The document provides information about Western Europe, including:
1) Western Europe's population patterns have been shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events. Major cities like Paris, Berlin, and Brussels are discussed.
2) The region has a long history, from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance and periods like the Middle Ages and Reformation that influenced religion. Key figures that impacted the region are mentioned like Charlemagne and Martin Luther.
3) Major economic and political changes occurred like the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, influencing the growth of nationalism.
Peter the Great sought to westernize and modernize Russia through various reforms. He founded the city of St. Petersburg to gain access to trade routes to Europe. Through conquest, he acquired territory and defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War. Peter centralized authority, reformed the military, promoted education, and weakened the influence of the Orthodox Church. He made Russia a major power in Europe through expansion, westernization efforts, and grand architectural projects like the Winter Palace.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance period from approximately 1350-1600 AD. It began as a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy after centuries of poverty and decline during the Middle Ages. This new humanist worldview valued individualism and embraced rational thought. In Italy, the Renaissance was centered in cities like Florence, Rome, and Venice, where new wealth, contact with Byzantine scholars, and ruins of ancient Rome inspired artistic and intellectual developments. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced masterworks that reflected the period's emphasis on realism, anatomy, and classical ideals. Machiavelli also wrote The Prince during this time, which influenced modern
France was ruled by a series of monarchs from 497 AD to 1793. Louis XIV established absolute rule and moved the royal court to Versailles in 1682, setting French culture as preeminent in Europe. Growing discontent among the peasant and middle classes led to the French Revolution in 1789. The storming of the Bastille prison sparked mass revolution across France, ushering in a Reign of Terror and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who established the French Empire before his eventual defeat in 1815.
- Western Europe from 1450-1750 saw the rise of absolutism in countries like France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands. Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right with unlimited power.
- In France, Cardinal Richelieu helped centralize power for King Louis XIII. Louis XIV later epitomized absolute rule, believing "I am the state." He moved the capital to Versailles to control nobles.
- In England, the Tudors brought stability after the War of the Roses. Elizabeth I established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada, securing England. The Stuarts' divine right views led to conflicts and the English Civil War between Parliament and Charles I,
Central Europe and Russia in the Age of AbsolutismDave Phillips
The document summarizes key rulers and events in Central and Eastern Europe during the Age of Absolutism. It discusses the Thirty Years' War, which devastated Germany, and the rise of Sweden and France at the expense of the declining Hapsburgs. It then profiles the rulers of Prussia and Russia, including Frederick the Great, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, emphasizing their roles in modernizing and expanding their empires through military conquest and adoption of Western culture.
The document summarizes the key developments and events of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It describes the transition from the medieval to the modern era, the rise of humanism and secular thought during this period in Italy and other parts of Europe. It also discusses the growth of powerful monarchies in countries like France and the exploration and colonization of the Americas by powers like Spain and Portugal that established new global empires and trade networks and had major social, economic and political impacts.
Charles I came to the Spanish throne in the early 16th century as the first king of Spain from the Habsburg dynasty. He inherited a vast empire from his grandparents that included Spain, the Low Countries, Italy, and territories in the Americas. His rule led to a revolt by Castilian cities and nobles known as the Revolt of the Comuneros. Although he defeated the revolt, it influenced him to pay more attention to Castile. His son, Philip II, later inherited Charles' territories and through war and inheritance acquired even more land, creating the largest empire in the world at the time. However, the Spanish Empire went into decline in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decrease, and military
The document discusses the origins and early history of the concept of Europe from ancient times through the Middle Ages. It notes that the name "Europe" first appeared in Homer's writings to refer to a region of Greece. By the 5th century BC, writers like Hecataeus of Miletus and Herodotus identified Europe and Asia as the two main divisions of the inhabited world. The battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, where the Franks defeated the Umayyad forces, is cited as an important early event in the development of a European identity, as the Christian chronicler first used the term "Europenses" to describe the Frankish forces. The document also discusses the influence of the Crusades
Peter the Great sought to westernize and modernize Russia through various reforms. He founded the city of St. Petersburg to gain access to trade routes to Europe. Through conquest, he acquired territory and defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War. Peter centralized authority, reformed the military, promoted education, and weakened the influence of the Orthodox Church. He made Russia a major power in Europe through expansion, westernization efforts, and grand architectural projects like the Winter Palace.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance period from approximately 1350-1600 AD. It began as a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy after centuries of poverty and decline during the Middle Ages. This new humanist worldview valued individualism and embraced rational thought. In Italy, the Renaissance was centered in cities like Florence, Rome, and Venice, where new wealth, contact with Byzantine scholars, and ruins of ancient Rome inspired artistic and intellectual developments. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo produced masterworks that reflected the period's emphasis on realism, anatomy, and classical ideals. Machiavelli also wrote The Prince during this time, which influenced modern
France was ruled by a series of monarchs from 497 AD to 1793. Louis XIV established absolute rule and moved the royal court to Versailles in 1682, setting French culture as preeminent in Europe. Growing discontent among the peasant and middle classes led to the French Revolution in 1789. The storming of the Bastille prison sparked mass revolution across France, ushering in a Reign of Terror and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who established the French Empire before his eventual defeat in 1815.
- Western Europe from 1450-1750 saw the rise of absolutism in countries like France, Spain, England, and the Netherlands. Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right with unlimited power.
- In France, Cardinal Richelieu helped centralize power for King Louis XIII. Louis XIV later epitomized absolute rule, believing "I am the state." He moved the capital to Versailles to control nobles.
