@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usability	over	Completeness,
Community	over	Committee
Dr.	Robert	Sanderson
Semantic	Architect
J.	Paul	Getty	Trust
@azaroth42
EuroMed 2018,	International	Conference	on	Digital	Heritage
October	29th – November	3rd 2018,	Cyprus
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usability?
… usability is the degree to which [a thing]
can be used by specified consumers to
achieve [their] quantified objectives with
effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
in a quantified context of use.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usability	
“ ”
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usability?
… usability is the degree to which [a thing]
can be used by specified consumers to
achieve [their] quantified objectives with
effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
in a quantified context of use.
Usability is	dependent	on	Audience	Happiness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usability	
“ ”
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Digital	Cultural	Heritage
… is the use of digital media in the service
of preserving cultural or natural heritage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_heritage
“ ”
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Digital	Cultural	Heritage
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Digital	Cultural	Heritage
… is the process of enabling networked
access to usable digital representations of
tangible, intangible and natural cultural
heritage resources.
“ ”
Digital	is	a	Means	not	an	End
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Experiential	Impact
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Digital Heritage
Non-rivalrous
Use/consumption	by	an	individual
does	not	reduce	use	by	others
Consistency	is	Good
Experience	is	better	if	the	product	
reuses	known	interaction	patterns
Fewer	is	Better
Having	few	highly	functional	and	
usable	digital	products	improves	
community	and	sustainability
Rivalrous
Use/consumption	by	one	individual	
reduces	simultaneous	use	by	others
Diversity	is	Good
Experience	is	better	if	the	resource	is	
novel,	innovative	and	emotive
More	is	Better
Having	many	diverse	cultural	heritage	
resources	available	improves	impact	
to	the	user
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
angry	tableflip?
(╯ರ ~ ರ)╯︵ ┻━┻
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Digital Heritage❤
Common Goal: Consistent, collaborative
digital interfaces used to access many diverse
collections, for a wide variety of use cases.
We Need Connected, Usable Information Standards
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Linked	Open	Data
http://5stardata.info/en/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
With	thanks	to	Patrick	Hochstenbach,	@hochstenbach
Who	is	the	Audience	for	LOD?
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Developers!
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
The	API	is	the	Developers'	User	Interface
When it comes to APIs, developers are
your users. The same principles of user-
centred-design apply to the development
and publication of APIs (simplicity,
obviousness, fit-for-purpose etc.)
http://apiguide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/principles/empathy.html
“ ”
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
W3C	Priority	of	Constituencies
In case of conflict, consider …
https://www.w3.org/TR/html-design-principles/
“
”
users …
over authors …
over implementors …
over theoretical purity.
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
W3C	Priority	of	Constituencies
In case of conflict, consider …
https://www.w3.org/TR/html-design-principles/
“
”
users …
over authors …
over implementors …
over theoretical purity.
Developers
Data	Editors
Tool	Builders
Ontology
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usable	(API)	vs	Complete	(Model)
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Target	Zone
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Make	Complex	Things	Possible…
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
And	Simple	Things	Easy
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usable
Linked
Open
Data
https://linked.art/loud/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usability	is	Dependent	on	Audience
Usage is	a metric	for	quantifying	Usability.
Breadth	of	usage	requires	Community
Illustrative Digital Communities:
• JSON-LD
• Open / Web Annotation
• IIIF
• Linked Art
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
RDF:	Not	In	My	Back	Yard!
