Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
A Novel Rotor Resistance Estimation Technique for Vector Controlled Induction...IAES-IJPEDS
Induction motor with indirect field oriented control is well suited for high
performance applications due to its excellent dynamic behavior. However it
is sensitive to variations in rotor time constant, especially variation in rotor
resistance. In this study a scheme based on the Rotor flux Model Reference
Adaptive Controller is used for on line identification of the rotor resistance
and thus improving the steady state performance of the drive. The overriding
feature of this estimation technique is the accurate identification of rotor
resistance during transient and steady state conditions for drive operation at
full load and at zero speed condition. Moroever, the effectiveness of the TS
fuzzy controller utilizing rotor flux for online estimation of rotor resistance
for four quadrant operation of motor drive is investigated and compared with
the conventional PI and Mamdani fuzzy controller.Simulation results in
MATLAB/Simulink environment have been presented to confirm the
effectiviness of the proposed technique.
Performance analysis of a single phase ac voltage controller under induction ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power optimisation scheme of induction motor using FLC for electric vehicleAsoka Technologies
In electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs, energy efficiency is essential where the energy storage is limited. Adding to its high stability and low cost, the induction motor efficiency improves with loss minimisation. Also, it can consume more power than the actual need to perform its working when it is operating in less than full load condition. This study proposes a control strategy based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) for EV applications. FLC controller can improve the starting current amplitude and saves more power. Through the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package, the performance of this control was verified through simulation. As compared with the conventional proportional integral derivative controller, the simulation schemes show good, high-performance results in time-domain response and rapid rejection of system-affected disturbance. Therefore, the core losses of the induction motor are greatly reduced, and in this way improves the efficiency of the driving system. Finally, the suggested control system is validated by the experimental results obtained in the authors’ laboratory, which are in good agreement with the simulation results.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Novel Rotor Resistance Estimation Technique for Vector Controlled Induction...IAES-IJPEDS
Induction motor with indirect field oriented control is well suited for high
performance applications due to its excellent dynamic behavior. However it
is sensitive to variations in rotor time constant, especially variation in rotor
resistance. In this study a scheme based on the Rotor flux Model Reference
Adaptive Controller is used for on line identification of the rotor resistance
and thus improving the steady state performance of the drive. The overriding
feature of this estimation technique is the accurate identification of rotor
resistance during transient and steady state conditions for drive operation at
full load and at zero speed condition. Moroever, the effectiveness of the TS
fuzzy controller utilizing rotor flux for online estimation of rotor resistance
for four quadrant operation of motor drive is investigated and compared with
the conventional PI and Mamdani fuzzy controller.Simulation results in
MATLAB/Simulink environment have been presented to confirm the
effectiviness of the proposed technique.
Performance analysis of a single phase ac voltage controller under induction ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power optimisation scheme of induction motor using FLC for electric vehicleAsoka Technologies
In electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs, energy efficiency is essential where the energy storage is limited. Adding to its high stability and low cost, the induction motor efficiency improves with loss minimisation. Also, it can consume more power than the actual need to perform its working when it is operating in less than full load condition. This study proposes a control strategy based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) for EV applications. FLC controller can improve the starting current amplitude and saves more power. Through the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package, the performance of this control was verified through simulation. As compared with the conventional proportional integral derivative controller, the simulation schemes show good, high-performance results in time-domain response and rapid rejection of system-affected disturbance. Therefore, the core losses of the induction motor are greatly reduced, and in this way improves the efficiency of the driving system. Finally, the suggested control system is validated by the experimental results obtained in the authors’ laboratory, which are in good agreement with the simulation results.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Implementation of pi, fuzzy & ann controllers to improve dynamic response...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, vector controlled induction motor drives with variable speed applications are widely used in order to achieve good dynamic performance and wide speed control. In this paper a new method of controlling technique based on Artificial Neural Network is proposed to improve the speed control of indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. Indirect vector controlled induction motor with conventional PI controller is developed and is replaced with Fuzzy logic controller to overcome the problem of overshoot occurred in conventional PI controller. To obtain quick steady state response and better speed control, ANN technique is proposed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. In this paper the speed, torque and stator voltage responses with conventional PI controller, Fuzzy logic controller and proposed artificial neural network based controller are compared and found that the proposed ANN based controller showed increased dynamic performance. Keywords: ANN, FLC, PI controller, IVCIM
