The document discusses the origins and early history of the concept of Europe from ancient times through the Middle Ages. It notes that the name "Europe" first appeared in Homer's writings to refer to a region of Greece. By the 5th century BC, writers like Hecataeus of Miletus and Herodotus identified Europe and Asia as the two main divisions of the inhabited world. The battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, where the Franks defeated the Umayyad forces, is cited as an important early event in the development of a European identity, as the Christian chronicler first used the term "Europenses" to describe the Frankish forces. The document also discusses the influence of the Crusades
- The history of Europe covers prehistoric civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans through the classical era of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise and fall of powers like the Franks and Byzantines. The Viking Age and Crusades had major impacts.
- The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery transformed Europe. Major wars included the Hundred Years' War and Thirty Years' War.
- Modern European history includes the rise of nation-states, colonialism, world wars, and the postwar division between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The European Union now faces challenges including financial crises and immigration
The document traces the history and development of the idea of Europe from its earliest mentions in ancient Greek texts to the present day European Union. It discusses key moments like the Roman Empire unifying much of Europe, Charlemagne being crowned emperor in 800, the intellectual revival of the 12th century, the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, two world wars prompting further integration, and treaties like the EU's Maastricht Treaty. The overarching message is that the European idea has evolved greatly over two millennia through periods of both unity and division.
The document provides information about Western Europe, including:
1) Western Europe's population patterns have been shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events. Major cities like Paris, Berlin, and Brussels are discussed.
2) The region has a long history, from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance and periods like the Middle Ages and Reformation that influenced religion. Key figures that impacted the region are mentioned like Charlemagne and Martin Luther.
3) Major economic and political changes occurred like the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, influencing the growth of nationalism.
The Fall of Rome was a gradual process that took hundreds of years, as Germanic tribes migrated into the Roman Empire and invaded its territory from the late 300s to early 400s AD. In 476 AD, the German general Odoacer captured Rome, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire after 1000 years. This precipitated an economic, political and social crisis and the beginning of the Medieval period. While the Western Roman Empire fell, the Eastern Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople remained, maintaining a pocket of Roman civilization.
The document provides an overview of society, economy, politics, and art during the Baroque period in Europe (17th-18th centuries). It summarizes that absolute monarchy was dominant, society was organized into estates, and the economy grew through increased manufacturing and trade routes. The dominant artistic style of the Baroque period was characterized by movement, contrasts of light and shadow, and grand architectural works from artists like Bernini.
During the Medieval period in Europe, several key events helped establish political and religious systems:
1) Germanic tribes migrated into the weakened Roman Empire and established kingdoms like the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul. Clovis converted to Christianity and had thousands baptized.
2) The Carolingian dynasty rose to power, with Pepin the Short gaining the title of King with papal approval. His son Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor, increasing papal authority.
3) When Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, the lack of strong central rule led to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. Manors formed the basic social unit and the Roman
- The history of Europe covers prehistoric civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans through the classical era of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise and fall of powers like the Franks and Byzantines. The Viking Age and Crusades had major impacts.
- The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery transformed Europe. Major wars included the Hundred Years' War and Thirty Years' War.
- Modern European history includes the rise of nation-states, colonialism, world wars, and the postwar division between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The European Union now faces challenges including financial crises and immigration
The document traces the history and development of the idea of Europe from its earliest mentions in ancient Greek texts to the present day European Union. It discusses key moments like the Roman Empire unifying much of Europe, Charlemagne being crowned emperor in 800, the intellectual revival of the 12th century, the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, two world wars prompting further integration, and treaties like the EU's Maastricht Treaty. The overarching message is that the European idea has evolved greatly over two millennia through periods of both unity and division.
The document provides information about Western Europe, including:
1) Western Europe's population patterns have been shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events. Major cities like Paris, Berlin, and Brussels are discussed.
2) The region has a long history, from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance and periods like the Middle Ages and Reformation that influenced religion. Key figures that impacted the region are mentioned like Charlemagne and Martin Luther.
3) Major economic and political changes occurred like the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, influencing the growth of nationalism.
The Fall of Rome was a gradual process that took hundreds of years, as Germanic tribes migrated into the Roman Empire and invaded its territory from the late 300s to early 400s AD. In 476 AD, the German general Odoacer captured Rome, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire after 1000 years. This precipitated an economic, political and social crisis and the beginning of the Medieval period. While the Western Roman Empire fell, the Eastern Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople remained, maintaining a pocket of Roman civilization.
The document provides an overview of society, economy, politics, and art during the Baroque period in Europe (17th-18th centuries). It summarizes that absolute monarchy was dominant, society was organized into estates, and the economy grew through increased manufacturing and trade routes. The dominant artistic style of the Baroque period was characterized by movement, contrasts of light and shadow, and grand architectural works from artists like Bernini.
During the Medieval period in Europe, several key events helped establish political and religious systems:
1) Germanic tribes migrated into the weakened Roman Empire and established kingdoms like the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul. Clovis converted to Christianity and had thousands baptized.
2) The Carolingian dynasty rose to power, with Pepin the Short gaining the title of King with papal approval. His son Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor, increasing papal authority.
3) When Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, the lack of strong central rule led to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. Manors formed the basic social unit and the Roman
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Early Middle Ages in Europe:
1. It describes the Germanic migrations into the Western Roman Empire beginning in the 3rd century CE due to Roman weakness, and the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE.
2. It discusses the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe that entered the Roman Empire to escape the Huns, later receiving land in Gaul before being expelled by the Franks and establishing a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula.
3. It outlines the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital of Constantinople, and its gradual territorial losses over subsequent centuries under
The document provides background information on Spanish history from ancient times through the early modern period when Spain rose to become a dominant global power. It summarizes key events such as the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella that united Castile and Aragon, their conquest of Granada in 1492, and their establishment of policies that laid the foundations for the Spanish Empire. It then discusses the 16th century reigns of Charles I and Philip II of the House of Habsburg, noting how they consolidated Spanish hegemony in Europe and amassed global territories, facing internal and external conflicts along the way.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance period from approximately 1350-1600 AD. It began as a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy after centuries of poverty and decline during the Middle Ages. This new humanist worldview valued individualism and embraced rational thought. In Italy, the Renaissance was centered in cities like Florence, Rome, and Venice, where new wealth, contact with Byzantine scholars, and ruins of ancient Rome inspired artistic and intellectual developments. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced masterworks that reflected the period's emphasis on realism, anatomy, and classical ideals. Machiavelli also wrote The Prince during this time, which influenced modern
U1. the start of the modern age. 15 - 16 centuries.Rocío Bautista
The 15th and 16th centuries saw the beginning of major political, geographical, economic, social, and religious changes that marked the transition to the Modern Age from the Middle Ages:
[1] Authoritarian monarchies consolidated power across Europe as kings weakened the influence of nobles and the church.
[2] Major geographical discoveries expanded the known world as the Portuguese explored Africa and the Spanish discovered and colonized parts of the Americas.
[3] The rise of capitalism and a market economy transformed production and trade with the growth of the domestic system, development of banking, and new global trade routes.
[4] Religiously, the Protestant Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church,
Here are the definitions of the terms:
Charter: A legal document that gives a city and its inhabitants (the bourgeoisie) the right to govern themselves independently. Charters made cities "free", meaning they were directly protected by the king and not part of a feudal fief.