Image	By	Z22	- https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30929934Title:	http://manu.sporny.org/2012/nuclear-rdf/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
JSON-LD
10%	- 22%	of	all websites	have	JSON-LD	data	(schema.org)
json api xml	api
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=json%20api,xml%20api
(Oct	2018)	https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/da-jsonld/all/all
(Nov	2017)	http://webdatacommons.org/structureddata/2017-12/stats/stats.html
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
JSON-LD	1.1	Update
https://www.w3.org/2018/json-ld-wg/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
International
Image
Interoperability
Framework
https://iiif.io
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
A	Community
that	develops APIs,
implements	them	in	Software,	
and	exposes	interoperable	Content
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Image	API
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
AoE with	highlights
Presentation	API
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
I	want	to	
compare	objects
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF	Community:	Consortium
• Artstor
• Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
• La	Bibliothèque nationale de France
• British	Library
• Brown	University
• Cambridge	University
• Cornell	University
• École polytechnique fédérale de	Lausanne
• Europeana Foundation
• Folger	Shakespeare	Library
• J.	Paul	Getty Trust
• Göttingen State and	University Library
• Harvard	University
• Indiana	University
• Johns	Hopkins University
• Kansai	University
• Kyoto	University
• Leiden	University
• MIT	Libraries
• National	Gallery	of	Art
• National	Institute	of	Informatics
• Nasjonalbiblioteket (National Library of	Norway)
• National	Library	of Israel
• National	Library	of Poland
• National	Library	of Scotland
• National	Library	of	Wales
• Oxford	University (Bodleian Library)
• Princeton	University Library
• Smithsonian	Institution
• Stanford University
• University	of Edinburgh
• University	of	Hong Kong
• University	of Pennsylvania
• University	of	Tokyo
• University	of Toronto
• Vatican	Library
• Wellcome Trust
• Yale	University	/ Yale	Center for British	Art
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Linked	Art
A	Linked	Open	Usable	Data	model	for	cultural	heritage	
resource	descriptions,	collaboratively	designed	to	work	
across	organizations,	that	is	easy	to	publish	and	enables	a	
variety	of	consuming	applications.
Design	Principles:
• Focus	on	Usability!
• Solve	real	use	cases	from	real	data
• Development	is	iterative	refinement
https://linked.art/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Linked	Art	Collaboration
Some	organizations	working	to	formalize	the	model	and	APIs	
• J.	Paul	Getty	Trust
• Rijksmuseum
• Louvre
• Metropolitan	Museum	of	Art
• Smithsonian	Institution
• MoMA
• V&A
• NGA	(US)
• Philadelphia	Art	Museum
• Indianapolis	Art	Museum
• Frick	Collection
• Harvard	University
• Princeton	University
• Yale	Centre	for	British	Art
• Oxford	University
• Academia	Sinica
• ETH	Zurich
• FORTH
• Zeri Foundation	(U.	Bologna)
• Canadian	Heritage	Info.	Network
• American	Numismatics	Society
• Europeana
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Usability +	Community	=	Sustainability
Usage
Community
Funding
Grant / Project Institutional
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Neglect?
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/09/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-museum-fire/569299/
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Not	in	Europe	… ?
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Not	in	Europe	… ?
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Key	Insights	to	Take	Home
Usability
Usability	is	the	happiness	of	the	
audience	with	a	product,	in	this	case	
the	API	to	your	data
Data’s	Audience:	Developers
The	audience	for	data	is	developers,	
who	will	build	software	that	use	it.	API	
is	the	developers’	User	Interface
JSON-LD
JSON-LD	is	a	proven	technical	
solution,	adopted	by	many	large	CH	
and	related	communities
Access	not	Preservation
Digital	Cultural	Heritage	enables	
access,	not	just	preservation.	Usage	
requires	Usability	by	Audience
Usage	is	from	Community
Developers	are	part	of	a	broader	
community	of	end	users	with	
information	needs
Sustainability
Usage	and	Community	ease	funding	
justification,	and	help	transition	from	
grants	to	core,	ensuring	sustainability
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
IIIF:	Interoperabilituy
Usability	>	Completeness
Community	>	Committee
@azaroth42
rsanderson
@getty.edu
Thank	You!
Robert	Sanderson
rsanderson@getty.edu
@azaroth42
With	thanks	to:
David	Newbury,	Lily	Pregill;		IIIF	Editors;		Eleanor	Fink,	
Duane	Degler;	Dan	Brickley,	Gregg	Kellogg,	Benjamin	Young

Euromed2018 Keynote: Usability over Completeness, Community over Committee