FPGA-Based Implementation Nonlinear Backstepping Control of a PMSM DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, we present a new contribution of FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array) for control of electrical machines. The adaptative Backstepping control approach for a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive is discussed and analyzed. We present a Matlab&Simulink simulation and experimental results from a benchmark based on FPGA. The Backstepping technique provides a systematic method to address this type of problem. It combines the notion of Lyapunov function and a controller procedure recursively. First, the adaptative and no adaptative Backstepping control approach is utilized to obtain the robustness for mismatched parameter uncertainties. The overall stability of the system is shown using Lyapunov technique. The simulation results clearly show that the proposed scheme can track the speed reference. Secondly, some experimental results are demonstrated to validate the proposed controllers. The experimental results carried from a prototyping platform are given to illustrate the efficiency and the benefits of the proposed approach and the various stages of implementation of this structure in FPGA.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED VECTOR CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORcsandit
Stator current drift compensation of induction motor based on RBF neural network is proposed here. In vector control of induction motor decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations and their simultaneous control are used to achieve the highest efficiency and fast dynamic
performance. The highest efficiency is reached when the proper flux is selected and as a result of dynamic decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations, the rotor flux can be modified to achieve the highest efficiency and make the speed be at its desired value. The precise control of these changes can also be done using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Once
neural network gets trained then it is able to differentiate between normal and fault conditions and therefore acts in accordance to the change that could bring back the system to normal condition. Here, neural network is used to compute the appropriate set of voltage and frequency
to achieve the maximum efficiency for any value of operating torque and motor speed.
Neural network based vector control of induction motorcsandit
Stator current drift compensation of induction motor based on RBF neural network is proposed
here. In vector control of induction motor decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations and
their simultaneous control are used to achieve the highest efficiency and fast dynamic
performance. The highest efficiency is reached when the proper flux is selected and as a result
of dynamic decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations, the rotor flux can be modified to
achieve the highest efficiency and make the speed be at its desired value. The precise control of
these changes can also be done using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Once
neural network gets trained then it is able to differentiate between normal and fault conditions
and therefore acts in accordance to the change that could bring back the system to normal
condition. Here, neural network is used to compute the appropriate set of voltage and frequency
to achieve the maximum efficiency for any value of operating torque and motor speed.
The aim of this article is propose a method to improve the direct torque control and design a Fuzzy Logic based Controller which can take necessary control action to provide the desired torque and flux of an asynchronous machine. It’s widely used in the industrial application areas due to several features such as fast torque response and less dependence on the rotor parameters. The major problem that is usually associated with DTC control is the high torque ripple as it is not directly controlled. The high torque ripple causes vibrations to the motor which may lead to component lose, bearing failure or resonance. The fuzzy logic controller is applied to reduce electromagnetic torque ripple. In this proposed technique, the two hysteresis controllers are replaced by fuzzy logic controllers and a methodology for implementation of a rule based fuzzy logic controller are presented. The simulation by Matlab/Simulink was built which includes induction motor d-q model, inverter model, fuzzy logic switching table and the stator flux and torque estimator. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the simulative results of the whole drive system and results are compared with conventional DTC method.