The document provides details about the Crusades between 1000-1500 CE. It explains that the Crusades were holy missions launched by the Pope to retake the Holy Land from the Turks and liberate Christian sites. Thousands of knights and soldiers from Europe united under Christianity and attacked Muslim and Jewish populations in Turkey and Jerusalem in order to gain land for Christians. The Crusades had major impacts such as the persecution of Jews and Muslims, increased European economic development through trade, and gains in power for kings and popes.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Western Europe transitioned to a fragmented, decentralized feudal system. Power was held by local lords and kings had loose control over independent manors and estates. Society was rural, agrarian, and organized around a hierarchy with nobles, clergy, and peasants. The feudal system provided military protection and governance in exchange for taxes and services from the lower classes. This political and economic system of feudalism and manorialism dominated Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
The document provides information about the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It discusses the establishment of Germanic kingdoms across Europe as the Western Roman Empire collapsed, including the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. The document also examines the division of the Roman Empire in 395 into Western and Eastern halves, with the Eastern Empire surviving as the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople until 1453.
Unit 0 the roman empire and its declinealmusociales
Augustus becomes the first Roman emperor in 27 BC, bringing stability after a period of civil war. The Roman Empire reaches its peak under Emperor Trajan. However, in the 3rd century, civil wars break out as generals vie for power, and Germanic tribes attack Roman towns. This instability is resolved under Emperors Diocletian and Constantine. Eventually, Germanic invasions and the division of the empire lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, while the Eastern Empire survives as the Byzantine Empire for another 1,000 years. Kingdoms established by the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths replace the government of the Western Empire.
The document provides details about the Middle Ages in European history from the 5th to 15th century. It describes how the period began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was divided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Architecture evolved from Romanesque to Gothic styles with the rise of Christianity and feudal systems. Major developments included the establishment of nation-states, innovations, Crusades, and Black Plague that reduced population.
1. Medieval European society was organized into a feudal system following invasions in the 9th-11th centuries. Kings granted land to nobles who then protected peasants on that land.
2. The feudal system was based on a hierarchy of obligations where peasants pledged allegiance to local lords in exchange for protection, and lords pledged to the king in exchange for land. This created interlocking bonds of loyalty throughout society.
3. Medieval society was divided into estates of nobles, clergy, and workers. Nobles fought as knights and defended the people. Clergy prayed for spiritual salvation and managed church lands and monasteries. Peasants and craftsmen produced food and goods
Unit 6 The Catholic Monarchs and the Discovery of Americaalmusociales
The document summarizes key events and developments during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in Spain, including their domestic and foreign policies. It also discusses the discovery and conquest of America in the late 15th century. Some of the main points covered include:
- The Catholic Monarchs subjected the nobility and clergy to royal authority and created a permanent army and common laws across their territories.
- They conquered the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 and expelled the Jews, extending the Spanish Inquisition.
- Through strategic marriages, they formed alliances with other European powers and expanded Spanish territory in North Africa and the Mediterranean.
- They supported expeditions that led to Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1492
1. In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England and defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, establishing Norman rule over England and bringing feudalism to its lands.
2. Under Henry II in the 12th century, England's legal system was strengthened through the establishment of common law, trial by jury, and a unified court system.
3. The 13th century saw the development of Parliament in England as kings needed money and granted power to the nobility and commoners to tax and spend, establishing the foundations of representative democracy.
The document provides information on the Middle Ages in Europe, including the rise of feudalism and the feudal system. It discusses how the invasions of groups like the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influenced the development of Europe by leading to the establishment of manors and castles for protection and undermining trade and towns, reinforcing the feudal system. It also summarizes key aspects of feudal society like the relationship between lords and vassals.
Rome was founded between 1000-500 BC by Latins on seven hills along the Tiber River in central Italy due to its fertile soil and strategic location. Originally ruled by Etruscan kings, Rome became a republic in 509 BC with citizens electing leaders like consuls and tribunes. Rome expanded its power by conquering neighboring peoples and defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars, allowing Rome to control the entire Italian peninsula and become the dominant power in the Mediterranean by 146 BC.
A brief tour through the geography and history of Europe, based on chapters 9 and 10 from National Geographic's World Geography text for the seventh grade.
The Byzantine and the Carolingian empiresalmusociales
The document summarizes the division and decline of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire and other kingdoms that replaced it. It discusses how the Western Roman Empire was divided into several kingdoms after being invaded by barbarians in the 5th century AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, continued on and had its capital at Constantinople until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It then summarizes the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Ladi Taranekesh is seeking a position that allows him to apply his skills and knowledge to contribute to organizational growth. He has a post-graduate diploma in thermal power plant engineering and a B.Tech in mechanical engineering. His qualifications include industrial training in combustion chamber testing and power plant simulation training. He is proficient in CAD software and Microsoft Office applications and aims to leverage his technical and interpersonal skills.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Early Middle Ages in Europe:
1. It describes the Germanic migrations into the Western Roman Empire beginning in the 3rd century CE due to Roman weakness, and the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE.
2. It discusses the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe that entered the Roman Empire to escape the Huns, later receiving land in Gaul before being expelled by the Franks and establishing a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula.
3. It outlines the Byzantine Empire, the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital of Constantinople, and its gradual territorial losses over subsequent centuries under
The document provides background information on Spanish history from ancient times through the early modern period when Spain rose to become a dominant global power. It summarizes key events such as the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella that united Castile and Aragon, their conquest of Granada in 1492, and their establishment of policies that laid the foundations for the Spanish Empire. It then discusses the 16th century reigns of Charles I and Philip II of the House of Habsburg, noting how they consolidated Spanish hegemony in Europe and amassed global territories, facing internal and external conflicts along the way.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance period from approximately 1350-1600 AD. It began as a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy after centuries of poverty and decline during the Middle Ages. This new humanist worldview valued individualism and embraced rational thought. In Italy, the Renaissance was centered in cities like Florence, Rome, and Venice, where new wealth, contact with Byzantine scholars, and ruins of ancient Rome inspired artistic and intellectual developments. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced masterworks that reflected the period's emphasis on realism, anatomy, and classical ideals. Machiavelli also wrote The Prince during this time, which influenced modern
U1. the start of the modern age. 15 - 16 centuries.Rocío Bautista
The 15th and 16th centuries saw the beginning of major political, geographical, economic, social, and religious changes that marked the transition to the Modern Age from the Middle Ages:
[1] Authoritarian monarchies consolidated power across Europe as kings weakened the influence of nobles and the church.
[2] Major geographical discoveries expanded the known world as the Portuguese explored Africa and the Spanish discovered and colonized parts of the Americas.
[3] The rise of capitalism and a market economy transformed production and trade with the growth of the domestic system, development of banking, and new global trade routes.
[4] Religiously, the Protestant Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church,
Here are the definitions of the terms:
Charter: A legal document that gives a city and its inhabitants (the bourgeoisie) the right to govern themselves independently. Charters made cities "free", meaning they were directly protected by the king and not part of a feudal fief.
