The document discusses various local factors that can contribute to malocclusion, including anomalies in tooth number, size and position. It covers conditions like hypodontia (missing teeth), supernumerary teeth, early loss of primary teeth, and retained primary teeth. These dental anomalies can impact the developing permanent dentition and cause issues like crowding, spacing, and displacement or rotation of teeth. The early loss of primary teeth in particular may have minimal effects if incisors are lost, but can cause space loss or centerline shifts if canines are prematurely lost.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Buccolingual malrelationship of upper and lower
teeth.Anterior or posterior (unilateral or bilateral) with or
without mandibular displacement.
Buccal crossbite: Lower teeth occlude buccal to
corresponding upper teeth .
Lingual crossbite (scissors bite): Lower teeth occlude
lingual to palatal cusps of upper teeth.
Etiology of malocclusion local factors /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Buccolingual malrelationship of upper and lower
teeth.Anterior or posterior (unilateral or bilateral) with or
without mandibular displacement.
Buccal crossbite: Lower teeth occlude buccal to
corresponding upper teeth .
Lingual crossbite (scissors bite): Lower teeth occlude
lingual to palatal cusps of upper teeth.
Etiology of malocclusion local factors /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Management of Crowding /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Etiology of malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Management of Crowding /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Etiology of malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors; Orthodontic, Restorative, and Implant ...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
This article discusses factors in determining
whether to close an open space or to open enough space for a prosthetic treatment for congenitally missing maxillary lateral
incisors. Further, the importance of a total treatment approach using an interdisciplinary dental specialty team to maximize
function, aesthetics, and oral health is discussed.
Two Treatment Approaches for Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A CaseAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Missing maxillary lateral incisors create an esthetic problem with specific orthodontic and prosthetic considerations. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical success of the transmucosal flapless implant placement and immediate loading of the implants to restore the agenic lateral incisors after completing the orthodontic treatment and during the retention period.
Treatment of Patients With Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors: Is an Inter...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan. The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the lateral incisor site and single tooth implants. Dental implants offer a promising treatment option for placement of congenitally missing teeth. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed in these cases. This article aims to present a case report of replacement of bilaterally congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with dental implants.
Unilateral Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis with Mini Implant Prostheses: A...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Orthodontic management for patients with single or bilateral congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors is a
challenge to effective treatment planning. Over the last several decades, dentistry has focused on several treatment
modalities for replacement of missing teeth. The two major alternative treatment options are orthodontic space
closure or space opening for prosthetic replacements. For patients with high aesthetic expectations implants are one
of the treatment of choices, especially when it comes to replacement of missing maxillary lateral incisors and
mandibular incisors. Edentulous areas where the available bone is compromised to use conventional implants with
2.5 mm or more in diameter, narrow diameter implants with less than 2.5 mm diameter can be successfully used.
This case report deals with managing a compromised situation in the region of maxillary lateral incisor using a
narrow diameter implant.
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Correction of crowding teeth in adults. FDI Annual World Dental Congress 2013Edlira Baruti
Many patients have slightly crowded or overlapping anterior teeth. There is no doubt that the best way to treat the anterior crowding in the upper and in the lower arches requires the bonding of brackets to the teeth. However this is not satisfactory for the adult patients. If a patient is unable to accept comprehensive orthodontic procedures, the practitioner must determine whether the patient can be treated with minor tooth movement, restorations (bonding, laminate or crowning), reconturing/striping, extraction or a combination of these procedures. A thorough evaluation of the patient needs and expectations will establish the correct approach for the potential treatment options.
Using a 0,018 inch NiTi wire as a flexible lingual retainer to solve the relapse of the lower anterior teeth was for the first time an application of ERIC and his Co-workers.
The aim of this case presentation is to explain these different clinical application, especially the application procedures of a 0,014 NiTi at lingual/ palatine arches used to solve the crowding case. The 0.014 preformed NiTi wire must be cut longer then the intercanine length regarding the degree of crowding. The lingual/palatine surfaces of the teeth are cleaned, etched and bonded as a normal retainer. The wire is tightly tied to fit each tooth using a inter dental floss and after that the retainer was bonded. The result achieved is a good tooth alignment in a short period of time ( 6-8 months) and with very good aesthetic in such simple ways.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. Malocclusion is associated with one or more of the following
Malposition Malrelationship
of Malocclusion of
teeth dental arches
Single teeth Antero-posterior
Rotation Class II
Tipping Class III
Displacement Vertical
infra-occlusion Openbite
Supra-occlusion Deepbite
Transposition T Transverse
Space discrepancy Crossbite
Crowding Scissorbite
Spacing
4. Etiology of malocclusion.
Malocclusion can occur as a result of different factors
which are inherited or acquired
1) Skeletal factors. Etiology of malocclusion.
2) Soft tissue factors.
3) Dental and local factors. Skeletal
factors
4) Combinations.
Soft tissue
factors Malocclusion
Dental and
local factors
5. Etiology of malocclusion
• Skeletal Factors;
1) Anteroposterior.
