Climate, parent material and soil, topography, and natural disturbances are the four major abiotic factors that influence grassland ecosystems. Climate, which includes temperature and precipitation patterns, is the most important factor determining grassland types. Grasslands occur in areas with varying temperatures and precipitation levels, from tropical regions with over 60 inches of rain annually to montane regions with under 30 inches. Topography such as elevation, slope and aspect also impact grassland ecosystems by affecting temperature, drainage and wildfire patterns. Natural disturbances like flooding and lightning-caused fires further contribute to grassland diversity.
These slides are about rainforest biome and characteristics. It starts with the definition of rainforest, characteristics of tropical rainforest, the important roles, and functions of trees and rainforest, how do tropical forest affect climate and global climate and lastly the impact of climate change on tropical rainforest.
These slides are about rainforest biome and characteristics. It starts with the definition of rainforest, characteristics of tropical rainforest, the important roles, and functions of trees and rainforest, how do tropical forest affect climate and global climate and lastly the impact of climate change on tropical rainforest.
This presentation shows the results of a desktop study (using literature review and extrapolation) that considers the potential impacts of climate change on the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa.
The Wild Coast region is of high biological value and has been globally recognised as part of a biodiversity hotspot : the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot, by Conservation International.
The area is also the traditional home of the Xhosa people (and includes the birth place of Nelson Mandela). Because many people in this area still follow traditional forms of lifestyles, they still rely heavily on the use of natural resources. Climate change can be expected to impact on the security and stability of these livelihoods.
Other impact that can be expected include :
• Range contractions and range shifts of many species (particularly up altitudinal gradients and from west to east)
• Bush encroachment and the invasion of grasslands by savannah tree species (in particular Acacia karoo), this has already taken place over vast areas, and can be expected to increase, and will resulting in significant loss of grazing lands
• Rapid spread of invasive alien plants, stimulated by elevated atmospheric carbon
• Increase in creepers and lianas in forests (particularly favoured by increased Co2)
• Forests may expand in some places (due to elevated C02 favouring trees over grasses).
• Increased in fires
• Many smaller mangrove forests will disappear due to estuarine mouth closure (increased catchment water use and less reliable rainfall)
• Crop failure and increased pressure on remaining natural resources
• Decreased food security
Grassland. Grassland as an ecosystem. Tropical Grasslands and Temperate Grasslands. Specific threats to grasslands and the Solutions to grassland problems.
A presentation on soil erosion conservation consisting of causes of erosion, need for soil conservation along with various prevention techniques for soil conservation.
This presentation shows the results of a desktop study (using literature review and extrapolation) that considers the potential impacts of climate change on the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa.
The Wild Coast region is of high biological value and has been globally recognised as part of a biodiversity hotspot : the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot, by Conservation International.
The area is also the traditional home of the Xhosa people (and includes the birth place of Nelson Mandela). Because many people in this area still follow traditional forms of lifestyles, they still rely heavily on the use of natural resources. Climate change can be expected to impact on the security and stability of these livelihoods.
Other impact that can be expected include :
• Range contractions and range shifts of many species (particularly up altitudinal gradients and from west to east)
• Bush encroachment and the invasion of grasslands by savannah tree species (in particular Acacia karoo), this has already taken place over vast areas, and can be expected to increase, and will resulting in significant loss of grazing lands
• Rapid spread of invasive alien plants, stimulated by elevated atmospheric carbon
• Increase in creepers and lianas in forests (particularly favoured by increased Co2)
• Forests may expand in some places (due to elevated C02 favouring trees over grasses).
• Increased in fires
• Many smaller mangrove forests will disappear due to estuarine mouth closure (increased catchment water use and less reliable rainfall)
• Crop failure and increased pressure on remaining natural resources
• Decreased food security
Grassland. Grassland as an ecosystem. Tropical Grasslands and Temperate Grasslands. Specific threats to grasslands and the Solutions to grassland problems.
A presentation on soil erosion conservation consisting of causes of erosion, need for soil conservation along with various prevention techniques for soil conservation.
Il sistema bibliotecario della Università Cattolica di Milano presentato agli studenti per incoraggiarli all'uso dei suoi numerosi strumenti e servizi.
Effect of Precipatation on Distribution of Plants.pptxCHZaryabAli
Useful for the students who wants to study this topic & enhances the knowledge for a specific topic.
PRECIPITATION:
is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water that falls under gravity from clouds.
The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate.
Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air.
REASON FOR CHANGE IN PRECIPITATION:There are many reasons for changes in precipitation. The leading cause is a change in temperature. Many scientists believe an increase in temperature could lead to a more intense water cycle. The rates of evaporation from soils and water, as well as transpiration from plants, could increase. The amount of precipitation could also increase. Predicted changes in the water cycle differ according to the region of the planet being examined. Many scientists believe rates of evaporation will be greater than precipitation in the middle latitudes such as the United States. This could result in drier summers in these regions. Of course, predicted changes in the water cycle also differ according to the climate.EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION ON PLANTS:Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on plants distribution. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion, while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain cacti require small amounts of water, while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive.In areas with wet and dry seasons, soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT BIOMES:The geographical distribution (and productivity) of the plants in the various biomes is controlled primarily by the climatic variables precipitation and temperature. There are 8 major terrestrial biomes >Tropical Rain Forest >Tropical Savanna > Deserts >Grass Lands > Chaparral > Temperate Deciduous Forests > Temperate Boreal Forests > Artic And Alpine TundraEach biome plants have different adaptation to survive in that environment.
Tundra means marshy plain. The geographical distribution of the tundra biome is largely poleward of 60° North latitude.