Delayed feedback control of nonlinear phenomena in indirect field oriented co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
Performance Analysis of a DTC and SVM Based Field- Orientation Control Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
This study presents a performance analysis of two most popular control strategies for Induction Motor (IM) drives: direct torque control (DTC) and space vector modulation (SVM) strategies. The performance analysis is done by applying field-orientation control (FOC) technique because of its good dynamic response. The theoretical principle, simulation results are discussed to study the dynamic performances of the drive system for individual control strategies using actual parameters of induction motor. A closed loop PI controller scheme has been used. The main purpose of this study is to minimize ripple in torque response curve and to achieve quick speed response as well as to investigate the condition for optimum performance of induction motor drive. Depending on the simulation results this study also presents a detailed comparison between direct torque control and space vector modulation based field-orientation control method for the induction motor drive.
Crack in component if undetected may lead to catastrophic failure of the component. The
cracked rotor problem received the first attention in 1970 and after that the interest among the
researchers started. The vibration behavior of cracked structures, in particular cracked rotors, is
important to study as the introduction of the crack alters the vibration characteristics of the structure.
The problem of damage and crack detection in structural components has acquired important role in past
few years. However, cracked rotor studies are mainly deals with single crack. For multiple cracked
structures the problem of crack sizing and location becomes more complex. Only few authors have
pointed out the multiple crack assessment in the rotor. The proposed work is on vibration analysis of
multiple cracked shaft beam. An Euler Bernoulli beam fixed at one end with two transverse cracks is
considered. The vibration characteristics of the shaft are studied using Experimental Modal Analysis and
Finite Element Analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the beams are studied and their
variation with change in position and depth of the crack is also studied. The study shows good agreement
of the results obtained using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Modal Analysis.
Implementation of pi, fuzzy & ann controllers to improve dynamic response...eSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, vector controlled induction motor drives with variable speed applications are widely used in order to achieve good dynamic performance and wide speed control. In this paper a new method of controlling technique based on Artificial Neural Network is proposed to improve the speed control of indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. Indirect vector controlled induction motor with conventional PI controller is developed and is replaced with Fuzzy logic controller to overcome the problem of overshoot occurred in conventional PI controller. To obtain quick steady state response and better speed control, ANN technique is proposed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. In this paper the speed, torque and stator voltage responses with conventional PI controller, Fuzzy logic controller and proposed artificial neural network based controller are compared and found that the proposed ANN based controller showed increased dynamic performance. Keywords: ANN, FLC, PI controller, IVCIM
FPGA-Based Implementation Nonlinear Backstepping Control of a PMSM DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, we present a new contribution of FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array) for control of electrical machines. The adaptative Backstepping control approach for a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive is discussed and analyzed. We present a Matlab&Simulink simulation and experimental results from a benchmark based on FPGA. The Backstepping technique provides a systematic method to address this type of problem. It combines the notion of Lyapunov function and a controller procedure recursively. First, the adaptative and no adaptative Backstepping control approach is utilized to obtain the robustness for mismatched parameter uncertainties. The overall stability of the system is shown using Lyapunov technique. The simulation results clearly show that the proposed scheme can track the speed reference. Secondly, some experimental results are demonstrated to validate the proposed controllers. The experimental results carried from a prototyping platform are given to illustrate the efficiency and the benefits of the proposed approach and the various stages of implementation of this structure in FPGA.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED VECTOR CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORcsandit
Stator current drift compensation of induction motor based on RBF neural network is proposed here. In vector control of induction motor decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations and their simultaneous control are used to achieve the highest efficiency and fast dynamic
performance. The highest efficiency is reached when the proper flux is selected and as a result of dynamic decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations, the rotor flux can be modified to achieve the highest efficiency and make the speed be at its desired value. The precise control of these changes can also be done using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Once
neural network gets trained then it is able to differentiate between normal and fault conditions and therefore acts in accordance to the change that could bring back the system to normal condition. Here, neural network is used to compute the appropriate set of voltage and frequency
to achieve the maximum efficiency for any value of operating torque and motor speed.