Skeletal Factors
2) Vertical. Skeletal factors
3) Transverse.
4) Combinations Anteroposterior
Class II
Class III
Vertical
Low angle Malocclusion
High angle
Transverse
Crossbite
Scissor bite
6. Etiology of malocclusion
Soft tissue factor.
1) Lips.
2) Tongue.
Soft tissue factor
3) Combinations.
Lips
Morphology
Function
Malocclusion
Tongue
Position
Size
12. LOCAL FACTORS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION
I-Anomalies in Number of Teeth:
- Developmental Missing teeth III- Anomalies in Position of Teeth:
- Supernumerary (Extra-teeth) - Ectopic
- The early loss of deciduous teeth - Impaction
- Retained deciduous teeth - Transposition
- Loss of permanent teeth
IV-_ Habits:
- Finger sucking
II- Anomalies in Size & Form of - Tongue thrusting
Teeth:
Size:
- Microdontia
- Macrodontia V- Others :
Form - fraenum
- Peg lateral incisors - Trauma
- Dilaceration - Pathology
- Twin teeth (gemination/fusion) - Bad restorations
- Dens evagenatus
13. I-Anomalies in Number of Teeth:
- Developmental Missing teeth
- Supernumerary (Extra-teeth)
- The early loss of deciduous teeth
- Retained deciduous teeth
- Loss of permanent teeth
14. - Variations in tooth number
• absence of one or more
• Supernumerary teeth
of teeth
Hypodontia Hyperdontia
15. Hypodontia
A common condition
characterized by
developmental absence of
one or more primary or
secondary teeth excluding
the third molars
Aetilogy: Multifactorial with both It results from disturbance during initial
inherited & environmental factors stages of tooth formation ,initiation and
contributing to the condition proliferation
16. Classified according to its severity as:
The most commonly
missing teeth are:
• 1-2 missing teeth
Mild
• 3-5missing teeth
moderate
• ≥ 6missing teeth
Severe
17. Congenitally missing teeth
Missing of teeth can be:-
a. Complete (Anodontia).
b. Many teeth (oligodontia).
Both are rare & are associated with ectodermal dysplasia (systemic
abnormality).
C. Few teeth (hypodontia) is more common.
18. - Oral anomalies associated with hypodontia
Over-eruption
Delayed dental Severely rotated
of opposing
development premolars
teeth
Transposition Taurodontism Alveolar atrophy
19. Medical conditions associated with hypodontia
Ectodermal dysplasia:
• Hypodontia, Hypohidrosis (failure to sweat
leading heat intolerance & dry
erythematous skin, Hypotrichosis (sparse
hair), nail defects & Xerostomia
Down syndrome
Cleft lip & palate
Hemifacial microsommia
20. Missing of primary teeth lead to missing of
its permanent successor
• Bilateral congenital absence is more
frequent than unilateral.
• More frequent in permanent
dentition than in deciduous
dentition.
• The missing tooth always the most distal tooth of each segment
* Incisor segment >>> lateral incisor.
* Premolar segment >>> second
premolar.
* Molars segment >>> third molar.
22. Most commonly
Occur 10 times found in the
Males are twice
Defined as teeth more frequently anterior
as commonly
in excess of the in the maxilla maxillary region
affected than
normal series than the followed by the
females
mandible mandibular
premolar region
Supernumerary teeth
23. Prevalence:
• 0.3 – 0.8% (primary dentition)
• 0.1 – 3.8% (permanent dentition)
• A Supernumerary tooth in the
primary dentition is likely to be
followed by a Supernumerary in
the permanent dentition
24. Medical conditions associated with Supernumerary
Cleidocranial dysplasia:
• Aplasia or agenesis of the clavicles, Class III
malocclusion, multiple supernummeraries
Cleft lip ±palate
Gardner’s syndrome
25. • Multiple numeraries can be
seen in cleidocranial Dysplasia.
27. Types: Conical, tuberculate, supplemental & odontomes
An erupted mesiodens causing separation of
the upper central incisors
28. An upper anterior occlusal radiograph
also showing the presence of a supplemental B
supernumerary
A complex odontome preventing
eruption of 3.
29. Diagnosis:
1) Clinical examination: displacement
of erupted incisors or midline diastema.
2) A "vertex occlusal" RADIOGRAPH taken
through the long axis of the incisors gives an
indication as to whether supernumeraries are
palatally or labially placed.
30. Supernumerary Complications
Failure of Midline
Crowding
eruption diastema
Displacement or Root resorption
Prevention of
rotation of of neighboring
tooth movement
adjacent teeth teeth
33. • Causes of Premature Loss
i. Extensive carious lesion.
ii. Accidents "trauma" lead to loss of the
tooth vitality and abscess formation whereby
their removal becomes a necessity.
iii. Child has much fever that decrease body
resistance with multiple abscess formation
and increase the possibility of premature loss.
iv. Accelerate root resorption of tooth.
v. Premature extraction in serial extraction
therapy.
vi. Diseases such as Rickets.
