghent in Feb '23
MCN 2014: Make One, Contribute Many: Sharing Image Metadata via LIDORob Lancefield
Slides for presentation in session "Using LIDO in the Real World: Emerging Practice in Museum Metadata Sharing" at MCN 2014, the Museum Computer Network annual conference, in Dallas on 11/22/2014. #MCN2014 #MuseumCN
Sanderson CNI 2020 Keynote - Cultural Heritage Research Data EcosystemRobert Sanderson
There have been, and continue to be, many initiatives to address the social, technological, financial and policy-based challenges that throw up roadblocks towards achieving this vision. However, it is hard to tell whether we are making progress, or whether we are eternally waiting for the hyperloop that will never come. If we are to ever be able to answer research questions that require a broad, international corpus of cultural data, then we need an ecosystem that can be characterized with 5 “C”s: Collaborative, Consistent, Connected, Correct and Contextualized. Each of these has implications for the sustainability, innovation, usability, timeliness and ethical considerations that must be addressed in a coherent and holistic manner. As with autonomous vehicles, technology (and perhaps even machine “intelligence”) is a necessary but insufficient component.
In this presentation, I will frame and motivate this grand challenge and propose where we can build connections between the academy, the cultural heritage sector, and industry. The discussion will explore the issues, and highlight some of the successful endeavors and more approachable opportunities where, together, progress can be made.
An introduction to the linked.art LOD data model, based on a carefully selected profile of CIDOC-CRM, and expressed as JSON-LD. It focuses on developer happiness and data usability, while trying to also maintain as much of the richness of CRM as possible.
Talk at 3th Keystone Training School - Keyword Search in Big Linked Data - Institute for Software Technology and Interactive Systems, TU Wien, Austria, 2017
This is the presentation I delivered at the 2012 Dallas SourceCon event on LinkedIn: Beyond the Basics. In this deck you will find content covering hidden talent pools on LinkedIn, effective LinkedIn sourcing strategies and tactics, including company and industry search, semantic search, Boolean search, diversity sourcing, LinkedIn Recruiter features such as "All Groups," and LinkedIn signal.You will also find out why you rank where you do in LinkedIn search results, according to LinkedIn.
Session 4 - Bringing the pieces together - Detailed review of a reference ex...FIWARE
This session will explain how everything comes together under i4Trust using a reference example and then explain that example in detail. It will bringing the pieces together: Detailed technical review of a reference example: the prerequisites, creating an offering, acquiring rights / activation , & consumption. And setup of components of the i4Trust experimentation framework. Technical session for Local Experts in Data Sharing (LEBDs)
Quick introduction to APIs: what they are and why they are important. Talk given in February 2014 at Girl Geek Meetup.
http://camillebaldock.co.uk/introduction-to-apis/
Website: http://camillebaldock.co.uk
Twitter: @camille_
Breaking Down Walls in Enterprise with Social SemanticsJohn Breslin
Keynote Talk at the Workshop on New Trends in Service Oriented Architecture for massive Knowledge processing in Modern Enterprise (SOA-KME 2012) / Palermo, Italy / 6th July 2012
An introduction to Linked Open Usable Data (LOUD) through the lens of a zooming paradigm, and thoughts on how such a paradigm can help to address some grand challenges of LOUD, including search granularity, trust and reconciliation. Presented to the IDLab / Knowledge at Web Scale department of the University of Ghent in Feb '23
MCN 2014: Make One, Contribute Many: Sharing Image Metadata via LIDORob Lancefield
Slides for presentation in session "Using LIDO in the Real World: Emerging Practice in Museum Metadata Sharing" at MCN 2014, the Museum Computer Network annual conference, in Dallas on 11/22/2014. #MCN2014 #MuseumCN
Sanderson CNI 2020 Keynote - Cultural Heritage Research Data EcosystemRobert Sanderson
There have been, and continue to be, many initiatives to address the social, technological, financial and policy-based challenges that throw up roadblocks towards achieving this vision. However, it is hard to tell whether we are making progress, or whether we are eternally waiting for the hyperloop that will never come. If we are to ever be able to answer research questions that require a broad, international corpus of cultural data, then we need an ecosystem that can be characterized with 5 “C”s: Collaborative, Consistent, Connected, Correct and Contextualized. Each of these has implications for the sustainability, innovation, usability, timeliness and ethical considerations that must be addressed in a coherent and holistic manner. As with autonomous vehicles, technology (and perhaps even machine “intelligence”) is a necessary but insufficient component.