The document provides details about the Crusades between 1000-1500 CE. It explains that the Crusades were holy missions launched by the Pope to retake the Holy Land from the Turks and liberate Christian sites. Thousands of knights and soldiers from Europe united under Christianity and attacked Muslim and Jewish populations in Turkey and Jerusalem in order to gain land for Christians. The Crusades had major impacts such as the persecution of Jews and Muslims, increased European economic development through trade, and gains in power for kings and popes.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Western Europe transitioned to a fragmented, decentralized feudal system. Power was held by local lords and kings had loose control over independent manors and estates. Society was rural, agrarian, and organized around a hierarchy with nobles, clergy, and peasants. The feudal system provided military protection and governance in exchange for taxes and services from the lower classes. This political and economic system of feudalism and manorialism dominated Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
The document provides information about the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It discusses the establishment of Germanic kingdoms across Europe as the Western Roman Empire collapsed, including the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. The document also examines the division of the Roman Empire in 395 into Western and Eastern halves, with the Eastern Empire surviving as the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople until 1453.
Unit 0 the roman empire and its declinealmusociales
Augustus becomes the first Roman emperor in 27 BC, bringing stability after a period of civil war. The Roman Empire reaches its peak under Emperor Trajan. However, in the 3rd century, civil wars break out as generals vie for power, and Germanic tribes attack Roman towns. This instability is resolved under Emperors Diocletian and Constantine. Eventually, Germanic invasions and the division of the empire lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, while the Eastern Empire survives as the Byzantine Empire for another 1,000 years. Kingdoms established by the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths replace the government of the Western Empire.
The document provides details about the Middle Ages in European history from the 5th to 15th century. It describes how the period began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was divided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Architecture evolved from Romanesque to Gothic styles with the rise of Christianity and feudal systems. Major developments included the establishment of nation-states, innovations, Crusades, and Black Plague that reduced population.
1. Medieval European society was organized into a feudal system following invasions in the 9th-11th centuries. Kings granted land to nobles who then protected peasants on that land.
2. The feudal system was based on a hierarchy of obligations where peasants pledged allegiance to local lords in exchange for protection, and lords pledged to the king in exchange for land. This created interlocking bonds of loyalty throughout society.
3. Medieval society was divided into estates of nobles, clergy, and workers. Nobles fought as knights and defended the people. Clergy prayed for spiritual salvation and managed church lands and monasteries. Peasants and craftsmen produced food and goods
Unit 6 The Catholic Monarchs and the Discovery of Americaalmusociales
The document summarizes key events and developments during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in Spain, including their domestic and foreign policies. It also discusses the discovery and conquest of America in the late 15th century. Some of the main points covered include:
- The Catholic Monarchs subjected the nobility and clergy to royal authority and created a permanent army and common laws across their territories.
- They conquered the Kingdom of Granada in 1492 and expelled the Jews, extending the Spanish Inquisition.
- Through strategic marriages, they formed alliances with other European powers and expanded Spanish territory in North Africa and the Mediterranean.
- They supported expeditions that led to Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1492
1. In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England and defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, establishing Norman rule over England and bringing feudalism to its lands.
2. Under Henry II in the 12th century, England's legal system was strengthened through the establishment of common law, trial by jury, and a unified court system.
3. The 13th century saw the development of Parliament in England as kings needed money and granted power to the nobility and commoners to tax and spend, establishing the foundations of representative democracy.
The document provides information on the Middle Ages in Europe, including the rise of feudalism and the feudal system. It discusses how the invasions of groups like the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influenced the development of Europe by leading to the establishment of manors and castles for protection and undermining trade and towns, reinforcing the feudal system. It also summarizes key aspects of feudal society like the relationship between lords and vassals.
Rome was founded between 1000-500 BC by Latins on seven hills along the Tiber River in central Italy due to its fertile soil and strategic location. Originally ruled by Etruscan kings, Rome became a republic in 509 BC with citizens electing leaders like consuls and tribunes. Rome expanded its power by conquering neighboring peoples and defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars, allowing Rome to control the entire Italian peninsula and become the dominant power in the Mediterranean by 146 BC.
A brief tour through the geography and history of Europe, based on chapters 9 and 10 from National Geographic's World Geography text for the seventh grade.
The Byzantine and the Carolingian empiresalmusociales
The document summarizes the division and decline of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire and other kingdoms that replaced it. It discusses how the Western Roman Empire was divided into several kingdoms after being invaded by barbarians in the 5th century AD. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, continued on and had its capital at Constantinople until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It then summarizes the rise of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
Ladi Taranekesh is seeking a position that allows him to apply his skills and knowledge to contribute to organizational growth. He has a post-graduate diploma in thermal power plant engineering and a B.Tech in mechanical engineering. His qualifications include industrial training in combustion chamber testing and power plant simulation training. He is proficient in CAD software and Microsoft Office applications and aims to leverage his technical and interpersonal skills.
Este documento discute las fuentes para el conocimiento de los jardines de al-Andalus. Menciona que las imágenes utilizadas provienen de diversas colecciones privadas, publicaciones e internet, y se usan aquí con fines didácticos aunque no se ha solicitado permiso de reproducción. También indica que debido al carácter no académico de la presentación, se han eliminado las referencias de procedencia y autoría que serían necesarias en otro contexto.
uxv Combatant, UK - Royal Navy's Warship Concept of 21st Centuryhindujudaic
The UXV Combatant is a concept warship designed by BVT Surface Fleet to serve as a mother ship launching and recovering unmanned aerial, surface, and underwater vehicles. If built, it would displace around 8,000 tons and feature two decks for launching drones and helicopters using electromagnetic catapults. While intended to expand the Royal Navy's capabilities, the UXV Combatant was only a design study and the Ministry of Defence has no plans to procure such a vessel before 2030 due to priorities like acquiring Type 26 frigates.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАAlex Grebeshkov
Сковрон Павло
ФЕтаУ, 5 курс, ЕСМ-4505, pavelskovr@gmail.com
(науковий керівник: Євдокимова Н.М.,к.е.н., доцент)
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Сковрон Павел
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТИ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ
Skovron Pavlo
THE INCREASING OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY
http://conference.spkneu.org/2015/12/pidvishhennya-ekonomichnoyi-rezul-tativnosti-gospodars-koyi-diyal-nosti-pidpriyemstva/
The document summarizes the specifications of the HDT Storm search and rescue tactical vehicle (SRTV). It is a 4x4 vehicle designed and manufactured by HDT Global for the US Air Force. It has a length of 4.9m, width of 2.03m, height of 1.68m, and can carry up to three litters. It is powered by a 430hp engine that enables it to reach speeds up to 161kmph and ford water at a depth of 101.6cm. The SRTV has cutting-edge mobility features such as a ground clearance of 45.7cm that allow it to perform missions on steep hills and impassable terrain.
Entomologia - Insetti - Allergie SOS SciencesSimone Petrucci
Progetto Erasmus+ SOS Sciences.
Attività sviluppata con gli studenti delle classi III Isituto Comprensivo Perugia 3 in collaborazione con gli esperti del Laboratorio del cittadino.
The Greek education system has roots in ancient Greece and has undergone changes over time. It is structured as follows:
Primary education for ages 6-12, followed by gymnasium for ages 12-15. Students then choose between general or vocational lyceum from ages 15-18. Universities and technologic institutes provide higher education from ages 18 and up.
The primary education covers ages 6-12 and teaches subjects like reading, writing, arithmetic, history, and physical education. Secondary education includes both compulsory gymnasium and optional post-gymnasium choices. Vocational schools offer technical training in fields like agriculture, tourism and healthcare. University entrance exams are difficult and taken at the
1) Europe developed slowly over time from various ethnic groups mixing together rather than descending from a single origin.