- In England, the Tudors brought stability after the War of the Roses. Elizabeth I established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada, securing England. The Stuarts' divine right views led to conflicts and the English Civil War between Parliament and Charles I,
Central Europe and Russia in the Age of AbsolutismDave Phillips
The document summarizes key rulers and events in Central and Eastern Europe during the Age of Absolutism. It discusses the Thirty Years' War, which devastated Germany, and the rise of Sweden and France at the expense of the declining Hapsburgs. It then profiles the rulers of Prussia and Russia, including Frederick the Great, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, emphasizing their roles in modernizing and expanding their empires through military conquest and adoption of Western culture.
The document summarizes the key developments and events of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It describes the transition from the medieval to the modern era, the rise of humanism and secular thought during this period in Italy and other parts of Europe. It also discusses the growth of powerful monarchies in countries like France and the exploration and colonization of the Americas by powers like Spain and Portugal that established new global empires and trade networks and had major social, economic and political impacts.
Charles I came to the Spanish throne in the early 16th century as the first king of Spain from the Habsburg dynasty. He inherited a vast empire from his grandparents that included Spain, the Low Countries, Italy, and territories in the Americas. His rule led to a revolt by Castilian cities and nobles known as the Revolt of the Comuneros. Although he defeated the revolt, it influenced him to pay more attention to Castile. His son, Philip II, later inherited Charles' territories and through war and inheritance acquired even more land, creating the largest empire in the world at the time. However, the Spanish Empire went into decline in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decrease, and military
The document discusses the origins and early history of the concept of Europe from ancient times through the Middle Ages. It notes that the name "Europe" first appeared in Homer's writings to refer to a region of Greece. By the 5th century BC, writers like Hecataeus of Miletus and Herodotus identified Europe and Asia as the two main divisions of the inhabited world. The battle of Poitiers in 732 AD, where the Franks defeated the Umayyad forces, is cited as an important early event in the development of a European identity, as the Christian chronicler first used the term "Europenses" to describe the Frankish forces. The document also discusses the influence of the Crusades
The age of imperialism saw the expansion of European colonial empires in the late 19th century due to economic, political, and social factors. Countries industrialized and sought new markets and resources. This led to intense rivalry and a scramble for territory in Africa and Asia. By 1914, most of the world had been conquered and divided up among the major European powers and the United States, establishing colonial empires dominated by Britain and France. The legacy of imperialism included the redrawing of borders without regard for indigenous groups, disruption of traditional societies, cultural and economic changes that prioritized the needs of colonizers.
During a time of religious and economic instability in Spain, Philip II ruled with an iron fist and grew Spain's empire significantly by seizing Portugal in 1580. Spain became extremely wealthy due to gold and silver from the Americas. Philip II was a staunch defender of Catholicism and fought against Muslims, Protestants, and the Ottomans. The Golden Age of Spanish art and literature flourished with renowned artists like El Greco and Velázquez, as well as the seminal work Don Quixote. However, over time inflation and taxes weakened Spain's economy while making its enemies rich, culminating in the Dutch revolting and gaining independence in 1579.
This document provides a survey of noble families of Jewish ancestry across Europe from publications in 1912-1914. It lists many Jewish families who were elevated to the nobility in various European countries such as the Rothschilds, Eskeles, and Kuffner in Austria due to their economic and industrial contributions. However, Jews still faced restrictions and had to regularly request permission to live places. The listings provide the names of noble Jewish families in countries including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, and Spain.
This document outlines several goals related to studying medieval Europe, including political developments in Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Russia and Eastern Europe (Goal 8); economic developments like the Agricultural Revolution, technology, trade and guilds (Goal 9); and the causes and effects of the Renaissance and Reformation (Goal 10). It provides learning objectives for each goal, focusing on topics like medieval kingdoms, the humanist movement, and the influence of the Renaissance as a catalyst for change.
- Absolutism arose in Europe during a period when monarchs gained more power and ruled with absolute authority, justified by the Divine Right Theory that kings were chosen by God.
- Absolute monarchies had both strengths like efficiency and stability from one ruler, as well as weaknesses like being undemocratic and potentially violating individual rights.
- Major European absolute monarchies included Louis XIV's France, Phillip II's Spain during its Golden Age, and Peter the Great's modernizing rule in Russia from 1689-1725.
- England established a constitutional monarchy through the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights that limited royal power and established a cabinet system headed by a Prime Minister.
This document provides an overview of absolutism in Europe between the 1400s and 1700s. It discusses how absolute monarchs consolidated power by claiming divine right to rule without limits and centralized control over society. Specific sections cover the growth of absolutism in Spain under the Hapsburgs, the reign of Louis XIV in France and his centralization of power, the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the limits placed on English monarchs by Parliament. Absolute rulers like Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great also expanded Russian territory and reformed society along more Western lines.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on the history and culture of France. It covers the following key points:
1. France has been continuously settled since Paleolithic times, with Celts migrating in around 600 BC and the country becoming part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD.
2. The modern nation of France began taking shape in the 9th century following the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory among Charlemagne's grandsons.
3. Key aspects of French culture discussed include its fashion industry centered in Paris, renowned cuisine influenced by regional styles, and the French language which evolved from Latin and is now spoken internationally.
This document provides an overview of key events and topics in modern Western European history through a series of slides. It covers the history of many European countries from the 15th century onwards, including the major empires, conflicts, explorations, and political developments that shaped the region. It also includes maps, timelines, and links for further information on the various topics presented.