In this presentation, I will frame and motivate this grand challenge and propose where we can build connections between the academy, the cultural heritage sector, and industry. The discussion will explore the issues, and highlight some of the successful endeavors and more approachable opportunities where, together, progress can be made.
An introduction to the linked.art LOD data model, based on a carefully selected profile of CIDOC-CRM, and expressed as JSON-LD. It focuses on developer happiness and data usability, while trying to also maintain as much of the richness of CRM as possible.
Talk at 3th Keystone Training School - Keyword Search in Big Linked Data - Institute for Software Technology and Interactive Systems, TU Wien, Austria, 2017
Invited seminar for UIUC's IS 575 class on metadata in theory and practice, about structural metadata practice in RDF/LOD. Touches on OAI-ORE, PCDM, Annotation, IIIF and Linked Art. Challenges explored are graph boundaries, APIs and context specific metadata.
The explosion in growth of the Web of Linked Data has provided, for the first time, a plethora of information in disparate locations, yet bound together by machine-readable, semantically typed relations. Utilisation of the Web of Data has been, until now, restricted to the members of the community, eating their own dogfood, so to speak. To the regular web user browsing Facebook and watching YouTube, this utility is yet to be realised. The primary factor inhibiting uptake is the usability of the Web of Data, where users are required to have prior knowledge of elements from the Semantic Web technology stack. Our solution to this problem is to hide the stack, allowing end users to browse the Web of Data, explore the information it contains, discover knowledge, and use Linked Data. We propose a template-based visualisation approach where information attributed to a given resource is rendered according to the rdf:type of the instance.
About the Webinar
The library and cultural institution communities have generally accepted the vision of moving to a Linked Data environment that will align and integrate their resources with those of the greater Semantic Web. But moving from vision to implementation is not easy or well-understood. A number of institutions have begun the needed infrastructure and tools development with pilot projects to provide structured data in support of discovery and navigation services for their collections and resources.
Join NISO for this webinar where speakers will highlight actual Linked Data projects within their institutions—from envisioning the model to implementation and lessons learned—and present their thoughts on how linked data benefits research, scholarly communications, and publishing.
Speakers:
Jon Voss - Strategic Partnerships Director, We Are What We Do
LODLAM + Historypin: A Collaborative Global Community
Matt Miller - Front End Developer, NYPL Labs at the New York Public Library
The Linked Jazz Project: Revealing the Relationships of the Jazz Community
Cory Lampert - Head, Digital Collections , UNLV University Libraries
Silvia Southwick - Digital Collections Metadata Librarian, UNLV University Libraries
Linked Data Demystified: The UNLV Linked Data Project
LUX - Cross Collections Cultural Heritage at YaleRobert Sanderson
A brief presentation based on the CNI talk for the Linked Data for Libraries Discovery affinity group about LUX, Linked Open Usable Data and our discovery processes based on graphs rather than documents.
A Perspective on Wikidata: Ecosystems, Trust, and UsabilityRobert Sanderson
Brief and skeptical presentation about wikidata and its potential for use and abuse in the cultural heritage data ecosystem, presented at the PCC/LDAC forum on wikidata, November 12th, 2021.
Illusions of Grandeur: Trust and Belief in Cultural Heritage Linked Open DataRobert Sanderson
What is the notion of trust, when it comes to publishing linked open data in the cultural heritage sector? This presentation discusses some aspects with relation to three primary questions: How do we trust what was said, trust that the institution said it, and trust what it means?
Tiers of Abstraction and Audience in Cultural Heritage Data ModelingRobert Sanderson
A walk through of a framework based around the distinctions between Abstraction, Implementation and Audience for considering the value and utility of data modeling patterns and paradigms in cultural heritage information systems. In particular, a focus on CIDOC-CRM, BibFrame, RiC-CM/RiC-O, EDM, and IIIF, with the intent to demonstrate best practices and anti-patterns in modeling.
Presentation about usability of linked data, following LODLAM 2020 at the Getty. Discusses JSON-LD 1.1, IIIF, Linked Art, in the context of the design principles for building usable APIs on top of semantically accurate models, and domain specific vocabularies.
In particular a focus on the different abstraction layers between conceptual model, ontology, vocabulary, and application profile and the various uses of the data.
Standards and Communities: Connected People, Consistent Data, Usable Applicat...Robert Sanderson
Keynote presentation at JCDL 2019 at UIUC, on the interaction between standards (development and usage) and communities. Looking at Linked Open Data, digital library protocols, and evaluation of standards practices.