2) During the Roman Empire, some saw Europe as a unified political and geographic area from Spain to Greece under Roman rule. However, Romans themselves did not strongly identify with or promote a unified European identity.
3) It was not until the fall of the Western Roman Empire that a common European identity reemerged among intellectuals defending Europe and what remained of Roman political structures from barbarian invaders. They saw Europe as more than just a geographic area but as a key part of a shared identity.
Europe Iconography - Laboratorio del cittadinoSimone Petrucci
Europa is a figure from Greek mythology who gave her name to the continent of Europe. She was abducted by Zeus, who took the form of a bull to seduce her. The myth of Europa and the bull has been depicted in ancient art and literature and continues to be a symbol of the movement of civilization from East to West.
This document discusses the semantic slippage of the concept of "Europe" over time and argues against the Eurocentric view of modernity. It makes the following key points:
1) The modern concept of "Europe" developed from the 15th century onward and usurped a name that originally belonged to other regions. Europe was previously seen as uncivilized by classical Greeks.
2) There is no direct lineage from ancient Greece to modern Europe - various cultural influences from the Arab world, Byzantine Empire, and others were involved.
3) By the 15th century, Europe was a peripheral region situated on the western edge of the larger Euro-Afro-Asian continent, not the center of
The Renaissance era saw major changes across Europe from the 14th to 17th centuries. This period marked a shift away from the medieval period's focus on religion and feudalism towards an emphasis on secularism, humanism, and individualism. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread north, influencing art, literature, science, and education as people gained new intellectual and artistic perspectives. Key developments included the influence of ancient Greek and Roman texts, advances in fields like perspective in art and the heliocentric model of the solar system, and the spread of literacy and books due to the printing press. Overall, the Renaissance was a time of rebirth and fresh thinking that transformed European society.
This document provides a history of Western civilization, beginning with its origins in the Middle East around 9000 BCE as humans transitioned to agricultural societies. It then traces the development and influence of classical Greek, Roman, and early Christian civilizations on the foundations of Western thought, including democracy, intellectual inquiry, law, and Christianity. The document outlines major historical periods and events in Western history from antiquity through the modern era, including the fall of Rome, medieval era, Renaissance, Reformation, industrial revolution, world wars, and Cold War. It discusses the global spread and influence of Western empires and culture.
This document provides an overview of Greek mythology, including its origins and influence. It discusses how Greek myths attempted to explain the origins of the world and detailed the lives of gods, heroes, and mythological creatures. Key figures and stories from mythology are mentioned, such as Zeus, Apollo, and the abduction of Europa. The document also outlines how Greek mythology influenced Western art and literature over centuries and continues to provide inspiration today.
Greece has a long and storied history, with Greek culture spreading around the Mediterranean and influencing many other cultures starting around 6000 BC. Major early civilizations included the Minoans and Mycenaeans. The Greek city-states grew powerful in the Archaic period starting in the 8th century BC, but also competed violently with each other. They united to defeat Persia in the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC. However, internal conflicts weakened Greece, allowing Rome to eventually conquer it in 146 BC. Greek culture continued under the Byzantine Empire until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Greece re-established independence in the 19th century and though it has faced challenges, Greek culture and ideals
1. Ancient Greece had a geography conducive to developing a maritime culture, with islands and coastlines throughout the Mediterranean. Greek civilization expanded greatly under Alexander the Great.
2. Greek history is divided into periods - Bronze Age, Dark Ages, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic. Important city-states included Athens and Sparta, which dominated Classical Greece through military achievements but eventually rivaled each other in the Peloponnesian War.
3. Greek society was stratified, with citizens, foreigners, slaves. Citizens had political rights and duties like military service. Religion was personal and present in all aspects of life, with the Olympian gods central. Greek culture made major contributions to philosophy, literature
Chapter 11 powerpoint- History and Cultures of Europesgiaco01
Ancient Greece and Rome laid the foundations of European civilization. Key developments included the emergence of democracy in Athens and the expansion of the Roman Empire throughout Europe. Christianity later became the dominant religion in Europe. The Middle Ages saw the rise of feudalism and the establishment of nation-states. The Renaissance and Reformation led to changes in art, learning, and religion. The Industrial Revolution and subsequent wars transformed Europe. Today, Europe faces challenges from population changes and ethnic diversity but also benefits from urbanization, education, and a high standard of living.
This document outlines some of Europe's greatest historical achievements and current challenges. It discusses important developments from ancient Greece like democracy and the Olympics, as well as Roman contributions like their legal system and infrastructure. Renaissance achievements in art and education are also highlighted. More recent accomplishments include the industrial revolution and the first human in space. Current challenges include issues with multiculturalism, a two-speed Europe, EU enlargement, and demographic changes facing the continent. The document expresses hopes that Europe can overcome difficulties, fulfill its cultural potential, and work towards peace.
The document provides background information on the Western Renaissance and Romantic movements:
- The Western Renaissance began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout Europe, revisiting the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome. It was spurred by the recovery of classical literature by Italian scholars.
- The Romantic movement began in late 18th century Western Europe as a rebellion against Enlightenment rationalism. It emphasized emotion, nature, folklore and nationalism. Notable Romantic authors include Goethe, Wordsworth, and the Brontë sisters.
- Romanticism dominated 19th century English literature and influenced other countries, though some French authors are seen as part of the Realist movement. The era celebrated imagination
Europe is a continent with a rich history and cultural heritage spanning centuries. Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations greatly influenced modern Europe through developments in philosophy, science, law, and more. Throughout the Middle Ages, Europe experienced invasions, the rise of feudalism, and growth of trade routes. The Industrial Revolution transformed Europe and marked the beginning of mass urbanization and new technologies. Today, Europe comprises many nations, each with unique traditions, but united as a community that has overcome conflicts and built cooperative institutions like the EU.
The document discusses the origins and early history of Europe. It notes that the name "Europe" may come from Greek mythology or have Phoenician origins. While the ancient Greeks saw Europe as a dark continent, civilizations began emerging as early as 12,000 BCE with cave paintings in Spain and France. Megalithic tombs and Bronze Age cultures developed over subsequent millennia. Major historical events included the Roman conquest of Gaul in the 1st century BCE and migrations in the 5th-7th centuries CE. The document traces Europe's development from prehistoric times through World Wars I and II, noting it has overcome dark periods to become highly developed today.
The document discusses the origins and early history of Europe. It notes that the name "Europe" may come from Greek mythology or have Phoenician origins. While the ancient Greeks saw Europe as a dark continent, civilizations began emerging as early as 12,000 BCE with cave paintings in Spain and France. Megalithic tombs and Bronze Age cultures developed over subsequent millennia. Major historical events included the Roman conquest of Gaul in the 1st century BCE and migrations in the 5th-7th centuries CE. The document traces Europe's development from prehistoric times through its "black ages" in the Middle Ages up to World Wars I and II, noting that despite difficulties Europe has become the most developed continent.
The document provides an overview of political instability and economic changes in late medieval Europe. It discusses how centralized monarchical rule broke down in many places, including France, Germany, and Italy, leading to civil wars and more localized rule. The Black Death pandemic then killed 25-50% of Europe's population and disrupted the existing social order. Overall, the late Middle Ages saw a transition toward more decentralized political systems and a shift in Europe's social structures.