The tundra biome is characterized by an absence of trees, the presence of dwarf plants
its a presentation on the key aspects of Terrestrial Ecosystem. Its types, characters, soil horizon, soil microflora . Its curated specifically to help environmental microbiology students to ubderstand the key aspects of various Eco biomes . Hope it helps the students and faculties to grasp the knowledge and spread among people, the awareness to protect our precious Ecosystem .
Distribution of rainforests
Rainforest climate
Rainforest structure
How have rainforests adapted to the climate?
Why are rainforests importanat?
Causes of deforestation
Impacts of deforestation
How can the rainforests be managed for sustainable development?
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Abiotic factors of Grasslands
Each abiotic component influences the number
and variety of plants that grow in an ecosystem,
which in turn has an influence on the variety of
animals that live there. The four major abiotic
components are: climate, parent material and
soil, topography, and natural disturbances.
3. 1) Climate
includes the rainfall, temperature and wind
patterns that occur in an area, and is the most
important abiotic component of a grassland
ecosystem.
The climate in our grassland ecosystems is
usually hot and dry in the spring and summer
growing season, and cool or cold in winter
dormant season.
4. Temperature, in tandem with Precipitation
The amount and distribution of the rainfall an area
receives in a year influences the types and
productivity of grassland plants
Temperature
Grasslands occur in both high-temperature
areas near the Equator and mid-to-low-
temperature areas nearing subarctic regions.
Grasslands that are near the Equator are
generally either tropical grasslands or
temperate. Grasslands that are further from the
Equator are mostly temperate grasslands and
montane grasslands.
5.
6. Precipitation
Tropical grasslands receive the most rain out of all
the grassland biomes, up to 60 inches a year.
Temperate grasslands receive much less annual
rainfall on average (no more than 40 inches a
year). Flooded grasslands, though they are very
wet, also receive less annual rainfall than tropical
grasslands, around 30 to 40 inches per year.
Montane grasslands receive the lowest amount of
precipitation, no more than 30 inches per
year, and often, that precipitation is in the form of
snow.
7. Humidity
Tropical grasslands and flooded grasslands are
very humid, meaning there is a very high
percentage of moisture in the air. Temperate
grasslands are somewhat humid, but can also be
arid, meaning dry or little moisture in the air.
Montane grasslands are typically very arid;
however, some are mildly humid.
During the hottest months of the year (the height
of summer) more water evaporates from parts of
the grasslands than falls as rain, creating
a moisture deficit.
8.
9. 2.) Parent Material and Soil
Parent Material
Much of the parent material underlying BC's
grasslands was deposited as the last ice sheets
melted away. In the Rocky Mountain Trench, for
example, some material was deposited under a
moving glacier, while on the Chilcotin plateau
some was deposited under a stationary ice sheet;
in many places throughout the grasslands material
was carried and deposited by water on, in, or
under the ice.
10.
11.
12. Soil
The type of parent material in a particular area
influences the texture of the soil, how well water flows
through it, and hence the chemistry and nutrients of
the soil.
The fine silt soils found on the terraces of the
Okanogan, Kootenay and Thompson valleys hold
water near to the surface where it either evaporates
or is soaked up by the dense fine roots of grasses;
trees are not common in these areas. By contrast, in
areas with gravel soils water moves quickly down to
depths below the grass roots to levels where tree
roots grow. As such, more trees are likely to be found
in these areas.
13. glacial till (C) deposited
by the ice as it melted
12,000 to 10,000 years
ago. These soils have
a deep organic-rich
layer (A) that results
from the breakdown of
the roots and plant
material each year.
The organic layer
increases in depth with
increases in elevation
and moisture.
14. 3.) Topography
They generally occur in very hilly, uneven
landscapes. Temperate grasslands are usually
more flat and occur in areas of mid-to-low
elevation. Flooded grasslands are almost all flat
and in areas of low elevation. Montane grasslands
are very mountainous and usually in areas of high
elevation.
15. Aspect
refers to the direction in which a piece of land is
facing.
slope
is the angle at which the land lies. Slope is
important in our grasslands as water may run
downhill rather than soak into the ground where it
is available for plants
Elevation
describes the height of land above sea level.
Temperatures are generally cooler and rainfall is
higher as elevation is gained.
16. 4.) Natural Disturbances
change grasslands in many ways, adding to the
diversity of these ecosystems. Some types of
disturbance, such as annual flooding of riparian
areas along rivers and streams, can be predicted
while others, such as a fire after a lightning
storm, happen unexpectedly.
17. Flooding
The flooding waters can alter stream and river
banks and move soil, broken trees and shrubs
downstream.
Lightning Storms
Since grassland plants burn readily, fire spreads
very quickly, and is thought to have been an
important factor in maintaining the grasslands
ecosystem. Fires are important for returning
nutrients to the soil.
18. Biotic factors of Grasslands
The biotic factors of the grassland ecosystem
includes the autotrophs, and the heterotrophs, that
is the producers, primary consumers, secondary
consumers and the tertiary consumers.
Primary producers: The primary producers
include the autotrophs that can photosynthesize
and includes the grasses, sedged, rushes,
cyanobacteria. lichens, mosses, trees etc.
19. The primary and the secondary consumers
includes the rabbits, moles , hares, elks,
small dears in some places along with the
phytophagous insects , snakes, preying
birds, insect feeders and in some
grassland ecosystems like in Africa where
there are carnivores like the panthers. lions,
foxes, wild dogs, etc
The bacteria , fungi and other micro-
organisms form the detritus food chain that
is involved in the nutrient cycling of the
grassland.