This document summarizes United States immigration from 1820 to 2000. It describes the major waves of immigration and the ethnic groups that immigrated during each period. In the 1820-1880 period, immigrants included African slaves, English, Chinese workers, and Germans. From 1880-1930, most immigrants came from southern Italy and Jewish people fled Russian pogroms. Ellis Island processed millions of immigrants from 1850-1954. Immigrants settled across the country, with Italians concentrated in New York, Irish on the East Coast, Germans in the Midwest, and Mexicans and Central/South Americans in the Southwest. By 2000, the largest ancestry groups in the US were Germans, African Americans, Irish, Mexicans, and Italians
21.1 - Spain’s Empire and European AbsolutismDan Ewert
King Philip II of Spain presided over the height of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, as Spain extracted vast amounts of gold and silver from its American colonies. However, several factors led to the decline of Spain's empire in the following centuries, including inflation from the influx of precious metals, a weak manufacturing base, costly wars to put down rebellions in the Netherlands and Portugal, and attacks on Spanish shipping by privateers from England and other countries. By the late 1600s, Spain was facing financial troubles and the rise of absolutism in Europe as monarchies centralized power.
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents and grandparents that included territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He also became the Holy Roman Emperor, making his empire one of the largest and most influential in Europe. However, he faced many internal problems in Spain from local revolts against his rule and faced external threats from France and the Ottoman Empire. Though he tried to address religious divisions, the problems were not fully resolved in his lifetime. Charles helped establish the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and vastly expanded Spanish power, though the empire became overextended and his son Philip inherited an empire engaged in many conflicts.
The 17th century saw major political and military conflicts in Europe. The Thirty Years' War from 1618-1648 began as a religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire and eventually drew in most European powers. It significantly weakened the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. The subsequent Franco-Spanish War from 1648-1659 resulted in French victories over Spain and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, further reducing Spanish power. Absolute monarchy became the dominant political system in Europe during this time, exemplified by Louis XIV of France, while England established a parliamentary system that limited royal power.
Early European Colonies in North America developed under imperialism and mercantilism. European governments established colonies to control newly claimed lands and resources, creating economic models where colonies exported cheap natural resources and imported expensive manufactured goods. This made the European countries profitable. Social hierarchies developed in the colonies, with aristocracies and churches holding power at the top and habitants and merchants in the middle, while indigenous populations faced pressures to change from disease, warfare, and religious conversion.
The US became interested in expanding overseas in the late 1800s due to increasing industrialization and new ideas about Anglo-Saxon dominance. While the US had previously followed an isolationist foreign policy, it now sought new international markets and felt pressure to join European imperialism in Africa and Asia. This expansionism was also driven by a sense of national destiny and the belief that America had a duty to civilize other peoples. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 and went to war with Spain over Cuba the same year, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result. However, governing the Philippines led to a debate over whether America should become an imperial power in conflict with its republican ideals.
China rejected European outreach during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to China's self-sufficient economy and isolationist policies. The Ming dynasty expelled foreign influences like the Mongols and established tribute systems with neighboring countries. The Qing dynasty that followed also pursued isolationist policies and imposed rules requiring European powers to adopt Chinese customs to trade. As a result, China had little interest in European contact during this period and remained largely independent from Western influence.
This document provides an overview of Western European history from 400 BC to present day through a series of slides. It covers the major empires, rulers, conflicts, and developments in countries like France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and more. Key events summarized include the Renaissance in Italy, the French and Habsburg empires, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther, the British Empire and its colonies, and the world wars and postwar periods in Europe.
Europe has an area of 10,180,000 km2 and a population of 710 million people. It has a long and diverse history, from prehistoric human settlements to the rise and fall of ancient empires like Rome and Byzantium. Major developments include the Renaissance, Age of Discovery, industrial revolution, and two world wars in the 20th century. Today, Europe is composed of independent nation states with close economic and political cooperation between members of the European Union.
France has a long history dating back to 600 BC when Greek settlers founded Marseille. Key events include the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC and the rise of the Frankish kingdom that evolved into France. In the Middle Ages, France was at the center of vibrant cultural production in Europe. The French Revolution in 1789 established France as a democratic republic and introduced national symbols like the tricolour flag. France has a diverse population and was historically divided between northern and southern linguistic regions, though French is now the dominant language. While the majority of France follows Catholicism, the country has a secular government and religious diversity among its population. Food and meals play an important social and cultural role in French daily life.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on France. It begins with a brief overview of the archeological history of settlements in France dating back to Paleolithic times. It then outlines some of the major political developments in France, including the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory, the rise of the Capetian dynasty, and the establishment of Paris as the capital. The document also includes sections on French geography, the etymology and flag of France, the French language, and notable French accomplishments in fashion, food, and other areas. It concludes with a timeline of major events in French history from prehistory to the Napoleonic era. Costumes from different time periods and social classes
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on the history and culture of France. It covers the following key points:
1. France has been continuously settled since Paleolithic times, with Celts migrating in around 600 BC and the country becoming part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD.
2. The modern nation of France began taking shape in the 9th century following the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory among Charlemagne's grandsons.
3. Key aspects of French culture discussed include its fashion industry centered in Paris, renowned cuisine influenced by regional styles, and the French language which evolved from Latin and is now spoken internationally.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on France. It begins with a brief overview of the archeological and historical background of France, including the Celtic migrations, Roman conquest, and Frankish invasions. It then discusses the geography of France and provides timelines of important political and cultural developments throughout French history from prehistory to the Napoleonic era. The document also includes sections on the etymology and flag of France, as well as summaries of research on French fashion, food, and costumes from different time periods.
The age of imperialism saw the expansion of European colonial empires in the late 19th century due to economic, political, and social factors. Countries industrialized and sought new markets and resources. This led to intense rivalry and a scramble for territory in Africa and Asia. By 1914, most of the world had been conquered and divided up among the major European powers and the United States, establishing colonial empires dominated by Britain and France. The legacy of imperialism included the redrawing of borders without regard for indigenous groups, disruption of traditional societies, cultural and economic changes that prioritized the needs of colonizers.