The document provides a summary of the historical development of European states from the Middle Ages to the modern period. It describes how the monarchies and church held power in Europe initially. During the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was overthrown, ending monarchical rule and allowing enlightenment ideas to spread. This led to the growth of European states and the emergence of neoclassical architecture as a new style. The document then discusses the prehistoric periods in Europe and provides brief overviews of the historical developments in several European regions.
This document provides an overview of the idea of Ethiopia as conceived by African diaspora intellectuals in response to colonial oppression. It summarizes that the idea of Ethiopia was rooted in the ancient histories of Nubians and Ethiopians as portrayed in Greek and Roman sources. It was developed by diaspora thinkers to provide a sense of identity and challenge the erasure of Africa's past under colonialism. The document traces how the idea of Ethiopia shaped movements like Ethiopianism, Pan-Africanism, and Ras Tafarianism and provided inspiration to resist colonialism around the world.
This document discusses how references to myths enrich literature and art. It provides examples of how myths have been incorporated into Western works throughout history, from Dante in the 14th century to modern works. It explains how views on using myths in literature changed over time, from being frowned upon in early Christianity to being embraced during the Renaissance and onward. The document also notes growing interest in Native American mythology and trends involving fairy tales.
Presentation de la ville de Satovcha par le participants au cours erasmus+ ka1 in rome “Grand Tour in Europe: Creativity, Innovation, Active Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue”
Presentation des participants au cours Erasmus+ Grand Tour in Europe: Creativity, Innovation, Active Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue in Rome 14-19 October 2019
Ulysses Elytis was a Greek poet who won the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. He said that if Greece is disintegrated, you will be left with an olive tree, a vineyard, and a boat - referring to Greece's agricultural productivity and shipping industry as the forces that can rebuild the country. Melina Merkouri was an actress and politician who believed Greece's legacy and fortune lies in its culture and tourism. She fought to return the Parthenon Marbles from the British Museum to Athens. Xenophon Zolotas was a Greek economist who served as Governor of the Bank of Greece and Prime Minister. He gave a famous speech in Washington D.C. using only words of Greek origin to
10th High School is located in Heraklion city, Greece. It has almost 200 students who attend courses for three years. The school has 10 classrooms, a modern computer lab, physics and chemistry labs, a gym, and a library. It offers general education courses as well as choices between theoretical and science courses to prepare students for the university entrance exams. The school also implements numerous educational activities like environmental education, trips, and lectures on health and social issues.
Crete is the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean known for being the home of the ancient Minoan civilization. Heraklion is the largest city in Crete, serving as the capital and economic center. It has a long history dating back to Minoan times and has been ruled by Byzantines, Venetians, and Ottomans. Major attractions in Heraklion include the archaeological site of Knossos, the largest Bronze Age archaeological site in Europe, as well as museums housing artifacts from Minoan civilization. Crete has a unique culture influenced by its diverse rulers throughout history and is known for its healthy cuisine, folk dances, and biodiversity.
Curso grand tour en europe - Erasmus plus - Maria Nieves GonzalezSimone Petrucci
Este documento presenta un curso de formación en París del 8 al 13 de abril de 2019 sobre el "Grand Tour en Europa", centrado en la creatividad, la innovación, la ciudadanía activa y el diálogo intercultural. Incluye el programa con visitas a museos como el Museo del Hombre, el Petit Palais y el Louvre, así como talleres. La autora, profesora de geografía e historia en Jaén, España, espera intercambiar experiencias pedagógicas con otros docentes europeos. El curso le permitirá adquiri
Haukipudas Upper Secondary School has 380 students ages 16-19 and 20 teachers. It focuses on international cooperation as a UNESCO school, offering an internationality course for second year students and a trekking course. Finnish education is free at all levels and based on trust and responsibility, with the first national examination occurring at the end of general upper secondary education.
The document summarizes a meeting of partners for the ASE Erasmus+ project from November 2015-2017. Representatives from Poland, Romania, France, Greece, and Italy met in Castiglione del Lago, Italy for their first in-person meeting after communicating online. They visited a music school together, saw lessons, and had working sessions to plan student exchanges and future meeting dates. The partners gained insights into each other's schools and regions during their time in Italy.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
2. EUROPE: born of an idea.
Rethink how the idea of Europe was formed is now
essential to look ahead, with foresight, as well as with
courage and determination.
We have to rethink the history of this long historical
process outside prejudices and nationalist visions,
outside rhetorical representations and sweeteners, but
also free from pessimism and defeatism. The millennial
history of the idea of Europe helps us to take this path
because it is made of rapid changes and long-term
persistence's, great innovations and discoveries, new
achievements and ideal strongholds, of inclusion, of
commingling, of integration, but also of intolerance, of
crisis, of war and subjugation. There is in this story,
which is the history of individual characters, of
populations and states, the path of ideas and there are
concrete changes, religious reforms, political
revolutions and economic crises; there is the language
of art and philosophy, that of weapons and
obscurantism of religious persecution.
There is a Europe built through the treaties but there is
also a Europe of high ideals; there are, to define its vast
geographical and cultural boundaries, the language of
science and that of weapons, but, to prove its
civilization, there is the defense of individual rights
against arbitrary power and the struggle for the
extension of social rights.
In the idea of Europe there is our past, but above all
there is our future.
EUROPE: Naissance d'une idée
Repenser la façon dont est l'idée de l'Europe est
maintenant essentiel pour regarder vers l'avenir, avec
prévoyance, et aussi courage et détermination. Nous
devons repenser l'histoire de ce long processus
historique en dehors des préjugés et des visions
nationalistes, des représentations de la parole et des
édulcorants, mais aussi libre de pessimisme et de
défaitisme. L'histoire millénaire de l'idée de l'Europe
nous aide à prendre ce chemin parce qu'elle est faite de
changements rapides et de périodes à long terme, de
grandes innovations et découvertes, nouvelles
réalisations et forts idéaux d’inclusion, de compromis,
d'intégration, mais aussi d'intolérance, crise, guerres et
oppression. Il ya dans cette histoire, histoires de
caractères individuels, des peuples et des Etats, la voie
d'idées et il ya des changements concrets, les réformes
religieuses, les révolutions politiques et les crises
économiques; est le langage de l'art et de la
philosophie, celle des armes et l'obscurantisme de la
persécution religieuse. Il y a une Europe construite par
les traités, mais il ya aussi une Europe des idéaux élevés;
Il ya, pour définir ses vastes frontières géographiques et
culturelles, la langue de la science et celui des armes,
mais la preuve de sa civilisation est la défense des droits
individuels contre l'arbitraire et la lutte pour l'extension
de droits sociaux.
L'idée de l'Europe est notre passé, mais surtout il est
notre avenir.
3. Les premières traces de l'Europe
XIII siècle av. J.C. Le nom de Europe
Le nom de l'Europe en tant que territoire
apparaît pour la première fois dans Homère,
dans l'Iliade, fournir des orientations sur la
princesse phénicienne, mais sans engager
dans une relation explicite avec le
représentant du nom territoriale. La zone
géographique, l'Europe est mentionné dans
l'Hymne à Apollon 7 sec. Indique une zone
autour de la Grèce pour indiquer la Grèce
continentale en opposition avec le
Péloponnèse et les îles de la mer Égée.
Environ 500 A.C. Hécatée de Milet parle de
deux grandes divisions, l'Europe et l'Asie
(avec la Libye qui fait partie de la deuxième).