Neural network based vector control of induction motorcsandit
Stator current drift compensation of induction motor based on RBF neural network is proposed
here. In vector control of induction motor decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations and
their simultaneous control are used to achieve the highest efficiency and fast dynamic
performance. The highest efficiency is reached when the proper flux is selected and as a result
of dynamic decoupling of speed and rotor flux equations, the rotor flux can be modified to
achieve the highest efficiency and make the speed be at its desired value. The precise control of
these changes can also be done using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Once
neural network gets trained then it is able to differentiate between normal and fault conditions
and therefore acts in accordance to the change that could bring back the system to normal
condition. Here, neural network is used to compute the appropriate set of voltage and frequency
to achieve the maximum efficiency for any value of operating torque and motor speed.
The aim of this article is propose a method to improve the direct torque control and design a Fuzzy Logic based Controller which can take necessary control action to provide the desired torque and flux of an asynchronous machine. It’s widely used in the industrial application areas due to several features such as fast torque response and less dependence on the rotor parameters. The major problem that is usually associated with DTC control is the high torque ripple as it is not directly controlled. The high torque ripple causes vibrations to the motor which may lead to component lose, bearing failure or resonance. The fuzzy logic controller is applied to reduce electromagnetic torque ripple. In this proposed technique, the two hysteresis controllers are replaced by fuzzy logic controllers and a methodology for implementation of a rule based fuzzy logic controller are presented. The simulation by Matlab/Simulink was built which includes induction motor d-q model, inverter model, fuzzy logic switching table and the stator flux and torque estimator. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the simulative results of the whole drive system and results are compared with conventional DTC method.
Delayed feedback control of nonlinear phenomena in indirect field oriented co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
Performance Analysis of a DTC and SVM Based Field- Orientation Control Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
This study presents a performance analysis of two most popular control strategies for Induction Motor (IM) drives: direct torque control (DTC) and space vector modulation (SVM) strategies. The performance analysis is done by applying field-orientation control (FOC) technique because of its good dynamic response. The theoretical principle, simulation results are discussed to study the dynamic performances of the drive system for individual control strategies using actual parameters of induction motor. A closed loop PI controller scheme has been used. The main purpose of this study is to minimize ripple in torque response curve and to achieve quick speed response as well as to investigate the condition for optimum performance of induction motor drive. Depending on the simulation results this study also presents a detailed comparison between direct torque control and space vector modulation based field-orientation control method for the induction motor drive.
Crack in component if undetected may lead to catastrophic failure of the component. The
cracked rotor problem received the first attention in 1970 and after that the interest among the
researchers started. The vibration behavior of cracked structures, in particular cracked rotors, is
important to study as the introduction of the crack alters the vibration characteristics of the structure.
The problem of damage and crack detection in structural components has acquired important role in past
few years. However, cracked rotor studies are mainly deals with single crack. For multiple cracked
structures the problem of crack sizing and location becomes more complex. Only few authors have
pointed out the multiple crack assessment in the rotor. The proposed work is on vibration analysis of
multiple cracked shaft beam. An Euler Bernoulli beam fixed at one end with two transverse cracks is
considered. The vibration characteristics of the shaft are studied using Experimental Modal Analysis and
Finite Element Analysis. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the beams are studied and their
variation with change in position and depth of the crack is also studied. The study shows good agreement
of the results obtained using Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Modal Analysis.
Autotuning of pid controller for robot arm and magnet levitation planteSAT Journals
Abstract
One of the most essential work of the control engineer is tuning of controller. Majority of the controller used in industry are of the
PID type. An auto tuning is one of the method of controller tuning in which tuning of the parameters of controller is done
automatically and possibly, without any user interaction expect from initiating the operation. Present study emphasis on the relay
based auto tuning of PID controller. An auto-tuning method is implemented based on a relay experiment to determine the ultimate
gain and the ultimate period, with which the PID parameters are obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules. An auto tuning
of robot arm model and magnet levitation model are carried out. Performance of relay based auto tuning on the basis of integral
square error is better than artificial neural network.