Euromed2018 Keynote: Usability over Completeness, Community over CommitteeRobert Sanderson
Discussion of cultural heritage issues around usability and prioritization with completeness, and focus on bringing together communities rather than small and transient committees. Focus on Linked Open Usable Data, Annotations, JSON-LD, IIIF and Linked.Art.
Background for linked open data at the J Paul Getty Trust, followed by a summary of Linked Open Usable Data, and an initial walkthrough of the https://linked.art/ model.
Linked Open Data is great for recommendations about publishing data, but we need five more stars for the consumer -- How can it be both complete and usable? Design principles for Linked Open Usable Data.
US2TS Conference position paper on publishing and retrieving not just LOD, but LOUD -- Linked Open Usable Data.
APIs are the UIs of Developers, and need:
* Correct Abstraction level for the Audience
* Few Barriers to Entry
* Comprehensible by introspection
* Thorough Documentation with copy-able examples
* Few Exceptions, instead consistent patterns
A walkthrough of the CIDOC-CRM based, LOD data model developed and maintained at https://linked.art/ for describing cultural heritage resources and activities.
IIIF and Linked Data: A Cultural Heritage DAM EcosystemRobert Sanderson
Presentation at DAMLA, November 15 2017, on the adoption of the IIIF image interoperability APIs across the Cultural Heritage sector for access to digital assets. How Linked Open Data then provides interoperable discovery solutions for that content.
Digital Share 2017 presentation about Linked Open Data at The Getty, starting from what LOD is, to why we're interested in it, and some of the practical approaches we're using to make it real.
To be useful, Linked Open Data requires shared identities and the reuse of their identifiers (URIs). This presentation argues that exact identity matching is both theoretically and practically impossible, and proposes some practical considerations for how to create an actual web of data.
Presented as invited seminar at UC Berkeley, February 24th, 2017
Community Challenges for Practical Linked Open Data - Linked Pasts keynoteRobert Sanderson
A call to action to discuss and agree on practical considerations around the creation, publication and discovery of linked open data about historical activities and objects.
Text of approximately what I said: http://bit.ly/usable_lod
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
4. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
4
What is Linked Art?
A Linked Open Usable Data specification, collaboratively
designed to work across cultural heritage organizations,
allowing easy publication and use of our knowledge.
Linked Art provides a Standards based metadata profile,
… which Consistently solves problems from real data,
… is designed for Usability and ease of implementation,
… which are prerequisites for Sustainability
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
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Baseline Theory You Need to Know
• Knowledge Graph
A method of managing data by describing entities,
connected via named, semantic relationships into
a coherent network or graph
• Entity
A thing (physical, conceptual, or beyond) of interest
e.g. a physical painting; the concept of oil paint
• Relationship
The way in which two entities are connected
e.g. the painting has a material of oil paint
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Art
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sanderson
@yale.edu
8
• Conceptual Model
• Abstract way to think about the world,
holistically, consistently and coherently
• Ontology
• Shared set of terms to encode that thinking
in a logical, machine-actionable way
• Vocabulary
• Curated set of sub-domain specific terms,
to make the ontology more concrete
Model
Ontology
Vocabulary
Data Model Standards
encoded
by
refined
by
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
16
Where We Are Today?
• Specifications have a solid, stable core
• Still some changes around the edges
• Documentation needs to be finalized
• Multiple implementations in Production
• All use slightly different versions
• Some have extensions to be ratified or replaced
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
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Where Are We Headed?
• Finalize 1.0 specifications
• Model and API + vocabulary recommendations
• No changes (barring typos) for at least 2 years
• Implementations
• Update to use 1.0 specs (plus any necessary extensions)
• Community services available, eg validate, reconcile
• Multi institution aggregation demonstrator
20. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
20
What is Linked Art? (redux)
A Linked Open Usable Data specification, collaboratively
designed to work across cultural heritage organizations,
allowing easy publication and use of our knowledge.
Linked Art provides a Standards based metadata profile,
… which Consistently solves problems from real data,
… is designed for Usability and ease of implementation,
… which are prerequisites for Sustainability
21. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
21
What is Data Usability?
… usability is the degree to which [a thing]
can be used by specified consumers to
achieve [their] quantified objectives with
effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
in a quantified context of use.
who
what
how
where
Usability is dependent on the Audience
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usability
“ ”
24. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
24
Interoperability?
• Syntactic Interoperability
In scope! Do the messages passed between client and
server conform to the specifications?
• Semantic Interoperability
In scope! When we use the concept for “painting”
do we mean (approximately) the same thing?