Une génération plus tard, Hérodote définit le
monde habitable en Europe et le barbare du
monde en Asie. Alors la vieille Europe est déjà
identifié dans le bassin de Méditerranée.
First traces of Europe
VII Century a.C. The name of Europe
The name of Europe as land appears for the
first time in Homer and is Homer himself, in
truth, in the Iliad, to provide guidance on the
Phoenician princess, but without engaging in
explicit relationship with the representative of
the name of the land. As geographical area,
Europe is mentioned in the Hymn to Apollo 7
sec. A.C. and indicates an area around the
Greece, the Greek mainland in opposition to
the Peloponnese and the Aegean islands.
Around 500 A.C. Hecataeus of Miletus speaks
of two great divisions, Europe and Asia (with
Libya which is part of the second). A
generation later, Herodotus sets the habitable
world in Europe and the barbarian world in
Asia. So the old Europe is already identified in
the basin of Mediterranean Sea.
4. THE MYTH OF EUROPA
The first written records of the myth of Europa date back to the times of Homer and Hesiod,
around the 8th century BC. In the Iliad Zeus evokes, among his many loves, the one with Europa,
while in the Theogony Hesiod mentions Europa daughter of Tethys, one of the sea goddesses.
We know that myths, before being written, were handed down orally for a long time; in fact a
tradition situates the events to which the myth alludes between 19th and 15th century BC.
The mythological story
The myth tells of the princess Europa, daughter of the king
of Phoenicians (whose kingdom extended on the territory of
Lebanon and included the flourishing cities of Tyre and Sidon),
which gone to the sea with the maids met on the beach a white
bull of so much beauty and mildness, to get her to ride him.
But the bull rushed through the sea carrying the
girl to the island of Crete, where he assumed the guise of Zeus
and gave birth to her three children, among them Minos, king
of Crete, and Rhadamanthus, judge of the underworld.
5. The myth continues with the story about Europa's brothers, which set off in different directions
to look for their sister: among them Cadmus who arrived on the Greek mainland where he
founded Thebes; he is credited with the transmission of the alphabet from Phoenicia to Greece.
In general, the myth represents a civilization movement from East to West and the name
Europe, given to the western territories, reflects this shift. According to recent studies, the
overshadowed cults of bovines and the moon in the myth of Europa (the bull's horns have the
same shape of the crescent moon and the two symbols were connected in religious rites) were
transmitted through the migrations from the Middle East and Africa to Greece. According
already to Herodotus (fifth century BC), the myth of Europa was referring to the custom of
kidnapping girls for the purpose of forced marriage, another example of which was- in a
specular way- the story of Paris and Helen.
6. Art and poetry to pass the myth
The myth was handed down over the centuries through
art, which includes various representations of the girl on
the bull, and through poetry. In particular, the
transmission in the Middle Ages was given by Ovid's
Metamorphoses, accompanied by illustrations.
From the fourteenth century the Christianized version
of moralized Ovid spred, which attributed to the myth
an allegory, according to which Europa is the human
soul and the bull is the Christ who redeems it carrying it
from Earth to Heaven.
The myth of Europa has undergone many changes over
time, and the impression of continuity is only apparent,
while its versatility and polyvalence accentuates.
At certain times - as in the 17th and 18th centuries -
it seemed sometimes emptied of deep meanings, being
used as a decorative element repeated endlessly on
snuff boxes, tapestries, storages.
7. Europa and the contemporary
In the contemporary era, the myth underwent further
metamorphoses, reflecting the political and cultural changes
of the continent. In the period between the wars the myth
came to mean denunciation of fascism and an attempt to a
rape of Europa, seen as the continent's bloody conquest and
an expropriation of its symbols in an interpretation of the
myth in an 'Aryan' way, exaltation of Europe white purebred.
To this were opposed representations of artists like Max
Beckmann, who in 1933 introduced an overturned Europa on
a bull, this time brown as Nazis' shirts: she is a young woman
with the short hair of the ongoing era and the scream of
violence on her face, while the animal is represented in all
the arrogance and power of Nazism.
The 1933 was the same year of the seizure of power in Germany by Hitler, and soon Beckmann was
classified as a 'degenerate artist' and forced to leave the post of art teacher. In more recent times the myth
represented the new European unity and the construction of a Union that is able to integrate eastern and
western parts of the continent, separated by the Cold War of the fifties. Europa appear that exhibit the sign
of the stars in circle, the flag of the European Union, or stand out against a background
representing many nations and different flags.
The great social and cultural transformations in Europe nowadays have prompted depictions of the myth in
which the female figure is no longer a victim, nor acquiescent, but instead assumes a dominant position.
The German painter Ursula has well expressed this change of costume and mentality in his painting of 1987,
in which Europa stands triumphantly in the center of the picture. Her hairstyle, as well as the bull's coat and
the images in the background, evoke a world where the exotic has blended in a global manner and at the
same time Europe does not represent any longer the center of the world.
8. Europe in the encounter between different cultures
At the same cultural movement we can assign a tendency to portray the myth by artists of different
traditions from Japan to Latin America. Thus the myth acquires a new meaning of universality, not imposed
by a single European mark, but reworked freely in cultural heritage of various countries, reaching
multicultural hybrids of great interest to the actuality. In a world crossed by large migrations of people,
often in the direction of Europe, as in the past many European workers had to emigrate to find better living
conditions and work in other continents, the myth of Europa assumes particular significance. Europa is a
traveler who is not afraid to give up everything to move from East to West, to discover new worlds and bring
the contribution of another culture. It reminds us that peoples have always transmigrated and that these
population movements bring important cultural and social innovations.
The 1933 was the same year of the seizure of power in Germany
by Hitler, and soon Beckmann was classified as a 'degenerate
artist' and forced to leave the post of art teacher. In more recent
times the myth represented the new European unity and the construction
of a Union that is able to integrate eastern and western parts of the
continent, separated by the Cold War of the fifties. Europa appear that
exhibit the sign of the stars in circle, the flag of the European Union,
or stand out against a background representing many nations and
different flags.
The great social and cultural transformations in Europe nowadays have
prompted depictions of the myth in which the female figure is no longer a
victim, nor acquiescent, but instead assumes a dominant position.
The German painter Ursula has well expressed this change of costume and
mentality in his painting of 1987, in which Europa stands triumphantly in
the center of the picture. Her hairstyle, as well as the bull's coat and the
images in the background, evoke a world where the exotic has blended in
a global manner and at the same time Europe does not represent any
longer the center of the world.
9. 732 AD Charles Martel and the enigma of Poitiers
The battle in 732 AD halted Islam has become a founding
moment of European identity. Debut of "Europenses".
The word, in latin, it is used for the first time in the
chronicle of a Christian Andalusian chronicler.
The Franks under the command of Charles Martel,
grandfather of Charlemagne, defeated an Arab army under
the command of the governor of the Arab Spain, Abd el-
Rahman, who died on the battlefield.
But there is a chronicler of that most of all he helped to
create the myth of Poitiers. It is an anonymous chronicler,
Christian, who wrote in Latin in the Spain ruled by Arabs. It
is the only one to relate in detail the clash, coining an image
remained famous: the men of the North, "gentes
Septentrionales" repulsed the assault remain motionless
like a wall, impenetrable as the polar ice.
The term used twice by the Spanish chronicler to indicate
the winners: they are the "Europenses" and was the first
time that this adjective appear, in latin, to indicate the
inhabitants of the West.