During a time of religious and economic instability in Spain, Philip II ruled with an iron fist and grew Spain's empire significantly by seizing Portugal in 1580. Spain became extremely wealthy due to gold and silver from the Americas. Philip II was a staunch defender of Catholicism and fought against Muslims, Protestants, and the Ottomans. The Golden Age of Spanish art and literature flourished with renowned artists like El Greco and Velázquez, as well as the seminal work Don Quixote. However, over time inflation and taxes weakened Spain's economy while making its enemies rich, culminating in the Dutch revolting and gaining independence in 1579.
This document provides a survey of noble families of Jewish ancestry across Europe from publications in 1912-1914. It lists many Jewish families who were elevated to the nobility in various European countries such as the Rothschilds, Eskeles, and Kuffner in Austria due to their economic and industrial contributions. However, Jews still faced restrictions and had to regularly request permission to live places. The listings provide the names of noble Jewish families in countries including Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, and Spain.
This document outlines several goals related to studying medieval Europe, including political developments in Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Russia and Eastern Europe (Goal 8); economic developments like the Agricultural Revolution, technology, trade and guilds (Goal 9); and the causes and effects of the Renaissance and Reformation (Goal 10). It provides learning objectives for each goal, focusing on topics like medieval kingdoms, the humanist movement, and the influence of the Renaissance as a catalyst for change.
- Absolutism arose in Europe during a period when monarchs gained more power and ruled with absolute authority, justified by the Divine Right Theory that kings were chosen by God.
- Absolute monarchies had both strengths like efficiency and stability from one ruler, as well as weaknesses like being undemocratic and potentially violating individual rights.
- Major European absolute monarchies included Louis XIV's France, Phillip II's Spain during its Golden Age, and Peter the Great's modernizing rule in Russia from 1689-1725.
- England established a constitutional monarchy through the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights that limited royal power and established a cabinet system headed by a Prime Minister.
This document provides an overview of absolutism in Europe between the 1400s and 1700s. It discusses how absolute monarchs consolidated power by claiming divine right to rule without limits and centralized control over society. Specific sections cover the growth of absolutism in Spain under the Hapsburgs, the reign of Louis XIV in France and his centralization of power, the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the limits placed on English monarchs by Parliament. Absolute rulers like Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great also expanded Russian territory and reformed society along more Western lines.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on the history and culture of France. It covers the following key points:
1. France has been continuously settled since Paleolithic times, with Celts migrating in around 600 BC and the country becoming part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD.
2. The modern nation of France began taking shape in the 9th century following the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory among Charlemagne's grandsons.
3. Key aspects of French culture discussed include its fashion industry centered in Paris, renowned cuisine influenced by regional styles, and the French language which evolved from Latin and is now spoken internationally.
This document provides an overview of key events and topics in modern Western European history through a series of slides. It covers the history of many European countries from the 15th century onwards, including the major empires, conflicts, explorations, and political developments that shaped the region. It also includes maps, timelines, and links for further information on the various topics presented.
This document summarizes United States immigration from 1820 to 2000. It describes the major waves of immigration and the ethnic groups that immigrated during each period. In the 1820-1880 period, immigrants included African slaves, English, Chinese workers, and Germans. From 1880-1930, most immigrants came from southern Italy and Jewish people fled Russian pogroms. Ellis Island processed millions of immigrants from 1850-1954. Immigrants settled across the country, with Italians concentrated in New York, Irish on the East Coast, Germans in the Midwest, and Mexicans and Central/South Americans in the Southwest. By 2000, the largest ancestry groups in the US were Germans, African Americans, Irish, Mexicans, and Italians
21.1 - Spain’s Empire and European AbsolutismDan Ewert
King Philip II of Spain presided over the height of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century, as Spain extracted vast amounts of gold and silver from its American colonies. However, several factors led to the decline of Spain's empire in the following centuries, including inflation from the influx of precious metals, a weak manufacturing base, costly wars to put down rebellions in the Netherlands and Portugal, and attacks on Spanish shipping by privateers from England and other countries. By the late 1600s, Spain was facing financial troubles and the rise of absolutism in Europe as monarchies centralized power.
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents and grandparents that included territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He also became the Holy Roman Emperor, making his empire one of the largest and most influential in Europe. However, he faced many internal problems in Spain from local revolts against his rule and faced external threats from France and the Ottoman Empire. Though he tried to address religious divisions, the problems were not fully resolved in his lifetime. Charles helped establish the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and vastly expanded Spanish power, though the empire became overextended and his son Philip inherited an empire engaged in many conflicts.
The 17th century saw major political and military conflicts in Europe. The Thirty Years' War from 1618-1648 began as a religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire and eventually drew in most European powers. It significantly weakened the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. The subsequent Franco-Spanish War from 1648-1659 resulted in French victories over Spain and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, further reducing Spanish power. Absolute monarchy became the dominant political system in Europe during this time, exemplified by Louis XIV of France, while England established a parliamentary system that limited royal power.
Early European Colonies in North America developed under imperialism and mercantilism. European governments established colonies to control newly claimed lands and resources, creating economic models where colonies exported cheap natural resources and imported expensive manufactured goods. This made the European countries profitable. Social hierarchies developed in the colonies, with aristocracies and churches holding power at the top and habitants and merchants in the middle, while indigenous populations faced pressures to change from disease, warfare, and religious conversion.