Keywords: Relay auto tuning, PID, FOPDT, SOPDT, Integral square error.
In this paper, Reduced-Order Observer For Real-Time Implementation Speed Sensorless Control of Induction Using RT-LAB Softwareis presented. Speed estimation is performed through a reduced-order observer. The stability of the proposed observer is proved based on Lyapunov’s theorem. The model is initially built offline using Matlab/Simulink and implemented in real-time environment using RT-LAB package and an OP5600 digital simulator. RT-LAB configuration has two main subsystems master and console subsystems. These two subsystems were coordinated to achieve the real-time simulation. In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method, experimental results are presented over a wide speed range, including zero speed.
Analysis and optimization of electrodes for improving the performance of ring...eSAT Journals
Abstract Performance of Ring Laser Gyros (RLGs) solely depends upon the stability of scale factor. Variation in scale factor is directly related to the changes in the path length of the gyros. Any thermal and mechanical gradients are mainly responsible for variation in path length. In the case of prism based RLGs, electrodes are utilized for RF discharge to excite the gain medium (He-Ne Laser) as well as for sustenance of laser. Due to the near proximity of the prism with respect to discharge, it gets heated up. Due to heating of prisms, the refractive index of the material of the prism also changes. This change in refractive index in turn affects the stability of the scale factor. In the present work experiment has been carried out to study and optimize the electrode length for achieving the desired output power and vice a versa to improve the performance of Ring Laser Gyros. Keywords: RLG, Scale factor, Path length, RF discharge, Self heating and Refractive Index
Explicit model predictive control of fast dynamic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Explicit Model Predictive Control approach provides offline computation of the optimization law by Multi Parametric Quadratic Programming. The solution is Piece wise affine in nature. It is explicit representation of the system states and control inputs. Such law then can be solved using binary search tree and can be evaluated for fast dynamic systems. Implementing such controllers can be done on microcontroller or ASIC/FPGA. DC Motor Speed Control - one of the benchmark systems is discussed here in this context. Its PWA law obtained, simulation of closed loop e-MPC is presented and its implementation approach using MPT toolbox and other such toolboxes is shown in brief. Index Terms: Model Predictive Control, explicit, Piece-wise Affine, and Multi Parametric Toolbox
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Delayed feedback control of nonlinear phenomena in indirect field oriented co...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Indirect Field Oriented Controlled (IFOC) Induction Motor often shows the nonlinearity in time domain response of its speed and current due to the instability of the periodic orbits. The system undergoes Hopf bifurcation which is essentially caused by the unstable equilibrium points. In this work our aim is directed towards the stabilization of the unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) by continuously perturbing the system by a time delayed version of any state variable in a feedback form. The clarification of controlling the system from any periodic even chaotic mode to any stable periodic mode is presented by both numerical analysis and software simulation. Index Terms: IFOC-IM, Hopf Bifurcation, Time Delayed Feedback Control, Control of Nonlinear Dynamics.
Design of a 90° switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Journals
Abstract Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1 GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss. Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power grid synchronization failure detection and recoveryeSAT Journals
Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
standards laid down for the operation of a grid. These rules involve maintaining of voltage variation, current variation, oil-level
variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
disconnected from the entire grid temporarily, this process is widely termed islanding. This would prevent large scale occurrences
of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
paper is an approach on devising out a system that helps the grid resolve problems related to black out situations hence making it
a smart grid.
Keywords: - current variation, voltage variation, temperature variation, oil level detection, islanding, smart grid,
active method, passive method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
FPGA-based implementation of sensorless AC drive controllers for embedded Ele...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to Design and simulation of radio frequency (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 361
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY
SEEKER ANTENNA STABILIZATION
M Geetha Reddy1, R. Sundararajan2
1
Postgraduate Student, Digital Electronics & Communication Systems, JIET, ENGINEER, BFL, Hyderabad, India
2
Scientist-G (Retd.), DRDO & Research Director, BFL, Hyderabad, India
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal
engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory
corrections,the seekerantenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes
necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to
precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled
antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the
isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inert ia
are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper
feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of
designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is
under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error,
Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Different Guidance schemes are available to guide the
missiles towards intended target for tactical missile systems.