• Single, Unique Identity for each Entity
Out of scope! Multiple representations are necessary,
useful, and important
25. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
25
Design Principles for Usability
1. Scope design through shared use cases
2. Design for international use
3. As simple as possible, but no simpler
4. Make easy things easy, complex things possible
5. Avoid dependency on specific technologies
6. Use REST / Don’t break the web
7. Design for JSON-LD, using LOD principles
8. Follow existing standards & best practices, when possible
9. Don’t fear the network
10. Define success, not failure (for extensibility)
https://iiif.io/api/annex/notes/design_patterns/, https://linked.art/api/1.0/principles/
26. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
26
Design Specifics
• Trivial to Implement
Possible to implement with hand crafted files on disk
• Consistency across Representations
Each relationship in only one document
• Division of Information across Representations
From the many to the few, and easy to determine
• Identity and URI Requirements
One-to-one relationships are embedded, no URIs
The URIs for records do not have any internal structure
https://linked.art/api/1.0/principles/
27. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
27
Linked Art Community Process
• Calls every two weeks via Zoom
• Wednesday 8am LA, 11am NY, 4pm UK, 5pm EU
• Agendas and notes in Google Docs
• Slack channel, Google Group, Face to Face meetings
• Issues and the specifications are managed via github:
https://github.com/linked-art/linked.art
Please Participate!
33. Understanding
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Art
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sanderson
@yale.edu
33
Sidebar on Vocabulary
We typically use Getty’s AAT – Art & Architecture Thesaurus
Terms fall into three categories:
• Required: You must use the term to be considered valid.
Example: “Primary Name”
• Recommended: You should use the term unless there’s a
reason not to. Example: “Painting”
• Listed: You can use the term if you want, no pressure.
Example: “Village”
39. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
39
Partitioning Everywhere
To be more specific about an aspect of some entity, we need
to describe the individual part with that aspect
• A frame is part of a Painting (physical things)
• A digital image is part of a digital document (digital)
• A city is part of a county (place)
• A chapter is part of the full text (language)
• A motif is part of an image (visual)
• A month is part of a year (temporal)
• A concept has a broader concept (types)
• An entity is a member of a collection (set/group membership)
41. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
41
3.1- Take Home Summary
• The URI identifies the entity and record on the web,
Identifiers are institutional strings within the record
• Small number of classes (ontology),
and large number of classifications (vocabulary)
• Names, Identifiers, Statements, Classifications are core, and
available for every entity
• Activities and Partitioning let us connect entities together
and be as specific as needed
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
42
3.2. Classes of Entity
• Objects: Physical and Digital
• Works: Abstract, Textual and Visual
• Actors: People and Groups
• Places
• Concepts: Type, Language, Material, Currency and Unit
• Sets
• Activities: Provenance and Exhibitions
43. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
43
Objects: Physical and Digital
• HumanMadeObject
A physical thing you can touch (even fossils, meteorites)
• DigitalObject
A file on a computer somewhere
Objects are individuals, not series or collections. Both can
carry the same text or image, such as The Night Watch
(physical) and the 717 Gigapixel photograph (digital) …
and a t-shirt from the gift shop (physical)
44. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
44
Works: Abstract, Textual and Visual
• PropositionalObject
An abstract work, not textual or visual (e.g. exhibition idea)
• LinguisticObject
A textual work (e.g. the text of the Lord of the Rings)
• VisualItem
A visual work (e.g. the image of The Night Watch)
Objects carry Textual Works, or show Visual Works.
45. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
45
Actors: People and Groups
• Person
An individual capable of taking intentional action (humans)
• Group
More than one Person capable of collective action
We treat non-humans that are responsible for activities as
“Person”s for the few times we need this.
47. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
47
Concepts
• Type
A category or classification of any sort (landscape)
• Language
A human language (Dutch)
• Material
A classification of matter (oil paint, canvas)
• MeasurementUnit
A unit for understanding a dimension value (cm, seconds)
• Currency
A unit for understanding a monetary value (euro, dollars)
48. Understanding
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Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
48
Sets
• Set
An unordered group of any other entities
A conceptual set of things, used for collections of objects, or
anything else.
Semantics geek note: E78 is only physical, and only “curated” sets actively
preserved for a specific purpose. Insufficient in many ways, but a clear use
case for Sets: Accessioned Performance Art
49. Understanding
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Art
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sanderson
@yale.edu
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Provenance and Exhibitions
• Activity
Provenance: An activity that transferred ownership, custody
or location of an object.
Exhibition: An activity of arranging and displaying artworks.
These are complex activities with their own records and
detailed structure, compared to Production or Publication.
Won’t go through them today.
50. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
50
3.2 - Take Home Summary
• Objects are different from and carry Works
• Objects are physical or digital “things”
• Works are intellectual image or language content
• People, Groups and Places give context, and are entities in
their own right with separate records
• Concepts are necessary for clarity (e.g. classifications)
• Activities are explicit and connect the other entities,
unlike other data models
58. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
58
End of Existence
• HumanMadeObject destroyed_by Destruction
• Person died Death
• Group dissolved_by Dissolution
Semantics Note, unfortunately for everyone – These are instantaneous
events that can be caused_by some other event or activity, they’re not
activities themselves. This is inherited from CIDOC-CRM.
61. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
61
3.3. Take Home Summary
• Common patterns used across all classes for consistency,
ease of understanding, and usability of the data
• References to equivalent records, images, web pages and
other data important for context and connecting the web
• Beginning/End of Existence and other activities (e.g.
publication) are embedded in the record
• Model extension is possible via AttributeAssignment
67. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
67
Textual Work
• about (Any Entity)
• subject_to Right
• language Language
• content (string with textual representation of work)
• format (string with media type of content)
(I’m going to stop reminding you now that everything else was
already covered, okay?)
75. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
75
3.4. Take Home Summary
• Most specific features are relationships to other classes
• Minimal number of other features
• Physical / Digital Objects have more, as core entities of
interest. Digital are not core in underlying ontology
• Works have rights and subjects
• People and Places have identity features
78. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
78
Web API Fundamentals
URIs are Identifiers and Locators
• URIs are Opaque – don’t infer from perceived structure
• Please use HTTPS for all your URIs – even for open data
Interactions via HTTP
• Use HTTP methods (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE)
• LA only has Retrieve (GET), not Create, Update or Delete
• “Don’t Fear the Network”
79. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
79
JSON-LD
Linked Art API responses are JSON-LD
• Usability! Developers understand JSON
• Semantics! It’s a full, round-trip-able RDF serialization
• Can treat as a graph or a document or both
Context Document
• Maps JSON keys and values into semantic space
• Linked Art context is stable, breaking changes require a
new major version, so can be aggressively cached
https://w3.org/TR/json-ld/
80. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
80
Linked Art Choices Simplify Records
Division of graph to records follows the major classes
• No duplicate definitions across records
• References are full URIs to ease client processing
• Embedded structures do not have URIs
Context tries to simplify naming to be easier to remember
• No @s, no numbers, no namespaces
• CamelCase classes, snake_case properties
• Remove inconsistently used is_ was_ has_ had_
82. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
82
Finding Back Links with HAL
Problem: We chose for object refers to the artist, but the
artist doesn’t refer to their objects, when looking at the artist
record, how do you know which objects they produced?
Naïve Answer: Search!
Problem: Standardizing search is impractical (cough sparql)
Answer: Hypertext Application Language link sets!
Problem: uhhh… hyper what now?
83. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
83
Finding Back Links with HAL
Separate the links needed for the API from the semantic data
• Uses IETF standard (forthcoming, updated last week!)
• Tooling including validation exists already
• Add _links to the top level JSON object, that includes
• Namespace declaration
• Named links
85. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
85
Paging with Activity Streams
Standard response format when following the HAL links,
and other scenarios
• Profile of a W3C standard
• Used by W3C Web Annotation, IIIF Change Discovery
• Provides a common paging model and flexible system to
reference entities
• Same framework provides aggregation across collections
https://w3.org/TR/activitystreams-core
https://iiif.io/api/discovery/1.0/
87. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
87
APIs Take Home Summary
• JSON as syntax for audience – software developers
• Linked Art records in JSON-LD
• HAL links to provide “back links” via searches
• ActivityStreams for search and aggregation
• Important features: consistency, usability, easy to
implement without specialized technologies, but still
semantic knowledge
• If you implement the APIs, you have implemented the
model
88. Understanding
Linked
Art
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
88
Overall Summary
• Linked Art is a metadata profile that selects appropriate
features of other standards to define a model and set of
web API functionality to implement
• Usability, through consistent and developer friendly
technology choices, is more important than precision and
completeness
• 10 primary classes, several reusable components, a few
class specific patterns to ensure semantic connections
Don’t re-read, just note Usability as core to our principles
They don’t even have different properties! Birth is an event, not an Activity. Production is physical state change, whereas Creation isn’t. The “digital” thing is still somewhat conceptual -- we don’t try to model the physical storage device for example.
Nightwatch: Owned by city of Amsterdam, Custodian: Rijksmuseum
Nightwatch: Owned by city of Amsterdam, Custodian: Rijksmuseum