The US became interested in expanding overseas in the late 1800s due to increasing industrialization and new ideas about Anglo-Saxon dominance. While the US had previously followed an isolationist foreign policy, it now sought new international markets and felt pressure to join European imperialism in Africa and Asia. This expansionism was also driven by a sense of national destiny and the belief that America had a duty to civilize other peoples. The US annexed Hawaii in 1898 and went to war with Spain over Cuba the same year, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result. However, governing the Philippines led to a debate over whether America should become an imperial power in conflict with its republican ideals.
China rejected European outreach during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to China's self-sufficient economy and isolationist policies. The Ming dynasty expelled foreign influences like the Mongols and established tribute systems with neighboring countries. The Qing dynasty that followed also pursued isolationist policies and imposed rules requiring European powers to adopt Chinese customs to trade. As a result, China had little interest in European contact during this period and remained largely independent from Western influence.
This document provides an overview of Western European history from 400 BC to present day through a series of slides. It covers the major empires, rulers, conflicts, and developments in countries like France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and more. Key events summarized include the Renaissance in Italy, the French and Habsburg empires, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther, the British Empire and its colonies, and the world wars and postwar periods in Europe.
Europe has an area of 10,180,000 km2 and a population of 710 million people. It has a long and diverse history, from prehistoric human settlements to the rise and fall of ancient empires like Rome and Byzantium. Major developments include the Renaissance, Age of Discovery, industrial revolution, and two world wars in the 20th century. Today, Europe is composed of independent nation states with close economic and political cooperation between members of the European Union.
France has a long history dating back to 600 BC when Greek settlers founded Marseille. Key events include the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC and the rise of the Frankish kingdom that evolved into France. In the Middle Ages, France was at the center of vibrant cultural production in Europe. The French Revolution in 1789 established France as a democratic republic and introduced national symbols like the tricolour flag. France has a diverse population and was historically divided between northern and southern linguistic regions, though French is now the dominant language. While the majority of France follows Catholicism, the country has a secular government and religious diversity among its population. Food and meals play an important social and cultural role in French daily life.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on France. It begins with a brief overview of the archeological history of settlements in France dating back to Paleolithic times. It then outlines some of the major political developments in France, including the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory, the rise of the Capetian dynasty, and the establishment of Paris as the capital. The document also includes sections on French geography, the etymology and flag of France, the French language, and notable French accomplishments in fashion, food, and other areas. It concludes with a timeline of major events in French history from prehistory to the Napoleonic era. Costumes from different time periods and social classes
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on the history and culture of France. It covers the following key points:
1. France has been continuously settled since Paleolithic times, with Celts migrating in around 600 BC and the country becoming part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD.
2. The modern nation of France began taking shape in the 9th century following the Treaty of Verdun which divided Frankish territory among Charlemagne's grandsons.
3. Key aspects of French culture discussed include its fashion industry centered in Paris, renowned cuisine influenced by regional styles, and the French language which evolved from Latin and is now spoken internationally.
This document provides a summary of research conducted by a group of students on France. It begins with a brief overview of the archeological and historical background of France, including the Celtic migrations, Roman conquest, and Frankish invasions. It then discusses the geography of France and provides timelines of important political and cultural developments throughout French history from prehistory to the Napoleonic era. The document also includes sections on the etymology and flag of France, as well as summaries of research on French fashion, food, and costumes from different time periods.
This document provides information about France in 3 paragraphs. The first paragraph discusses France's early history from Paleolithic settlement through the Roman conquest. The second paragraph covers the division of Charlemagne's empire in 843 and the rise of the Capetian dynasty starting in 987. The third paragraph briefly outlines some key events in French history from the Middle Ages through the Renaissance, including the Hundred Years' War and Wars of Religion. It mentions several rulers and discusses the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty.
This document provides background information on France in three sections. It begins with a brief history of France from prehistoric times through the Middle Ages and establishment of the Capetian dynasty in 987 AD. The second section describes France's geography, highlighting major mountain ranges and rivers. The third section provides a timeline of important events and periods in French history from prehistory through the Napoleonic era. It discusses the rise and fall of empires and dynasties that shaped France.
SST Class 10. Rise of nationalism in Europe. Pratyush Thakur
The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century to the late 19th century. It describes how the French Revolution of 1789 established the idea of the nation-state and national sovereignty. In the 1800s, Napoleon spread French reforms across Europe, establishing administrative divisions and legal codes. Nationalist sentiments grew among the middle class who sought representative governments. By the late 1800s, Germany and Italy were unified as nation-states, though nationalism had taken on more conservative and intolerant forms being used to promote state power and imperialism.
The document provides an overview of France, including its government system, history, culture, and facts. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with a bicameral parliament. Its borders derive from ancient Gaul. Key events include the French Revolution and both World Wars. French culture is demonstrated through its cuisine, language, and landmarks like the Eiffel Tower and Champs-Elysees. The document also shares various statistics and fun facts about France.
This document provides a timeline of major events in European history from 400 BC to 2007 AD. It outlines the rise and fall of civilizations like Greece, Rome, and the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses the Middle Ages and events like the Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and Industrial Revolution. Major power shifts are noted, such as the rise of Prussia/Germany and decline of empires like the Ottoman Empire. Both World Wars and the Cold War period profoundly impacted Europe and led to increased nationalism and the development of the European Union.
1) In the mid-1800s, nationalism began rising across Europe as liberal ideals of individual freedom and national unity gained popularity among educated middle classes.
2) The French Revolution of 1789 was a major influence as it established the idea of the nation where citizens, not just rulers, shaped a country's destiny.
3) In the 1800s, the growth of industrialization and new social groups like the middle class further strengthened nationalist sentiments and the desire for nation-states to replace fragmented territories and principalities across Europe. However, conservative regimes resisted these changes after 1815.