The appearance of those Europenses under the pen of the
Mozarabic reporter is not at all so inexplicable; rather it is
the logical outcome of a centuries-long process that saw
the Latin civilization retreating more and more to the West
and to the North, under the protection of the "barbarians".
A process enshrined in the year 800 from the coronation of
Charlemagne, who transform the Roman Emperor King in
the King the Franks; but even before that fateful day many
associated the idea of Europe with the name of
Charlemagne.
La bataille de Poitiers ou bataille de Tours oppose, en 732
ou 733, une coalition composée principalement de
combattants des Royaumes francs et des duchés
d'Aquitaine et de Vasconie au gouvernorat omeyyade. Les
Francs, les Vascons et les Aquitains, menés respectivement
par le maire du palais Charles Martel et le duc d'Aquitaine et
de Vasconie Eudes, y obtiennent une victoire décisive face
aux Omeyyades, menés par le gouverneur d'Al-Andalus Abd
al-Rahmân, qui meurt lors du combat. Les détails de la
bataille, notamment sa localisation et sa date exactes, ainsi
que le nombre de combattants, ne peuvent être déterminés.
Cette victoire importante des chrétiens sur les musulmans a
un retentissement immédiat des deux côtés, la technique de
combat de Charles, élevé au rang de champion de la
chrétienté, lui valant son surnom de Martel (Marteau) de la
part des chroniqueurs du ixe
siècle, qui voient en cette
victoire un jugement de Dieu en sa faveur. La bataille devient
à partir du xvie
siècle un symbole de la lutte de
l'Europe chrétienne face aux musulmans, événement qui
marque un tournant dans l'Histoire avec le début du recul de
l'islam face au christianisme en Europe. Les historiens
contemporains sont divisés quant à l'importance réelle de la
bataille de Poitiers et son rôle dans le maintien du
christianisme en Europe. Les avis sont moins divergents en ce
qui concerne le poids qu'a la bataille dans l'établissement de
la domination franque en Europe de l'Ouest pendant le siècle
suivant, et l'émergence de l'Empire carolingien.
La bataille de Poitiers est devenu, depuis les années suivants,
l'un des grands mythes de l'histoire médiévale, est significatif
que le mot "européens" (europeenses) apparaît pour la
première fois dans un texte VIIIe siècle pour indiquer les
gagnants de l'affrontement avec les Arabes.
10.
11. XI CENTURY
From the VIII Century, the Islamic expansion arrived to the south of
Europe, in Sicily, in the south Spain and then around the Aegean
Sea.
The Crusades, from 1095 to 1291, allowed, in the West Latin
Countries, contacts with the Greek and and Muslims, where a more
advanced civilization had persisted and continued to evolve. Indeed,
for some Byzantine and Muslim scholars, God on the one hand and
science and reason on the other hand are clearly separated, while
Christians of the West, referring to St. Augustine, yet submit any
thought to God: "God is, so I think".
In 1130 the Bishop of Toledo created a school of Arab and Jews
translation.
Westerners are rediscovering so many writings of antiquity,
especially Greek, hitherto forgotten, as a part of the philosophy of
Aristotle, review by Arab philosophers (Averroes...).
In ancient times Greek and Roman authors agreed to oppose their
Mediterranean civilization, called "Imperium" from Augustus, to a
"Barbaricum" populated by Celts, Teutons, of Illyrians, Thracians,
also various Iranian peoples such as the Sarmatians or Scythians,
and in late antiquity, Slavs. The civilizations of these peoples were
initially less urban, legal and scriptural than the Greeks and Romans,
but no less complex religiously, socially and artistically.
The "turn of the year 1000": towards the middle of the tenth
century the European population begins to increase, due to climate
improvement and some technical advances that have applications in
agriculture, like the shoulder collar for horses. Began a period of
two centuries, that of large land clearing. At the same time, "the
white coat of the Curch" covered the entire continent, and the
pilgrimages to San Jaques and Jerusalem became the expression of
the bright medieval piety "qui, du monde extérieur à son lieu de vie,
ne connaît que Dieu ".
12. La renaissance du xiie
siècle est une période majeure
de renouveau du monde culturel au Moyen Âge.
Stimulée par un contexte de prospérité inédit depuis
le début du Moyen Âge, sur les
plans démographique et économique, mais aussi par
une période de « renaissance politique » et par
la réforme de l'Église, la chrétienté vit une profonde
mutation de ses structures culturelles. Le monde
monastique se recentre sur la fonction méditative, ce
qui profite aux écoles urbaines qui fleurissent dans
les grandes villes. Les disciplines intellectuelles sont
ainsi dynamisées et nourries par l'élan des
traductions depuis le grec et l'arabe en Espagne et
en Italie, qui diffuse de nouveaux textes d'Aristote et
de ses commentateurs musulmans. De là découle un
goût nouveau pour les disciplines scientifiques, pour
la dialectique, la naissance de la théologie
dogmatique et l'esquisse de la scolastique, ou encore
l'essor du droit et de la médecine dans les régions
méditerranéennes.
Siècle de l'essor d'une véritable classe
d'« intellectuels » et de l'épanouissement d'une
culture de cour et de la littérature courtoise,
le xiie
siècle prépare la maturité culturelle du siècle
suivant, qui se révélera dans le cadre des universités.
Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of
many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages.
It included social, political
land economic transformations, and an intellectual
revitalization of Western Europe with strong
philosophical and scientific roots.
The 12th century in Europe was in many respects an
age of fresh and vigorous life. The epoch of the
Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest
bureaucratic states of the West, it saw the
culmination of Romanesque art and the beginnings
of Gothic; the emergence of the vernacular
literatures; the revival of the Latin classics and of
Latin poetry and Roman law; the recovery of Greek
science, with its Arabic additions, and of much
of Greek philosophy; and the origin of the
first European universities. The 12th century left its
signature on higher education, on the scholastic
philosophy, on European systems of law, on
architecture and sculpture, on the liturgical drama,
on Latin and vernacular poetry.
13. Le xiie
siècle en Europe fut sur bien des plans une
période fraîche et vigoureuse. Outre les Croisades,
l'essor urbain, et les premiers États bureaucratiques
d'Occident, cette époque a aussi permis l'apogée de
l'art roman et les débuts du gothique, l'émergence
des littératures vernaculaires, le renouveau des
classiques latins, de la poésie latine et du droit
romain, la redécouverte de la science grecque avec
ses enrichissements arabes, et de la majeure partie
de la philosophie grecque, et les origines des
premières universités d'Europe. Le douzième siècle a
laissé sa marque sur l'éducation supérieure, sur la
philosophie scolastique, sur les systèmes juridiques
européens, sur l'architecture et la sculpture, sur le
drame liturgique, sur la poésie latine et vernaculaire.
Si l'expression « renaissance du xiie
siècle » désigne
principalement un mouvement intellectuel et
culturel, on peut toutefois la distinguer de
la renaissance carolingienne et de la renaissance
ottonienne en cela que le xiie
siècle connaît, bien
plus que les siècles précédents, un contexte général
de prospérité, et de profondes mutations sociales et
politiques.
After the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire, Western Europe had entered the Middle
Ages with great difficulties. Apart from depopulation
and other factors, most classical scientific treatises
of classical antiquity, written in Greek, had become
unavailable. Philosophical and scientific teaching of
the Early Middle Ages was based upon the few Latin
translations and commentaries on ancient Greek
scientific and philosophical texts that remained in
the Latin West, not to mention that even that
remained at minimal levels.