For this function, the target needs to be tracked continuously
with respect to time. Active homing Guidance is one of the
scheme used in tactical missiles during the final phase of
engagement. Though various schemes are available for
mechanizing homing guidance [2], [3], the current
technology is to use active guidance where a RF seeker is
used to measure LOS rotation rate as well as closing
velocity, between target & missile. The output from the
seeker will be used by guidance system to generate
command which is executed by Flight control system. Due
to this trajectory correction process the antenna may get
disturbed from the track. In other words, the track loss will
occur.
This antenna stabilization system will be realized for
operation in Real-time system which is being developed.
The objective of the project is to design and generate
specifications for the subsystems of the servo which has to
meet the following requirements:
1. Servo should follow the command input (Target
following).
2. Stabilization scheme should reject the disturbance due
to trajectory correction executed by the missile in
shortest possible time, i.e., output of servo system
should fall to zero as early as possible for the
disturbance input.
When the commands generated are used for driving the
missile towards target, there exists a possibility of seeker
antenna losing the track of target, resulting in large miss
distance between Missile & Target [1]. To avoid losing the
track in spite of missile motion, it becomes necessary to
stabilize the antenna by proper servo loop, here by providing
good degree of isolation between missile body & Antenna
system.
The Servo loop achieve this isolation has to be made much
faster than the tracking loop and hence results in high gain
system. This high gain loop design will provide adequate
stiffness.
This Paper deals with the design of such antenna
stabilization loop, which tracks the continuously moving
target & places the antenna on the target quickly, whenever
it gets disturbed due to missile motion.
In other words the servo loop ensures 'No Track loss'.
2. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SERVO DESIGN
Stabilization Band width: 30±5 Hz
Body disturbance max :100 deg/Sec
Body acceleration Max:1000 deg/S2
Target angular rate : 0.5 to 30 deg/Sec
Gimbal angular freedom : ± 400
Isolation/Decoupling High
Accuracy : 0.4 deg
Bandwidth : 2 Hz
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 362
Load Diameter : 240 mm (typical)
Antenna Weight: 750 g
2.1 Analysis of Specifications
As per specifications the following parameters are
calculated
Inertia of the load (Ja) = 6.48*10-3Kg-m2
Torque of the motor(Tm) = 0.113N-m
A suitable motoris selected to overcome the inertia and
accelerate the motor.
3. RESPONSE OF LOAD
Load is the high inertia Load. The response of the load in
the open loop condition is studied for step, ramp and
acceleration inputs.The plant responses are deviating, which
necessitate adoption of closed loop control. The responses of
the systemare as in figure 1.
Fig 1: Open Loop Response of Plant
4. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM RESPONSE
Fig 2: Closed Loop System
Above Figure 2 represents the closed loop system, where ωc
is the command in rad/s ,ωois output rate rad/sec, D is the
disturbance torque acting on the antenna assembly.
The motor transfer function relating the angular rate to input
excitation voltage is mathematically derived and numerical
values for various coefficients of the transfer function are
taken from the selected motor catalog and given as below
Transfer function of the motor between rate and input
voltage:
𝜔
𝑣
=
2.415e007
𝑠2 +1250𝑠+ 434800
Where ω is angular rate of motor in rad/sec and v is the
voltage input.
The loop analysis is done in two cases.
Case 1: without compensator i.e., with simple gain the
response of the systemis as shown in the below Figure 3.
Fig 3: Closed Loop systemresponse without compensator
From Figure 3 we can observe that the system response is
unstable. So a suitable compensator has to be designed.