The document provides an overview of European imperialism in Africa from the early 1800s to 1914. It discusses factors that prompted European imperialism like nationalism, demand for resources from industrialization, and feelings of cultural/racial superiority. It then describes how European powers came to control most of Africa through exploration, missionary activities, and the Berlin Conference which partitioned African territory to prevent conflict between European nations over claims in Africa. Resistance to European rule is also mentioned. Key figures like Livingstone, Stanley, and the activities of countries like Britain, France, and Belgium in places like North Africa, Egypt and the Congo are summarized.
- The history of Europe covers prehistoric civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans through the classical era of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise and fall of powers like the Franks and Byzantines. The Viking Age and Crusades had major impacts.
- The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery transformed Europe. Major wars included the Hundred Years' War and Thirty Years' War.
- Modern European history includes the rise of nation-states, colonialism, world wars, and the postwar division between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The European Union now faces challenges including financial crises and immigration
The Middle Ages spanned from 500-1500 AD. After the fall of the Roman Empire, threats of attacks led to the decline of cities and rise of feudalism as a political system with land granted in exchange for loyalty. Manorialism was the economic system of self-sufficient farming estates with little trade. Charlemagne created a large empire and helped revive learning in Europe, though it declined after his death. Europe was weakened by invasions until the rise of the powerful Roman Catholic Church and the Crusades between 1000-1300 AD, but the Black Death plague from 1347-1351 killed one-third of Europe's population and ended feudalism.
After 1450, Western European nations engaged in constructing a regional trading economy and exploring Asia and Africa. Portugal led the way, with Prince Henry the Navigator directing expeditions down the African coast in the 1400s. Vasco da Gama's voyage in 1498 was the first to reach India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope, establishing Portugal's dominance in Asian trade for nearly a century until other European powers like the Dutch and British improved ship technologies. The Portuguese established trading posts like Goa in India and Macao in China. Spain's conquests in the Americas after 1492 flooded Europe with silver and led it to dominate world trade in the 1500s, though its control declined as other nations challenged its naval power.
SHAYAANKHAN PPT ON THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN europe.pdfSHAYAANkhan10
Nationalism arose as a powerful force in 19th century Europe, driven by the French Revolution. It helped unite countries like Italy and Germany while dividing others such as Austria-Hungary. The rise of the middle class and spread of liberal and nationalist ideas challenged the traditional rule of aristocracies. By the late 19th century, nationalism had led to the unification of Germany and Italy into nation states while also increasing tensions in the Balkans that would lead to war.
The document discusses the history of several European colonial empires including Spain, Portugal, England, and France from the 15th century to the 18th century. Key events mentioned include Spain and Portugal's early global explorations which established vast colonial empires in the Americas and Asia, driven initially by the search for gold and spices. England developed weapons technology during the 16th century which aided its growing power. Witchcraft accusations were also common in 17th century England and France. In the 17th-18th centuries, the major European powers of Britain, France, and the Hapsburg Empire vied for control over Europe and colonies.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
The Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) reunified China under a strong centralized government based in Kaifeng and later Hangzhou. It established a meritocratic bureaucracy through civil service exams that brought educated commoners into government. Economic prosperity was driven by advances in agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and infrastructure like the Grand Canal. The population boomed to over 100 million. Neo-Confucianism synthesized Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas and became the dominant ideology. The Song prevented a return to chaos through political stability, economic growth, and an emphasis on education, ethics, and social harmony.
- Europe is 10.18 million km2, with most of Western Europe's population concentrated in urban areas along major rivers. Internal and external migration has swelled these urban populations.
- Switzerland has four official languages and a population of 8.42 million located in the Alps. Bern is the capital and Geneva is famous for banking, holding $6.5 trillion USD.
- The Netherlands has a population of 17.53 million and Amsterdam is the northern trade city on the Rhine River. During the Golden Age from 1585-1672, the Dutch Republic built a global maritime empire.
This document summarizes the history of southern Europe from early civilizations to the modern era. It describes how the ancient Greeks and Romans established the foundations of European civilization through developments in philosophy, science, architecture, democracy, and more. Major events and time periods covered include the rise and fall of classical empires and kingdoms, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, world wars, and formation of the European Union.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and civilizations of ancient Mexico, beginning with the first humans who migrated from Asia around 40,000 years ago. It discusses the major pre-Columbian civilizations that arose including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. The Maya are described in particular depth, highlighting their advanced mathematics, calendars, and city-states, before environmental challenges including deforestation led to the decline and abandonment of the classic Maya cities between 800-950 AD. The document also outlines the rise and fall of the powerful Aztec empire that dominated central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. It discusses how Ashoka promoted Buddhism in India, and how Buddhism then spread across Asia via trade routes. Merchant activity introduced Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia, influencing kingdoms' social structures, languages, and religions. Powerful kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled maritime trade routes. The Khmer Empire was the most powerful, building the city of Angkor, which supported over 1 million people at its height. The document provides details on the rise of the Khmer Empire under Jayavarman II and the construction of monuments like Angkor
The first peoples arrived in North America between 26,000-19,000 years ago during the last Ice Age when lower sea levels exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America. As the climate warmed, sea levels rose and the land bridge was flooded, separating the populations. Various groups such as the Inuit and Mississippian cultures developed across North America, building settlements and growing crops. However, diseases brought by Europeans devastated Native American populations from the 1500s onward, contributing to the decline of groups like the Mississippian civilization. Meanwhile, the Iroquois developed a matrilineal society with a democratic confederacy that may have influenced the US system of government.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography and social studies. It discusses two main branches of geography - physical geography which focuses on natural features, and human geography which focuses on human characteristics. It also explains important map tools like globes, maps, projections, grids, and cardinal directions. Latitude and longitude are described as the global grid system used to determine absolute location. Relative location is explained as location between places. Different types of maps and map elements like keys, scales and titles are outlined.