This scenario changed during the renaissance of the
12th century. The increased contact with the Islamic
world in Muslim-dominated Spain and Sicily,
the Crusades, the Reconquista, as well as increased
contact with Byzantium, allowed Europeans to seek
and translate the works of Hellenic and Islamic
philosophers and scientists, especially the works
of Aristotle. Several translations were made of Euclid
but no true commentary was written until the
middle of the 13th century.
14. L'essor de l'Occident au xiie
siècle résulte de
différents facteurs d'expansion mis en évidence par
les monographies locales, qui se sont multipliées
dans la recherche historique des décennies
récentes : croissance
démographique, défrichements et mise en valeur de
terres nouvelles, essor urbain, progrès des échanges
et de l'économie monétaire, et enfin reprise de
l'extension territoriale de l'Occident, pour la
première fois au Moyen Âge, après des siècles de
repli et d'invasions. Facteurs dont il faut préciser
qu'ils interagissent, et qu'il est donc difficile de les
distinguer ou de les hiérarchiser. Cette société plus
riche devient également une société plus
commerçante, et c'est tout l'Occident chrétien qui
connaît une mobilité géographique accrue. L'essor
économique et la stabilisation politique permettent
d'améliorer les routes, de construire des ponts, et de
rendre le réseau plus sûr par l'entretien des
infrastructures (ponts, hospices) et la conduite des
voyageurs (cols), le tout étant permis par l'essor
d'une fiscalité adaptée (péages). Ces progrès
bénéficient aux marchands qui affluent dans les
foires urbaines comme celles de Champagne, mais
aussi aux pèlerins, les pèlerinages de Saint-Jacques
de Compostelle ou de Rome connaissant alors un
certain apogée. L'économie monétaire remplace
progressivement les pratiques de don et contre-don.
The development of medieval universities allowed
them to aid materially in the translation and
propagation of these texts and started a new
infrastructure which was needed for scientific
communities. In fact, the European university put
many of these texts at the center of its
curriculum, with the result that the "medieval
university laid far greater emphasis on science than
does its modern counterpart and descendent."
The 12th century renaissance saw a revival of
interest in poetry. Writing mostly in Latin,
contemporary poets produced significantly more
work than those of the Carolingian Renaissance. The
subject matter varied wildly across epic, lyric, and
dramatic. Meter was no longer confined to the
classical forms and began to diverge into newer
schemes. Additionally, the division between religious
and secular poetry became smaller. In particular,
the Goliards were noted for profane parodies of
religious texts.
These expansions of poetic form contributed to the
rise of vernacular literature, which tended to prefer
the newer rhythms and structures.
15. La Reconquista ("reconquête")
Est une période d'environ 781 années dans l'histoire
de la péninsule ibérique, après la conquête islamique
en 711 à la chute de Grenade, le dernier état
islamique sur la péninsule, en 1492. Elle a pris fin
juste avant la découverte du Nouveau Monde et la
période des empires coloniaux portugais et
espagnols qui a suivi.
Traditionnellement, les historiens marquent le début
de la Reconquista à la bataille de Covadonga (718 ou
722) dans lequel une petite armée, dirigée par le
noble Pélage, vaincu une armée Omeyyade dans les
montagnes du nord de Iberia et a établi une petite
principauté chrétienne dans les Asturies.
The intolerance
1492 Granada: Inquisition, Islam, Jews.
A unforgettable year who sign the end of the Middle
Age and the start of the Modern Age. At the centre
Ferdinand King of Aragona and Isabel of Castilla,
already supporters of the Inquisition: it is their work
that was responsible for the surrender of the last
Muslim kingdom, for the Columbus expedition to the
Indies and the expulsion of Jews. For them Baptism
or exile, a tragic alternative. The modern State is
born under the flag of intolerance, creating
categories of "different people" on which they (who
managed the power) practice the mechanisms of
exclusion and exploitation.
The Reconquista (“Reconquest")
Is a period of approximately 781 years in the history
of the Iberian Peninsula, after the Islamic
conquest in 711 to the fall of Granada, the last
Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492. It ended right
before the discovery of the New World, and the
period of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial
empires which followed.
Traditionally, historians mark the beginning of the
Reconquista with the Battle of Covadonga (718 or
722), in which a small army, led by the
nobleman Pelagius, defeated an Umayyad army in
the mountains of northern Iberia and established a
small Christian principality in Asturias.
L'intolérance
1492 Grenade: Inquisition, l'Islam, les Juifs. Une
année qui marque la fin du Moyen Âge et le début
de l'ère moderne. Au centre, le roi Ferdinand
d'Aragon et Isabelle de Castille, partisans de
l'Inquisition: c'est à eux qu'on doit la
CAPITOLATION du dernier royaume musulman,
l'expédition de Columbus vers les Indes et
l'expulsion des Juifs. Pour eux, ou le baptême ou
l'exil, une alternative dramatique. L'État moderne est
né avec les barrières de l'intolérance et la création
de catégories de «divers». La couple royale
pratiquent les mécanismes d'exclusion et
d'exploitation du nouveau continent.
16.
17. 1555 Carlo V
Emperor of the possessions that between 1500 and
1700 were united under the crown of the Habsburg.
The Monarchy included the Iberian Peninsula, most
of the Italian country, Sicily, Sardinia, the
Netherlands, the German empire, and even the West
Indies: so that Charles V could utter the famous
phrase "The Sun Never Sets In My Kingdom". The
political reality under consideration was for decades
the meeting point for the unification of Europe,
without going through the experience of nation
states, whose final destination was the disaster of the
two world wars.
25th September 1555: The Peace of Augsburg marks
the end of the religious unity of Europe. Collapses the
dream that the Emperor Charles V embodied: the
idea of a universal monarchy, desired by God, to
preserve and defend the peace, order, religion and
civilization in Europe. A month later, Charles V
defeated and tired down the steps of his throne. The
most powerful man in the world shares its domains
between the son and brother. At the end of the rites
of renunciation of power, the former emperor
retreats to a remote monastery.
In the three years, waiting for death, Charles V
survives at the end of Charles V. And a divided
Europe survives the sunset of the project of a united
Europe.
1555 Carlo V
Emperor of the possessions that between 1500 and
1700 were united under the crown of the Habsburg.
The Monarchy included the Iberian Peninsula, most
of the Italian country, Sicily, Sardinia, the
Netherlands, the German empire, and even the West
Indies: so that Charles V could utter the famous
phrase "The Sun Never Sets In My Kingdom". The
political reality under consideration was for decades
the meeting point for the unification of Europe,
without going through the experience of nation
states, whose final destination was the disaster of the
two world wars.
25th September 1555: The Peace of Augsburg marks
the end of the religious unity of Europe. Collapses the
dream that the Emperor Charles V embodied: the
idea of a universal monarchy, desired by God, to
preserve and defend the peace, order, religion and
civilization in Europe. A month later, Charles V
defeated and tired down the steps of his throne. The
most powerful man in the world shares its domains
between the son and brother. At the end of the rites
of renunciation of power, the former emperor
retreats to a remote monastery.
In the three years, waiting for death, Charles V
survives at the end of Charles V. And a divided
Europe survives the sunset of the project of a united
Europe.