Case 2: To improve the transient response a Phase Lead
compensator was designed using Bode method and the
Response of the closed loop systemwas studied.
The Response of the closed loop system with the above
Phase Lead Compensator is as shown in Figure 4
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 363
Fig 4: Closed Loop systemresponse with a Phase Lead
Compensator
The analysis of the above plot indicates the overshoot of
52% and settling time of 0.44sec. This overshoot is not
acceptable from performance point of view. Hence the zero
location of the compensator has been varied and finally
positioned at s=-5 with this the response obtained is as
shown in Figure 5.
Fig 5: Closed Loop systemresponse with a Phase Lead
Compensator zero located at s= -5.
Analysis of the result indicates the improvement of
overshoot to 14% which is satisfactory for the system.
Settling time is not much changed by this modification.
The results have been verified by Bode method for both
uncompensated and compensated system. The stability
margins obtained for both the systems are as given below
Table 1: Margins of the system
Parameters Uncompensated Compensated
Gain margin 0 dB 24.45dB
Phase margin -15.07260 70.260
The corresponding bode plots are given in Figure 6
Fig 6: Bode Plots of uncompensated and compensated
system.
5. PARAMETRIC STUDY
The feedback sensor to be utilized in the actual systemis the
Rate Gyro feedback. This offers good damping to the total
response. The undamped natural frequency of the gyro
which will be selected for such application will be greater
than 120Hz.This is very far away from the frequency region
of interest of the servo loop. Hence the dynamics of the
sensorcan be neglected and only the steady state gain of the
sensorcan be used for loop gain analysis. This gain has been
varied from 0.2 to 1 and the response studied. It has been
found that around 0.8 to 0.9 sufficient loop gain is present in
the systemto offer the required stiffness.
6. SIMULATION OF THE TOTAL CONTROL
LOOP
The whole loop simulation is performed in MATLAB &
SIMULINK for three conditions [4]
1. Normal Tracking.
2. Disturbance Rejection.
3. Tracking and Disturbance simultaneously acting.
It may be noted that Sl.No. 3 is the realistic condition which
will occur during the flight. Sl.No 1 & 2 are for the
performance evaluation under individual conditions.
The Simulink simulation setup is as given in Figure 7
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 364
Fig 7 Simulation setup
Simulation outputs for the above three conditions are
indicated in Figure 8
Fig 8: Simulation Results
7. CONCLUSION
A Servo system for stabilizing the antenna tracking a
moving target has been designed and performance
evaluation is obtained by simulation. The disturbance
rejection as per the specification has been achieved in
addition to tracking. The motor which is of BLDC has been
suggested for use in the actual system so also the
specification for the Rate Gyro has been worked out for
procurement and integration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank Defence R&D Kalyani Center for
Technology and Innovation (KCTI) team for providing
necessary data, facilities & time to carry out this task at
KCTI Premises, in addition to my regular tasks. Also fruitful
suggestions have been accorded by superiors in completing
this task in specified time frame, which enabled KCTI to
undertake Hardware fabrication to realize this system, based
on the design.
REFERENCES
[1]. Missile Guidance and Control Systems by George M.
Siouris
[2]. Missile Guidance and pursuit kinematics, Dynamics and
Control by Dr N.A. Shneydor
[3]. Tactical & strategic missile guidance by Paul Zarchan
[4]. Missile Flight Simulation by Jeffrey Strickland.
BIOGRAPHIES
M Geetha Reddy working as Engineer in
BFL Defence R&D KCTI Hyderabad.
Pursuing post- graduate in Digital
Electronics & Communication Systems at
JIET.
R Sundararajan Sc-‘G’ (Retd.) from
DRDO Hyderabad on super annuation.
Worked in areas related to Guidance,
Control, and Modelling & Simulation etc.
of Guided weapon system. At present
working in BFL Defence R&D KCTI
Hyderabad as Research Director.