The document provides an overview of physical geography concepts and outlines the agenda for an upcoming class. The class will examine how physical geography can influence culture by studying tools geographers use to understand relationships between people, places, and environments. Students will locate major landforms and cities on a world map and complete individual research on how a physical landform has impacted culture.
Russia has a population of over 100 million people composed of over 100 ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is Russians, making up about 80% of the population, while other groups like Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, and Chuvash make up the remaining 20%. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, several republics became independent countries while others joined organizations like NATO. Russia remains ethnically diverse with Slavs, Caucasians, and Turkic peoples forming the major heritages. Russian is the most widely spoken language though over 100 tongues are used across the country's varied regions.
Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning Europe and Asia. It has significant geographic diversity, containing mountains such as the Ural Mountains that divide European and Asian Russia, and the Caucasus Mountains along the border with Europe and Asia. Russia also contains vast plains, such as the Northern Russian Plain where most of the population lives, and the West Siberian Plain, one of the largest flatland areas in the world. Russia has an abundance of natural resources, including fossil fuels, minerals, forests, and freshwater, though some resources are difficult to access due to the country's size and climate.
The document discusses the devastating effects of diseases introduced from Europe to the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange, with up to 90% of some indigenous populations dying from diseases like smallpox and measles. It also describes how the exchange introduced new crops, animals and foods as well as cash crops grown by forced indigenous and African labor, and the establishment of slavery in the Americas.
1. West Africa's isolation from global trade routes ended in the 700s CE with the rise of trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and the Islamic world. Arab traders established routes across the Sahara Desert, exchanging salt and finished goods from North Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves from West African kingdoms.
2. The spread of Islam and cultural diffusion that accompanied trans-Saharan trade led to the rise of powerful empires in West Africa like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai along the Niger River. These kingdoms adopted many cultural and political aspects of Islamic civilization, including literacy, architecture, and forms of governance.
3. At its peak between 1250-1460,
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between 500 BCE to 1500 CE. It discusses how Indian merchants introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the region through trade, and how various kingdoms like Funan and the Khmer Empire adopted Indian religions, social structures, and languages. It also describes the maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit that controlled trade routes and influenced the spread of culture. The founding myth of Cambodia is presented, which tells of an Indian prince marrying a Naga princess and establishing the first Khmer dynasty.
The document discusses three major philosophies that emerged in China during the Warring States period: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism taught that society should be based on traditional social hierarchies and that people could improve themselves through education. Daoism advocated living simply and in harmony with nature. Legalism viewed people as inherently selfish and taught that strict laws and punishments were needed to control society. The document provides overview of the key teachings of each philosophy.
The document provides an overview of a geography lesson plan that will examine how physical geography can shape culture. It outlines the objectives to locate major landforms and cities on a world map and have students complete group research on how a physical landform has impacted culture. It also assigns individual homework for students to present their findings as posters.
The Spanish founded colonies across the Caribbean and in Mexico and South America in the 1500s. They established St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, the oldest permanent European settlement in the continental United States. Meanwhile, the crew of Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, opening the Pacific Ocean to European trade and exploration. By 1600, Spain had established a vast colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, acquiring great wealth in silver and other exports. Other European powers like the Dutch, French, and English then started exploring and colonizing parts of North and South America in search of trade routes, natural resources, and territory.
This document discusses the exploration and colonization efforts of Portugal, Spain, and other European powers in the 15th-16th centuries. It mentions Portugal initially leading European exploration by sailing around Africa, while Spain explored westward across the Atlantic. It then focuses on Spanish conquests in the Americas led by figures like Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro who established empires in Mexico and Peru at the expense of indigenous groups like the Aztecs and Incas. The document also references the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided colonial rights between Portugal and Spain.
The document discusses the expansion of European maritime exploration in the 15th-16th centuries, with a focus on Portugal's early leadership in the field. Portugal took the lead in exploring Africa's west coast and sending voyages to reach India and China in search of trade routes. Explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama made important discoveries for Portugal. Meanwhile, Spain began exploring westward across the Atlantic and established colonies in the Americas. Both countries built large overseas empires through exploration and colonization during this era of mercantilism and competition for trade routes.
The document discusses the 1571 Battle of Lepanto between the Holy League led by Spain and Venice and the Ottoman Empire led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. It provides details on the strengths and deployments of both sides' fleets in the Gulf of Patras. The battle resulted in a major victory for the Holy League, destroying over 200 Ottoman ships and halting their expansion in the Mediterranean, though the Holy League was unable to fully capitalize on the victory due to the late season. The Ottoman navy was able to rebuild but remained less experienced for decades after losing many crews and soldiers at Lepanto.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
16. The Alps mark the boarder of 4 seasons in
Western Europe
17. The Alps mark the boarder of 4 seasons in
Western Europe
18.
19.
20. Western Europe is not
as ethnically diverse
as the USA or South
America.
Pie Chart
21. Western Europe is not
as ethnically diverse
as the USA or South
America.
Ethnic composition, language, religion
Ethnic groups:
Arab/North African 5%;
Breton 1%;
Catalan .5%
Fleming 1.5
French 76.9
German 1.4
Portugues1.5
Vietnamese 1.0
22. Western Europe is not
as ethnically diverse
as the USA or South
America.
Pie Chart
23. A pie chart is a circle divided into color parts to
show proportions.
70. 700’s BCE-476 Classical Greece, Alexander, Rome
500-800 Dark Ages, Vikings
800-1500 Middle Ages, Crusades, Reformation
1400-1600’s Renaissance, Age of Exploration
1700-1900 Age of Empires, Industrial Revolution
1900’s World Wars, Cold War
71. Middle Ages and Reformation created many of
the religions still practiced today and in the
USA.
The Crusades (Wars of Christians vs. Muslims)
a conflict that many in the middle east see as
continuing up to today.
96. In 843, Charlemagne’s
Empire was divided
among his sons.
The Western part
became France,
The Eastern part called
the German States or
Holy Roman Empire .
The middle fought over
as the neither lands.
97. Strong French Kings unified France and made
Paris a center for education and culture.
98. The Holy Roman Empire (962-1806) remained
divided.
99. The German emperor, nobles and popes all
fought for control
100. The Netherlands became a center for trade,
merchants usually ran the city governments.
101. The powers of Western Europe came into contact
with other regions.
102. From 1089 - 1291, the Christian Europeans fought
Crusades to take Jerusalem from Muslim rule.
Pope Urban II calls for
The First Crusade.
103. The Crusades were military campaigns started
by the Roman Catholic Church to take land
around Jerusalem from the Muslims.
104.
105. The Christian Crusaders took Jerusalem in the first
Crusade, but eventually the Muslim leader Saladin
drove them out.
109. By the 1400’s, educated Europeans developed a new
interest in Classical Greece and Rome, called the
Renaissance.
Sandro Botticelli La Prima Verra, or Birth of Venus
111. By the 1400’s, educated Europeans developed a
new interest in Classical Greece and Rome, called
the Renaissance.
Leonardo da Vinci, started in Florence Italy, but moved to Paris France
112. By the 1400’s, educated Europeans developed a
new interest in Classical Greece and Rome, called
the Renaissance.
Michelangelo’s David (Florence) and Pieta (Vatican City)
117. Many people and kings resented the Pope and Roman
Catholic Church, who had become super powerful.
118. New Christian religions appeared called the Protestant
Reformation, especially in Germany, England, the Netherlands,
and Switzerland.
119. Protestant Reformation, [a] a movement against
what the Protestants considered to be errors in
the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the
major divisions of Christianity.
120. Martin Luther rejected the RCC and started the
Lutheran Church in Germany.
121. John Calvin and the Calvin Church became
popular in the Netherlands and Switzerland.
122.
123. From 1524 to 1648, they fought religious wars
Protestants vs. Catholics.
124. Winds of Change
After the 30’s year War (1618-1648), your king
became more important than religion in these wars.
138. Winds of Change
Society had not changed much since the times of Charlemagne.
The Nobles and Church still dominated society, while
merchants had little influence in national politics and peasants
lived poor
139. Winds of Change
In 1789, the merchants (middle class) united with the
working class and overthrew the French monarchy
and nobles in the French Revolution.
140. Winds of Change
But in 1789, the French Revolution overthrew the
French monarchy. and made a Republic.
141. republic; plural noun: republics
a state in which supreme power is held by the
people and their elected representatives, and
which has an elected or nominated president
rather than a monarch.
142. The Estates General Convenes in
May, 1789
Last time it was called into session was 1614!
144. March of the Women,
October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the baker’s wife
and the baker’s boy!
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women
for bread.
145. Winds of Change
During the French Revolution, nationalism
became the most important factor.
148. Olympe deGouges(1745-1793)
Declaration of the
Rights of Woman
and of the Citizen
(1791)
V Women played a vital
role in the Revolution.
V But, The Declaration of
the Rights of Man did
NOT extend the rights
and protections of
citizenship to women.
158. The First Coalition &
The Brunswick Manifesto
(August 3, 1792)
FRANCE 1792-
1797
AUSTRIA
PRUSSIA
BRITAIN
SPAIN
PIEDMONT
Duke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is harmed,
Paris will be leveled!!
159. Winds of Change
Napoleon Bonaparte spread the ideas of the
French Revolution and created an Empire.
E:History CourseSocial Studiesgrade 12Topic 2 Age of Napoleon1.Napoleon_Iabridge.pptx
160. Winds of Change
He ended the Holy Roman Empire by defeating
the German Emperor at the battle of Austrialitz.
161. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18,1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Battle of Waterloo Napoleon commits the Guard.flv
162. Winds of Change
Prussia (a German state) unified Germany under a
new emperor the czar.
163. Winds of Change
Germany prospered and built up its military.
164. Winds of Change
Rivalries between the Central Powers (Imperial
Germany, Austria, Russia) and Allies (France,
England, Italy)led Europe into World War I
(1914-1918) .
165. Winds of Change
Western Europe suffered enormous casualties.
166. Winds of Change
The Germans were found guilty of starting the
war and France and England made it pay
reparations for damages.
167. Winds of Change
German aggression led to World War II (1939-
1945) . Nazi leader Hitler planned and carried out
the Holocaust the mass murder of Jews, Slavs,
gypsies, gays, and alcoholics.
168. A New Era
During the 1950’s, Germany was divided into
democratic Wes Germany and Communist East
Germany.
169. A New Era
This division remained until the end of the
Cold War and fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
170. A New Era
In the 1990’s, the countries of Western Europe
united economically called the European Union
(EU).
171. The Arts
France has been world leaders in literature,
architecture, music and visual arts.
172. The Arts
Realism was poplar in the mid 1800’s
176. Language and Religions
Most western Europeans speak Indo European
languages, like French and German. Many
countries have one or more official languages.
177. Language and Religions
Christianity is the main religion of Western
Europe.
Catholic Protestants
178. Education and Health Care
All children are educated. 98-100 percent can
read.
Everyone has health care. Germany funds
heath, education, unemployment .