34. The effect on the developing dentition
depends on:
- the amount of the crowding ,
- the age of the patient &
- the tooth lost
35. The effects of early loss of deciduous teeth on the developing dentition
- the tooth lost
Deciduous - Minimal effect – some space loss if
incisors crowding
Deciduous canines - Centerline shift if unilateral loss
with some relief of incisor
crowding
- Space loss for permanent
canines
Premature lost of primary canine
1.5 years later of the same patient
36. Deciduous first - Small Centerline shift if crowding
molars with minimal relief of labial
segment crowding
- Mesial molar movement with
space loss
37. Deciduous second - Often no effect on centerline or
molars incisor crowding
- Mesial drift of molars with space
loss for second premolars
38. The effects of early loss of deciduous teeth on the developing dentition
Tooth lost Effect on permanent dentition Action required
Deciduous incisors - Minimal effect – some space loss - None
if crowding
Deciduous canines - Centerline shift if unilateral loss - If crowding, consider
with some relief of incisor balancing extraction to
crowding protect the centerline
- Space loss for permanent
canines
Deciduous first - Small Centerline shift if crowding - Consider balancing
molars with minimal relief of labial extraction or space
segment crowding maintenance
- Mesial molar movement with
space loss
Deciduous second - Often no effect on centerline or - Space maintenance except in
molars incisor crowding spaced arches
- Mesial drift of molars with space
loss for second premolars
42. Loss of permanent teeth
The most common permanent tooth to be
extracted early is:
- the first permanent molar
- A permanent maxillary central incisors
43. The early loss of first permanent molar:
Extraction before the age of 8 years results in:
Significant distal migration of the second premolar which
may then become impacted
distal migration
44. A permanent maxillary central incisors:
Occasionally lost due to trauma
If there is crowding, space loss can occur (complicate later tooth replacement)
45. Early loss of primary teeth
Early loss of teeth will lead to dental arch
collapse, but it’s not the only cause for
crowding & Malalignment.
Collapse will be due to :
1. Mesial drifting of posterior teeth.
2. Distal drifting of incisors a/f canine & 1st
decidious molar loss.
46. II- Anomalies in Size & Form of Teeth:
Size:
- Microdontia
- Macrodontia
Form
- Peg lateral incisors
- Dilaceration
- Twin teeth (gemination/fusion)
- Dens evagenatus
47. Anomalies in Size of teeth
Microdontia Macrodontia
- genetically determined
- generalised or localised
Teeth smaller than normal Teeth larger than normal
Associated with hypodontia Associated supernumerary teeth
Predispose to spacing Predispose to crowding
The microdontia of maxillary lateral
incisor is associated with impaction of
the permanent maxillary canine
49. Abnormalities in tooth size and shape will be due
to disturbances during morpho & histo
differentiation stages of its development.
Most common abnormality is seen in lateral
incisors & 2nd premolars .
51. - Twin teeth (gemination/fusion)
Fusion:-
is teeth with separate pulp chambers
joined at dentin .
Gemination:-
is teeth with common pulp chamber.
They are almost similar ,so you should
count no of teeth.
52. Dilaceration
Formation of tooth at an angle manifested as a bent root due to
displacement of tooth germ
Clinical Applications
Delayed Eruptions
Difficult Tooth Movements
Interference with Adjacent Tooth Roots
54. III- Anomalies in Position of Teeth:
- Ectopic
- Impaction
- Transposition
55. INFRAOCCLUSION
- Variations in tooth position
- TOOTH IMPACTION
- TRANSPOSITION:
56. Ectopic eruption
It occurs as a result of a
permanent tooth bud
malposition. Ex:-
1. Mesial drifting of maxillary
first molar.
2. Mandibular 2nd premolar erupt
distally.
3. Impacted Maxillary canines
57. INFRAOCCLUSION
- occurs as a consequence of failure of eruption of a tooth
due to ankylosis (the anatomical fusion of cementum &
alveolar bone)
- Ankylosed tooth become submerges relative to its
nieghbours
- The first & second deciduous molars most commonly
affected
- Complications:
Tipping,
inhibition of vertical development of adjacent teeth
Deviation of the dental centerline to the affected side
(the results of stretching of the transseptal periodontal fibers
that interconnect the teeth
58. Consequences of infraocclusion of a deciduous molar
Tooth Consequences
Infra-occluded deciduous Delay exfoliation
molar Progressive submergence with failure of alveolar
development
Difficult extraction often requiring surgery !!!!!
Permanent successor Delayed & abnormal eruption
Disturbed root development
Centreline shift
Developing occlusion Tipping of adjacent teeth
Localised posterior open bite
Higher frequency of canine impaction, hypodontia &
ectopic first permanent molar eruption
59. - Abnormalities in the position of teeth can also
arise as a result of
- TOOTH IMPACTION
- Excluding third molars, commonly impacted teeth
include:
Maxillary canines
Maxillary central incisors
First permanent molars
60. - TRANSPOSITION:
- An abnormality where the position of
teeth is interchanged
- The most transposed teeth: The maxillary
canines & first premolars
61. - Primary failure of eruption:
- The most affected teeth: The first &
second permanent molar
62. Traumatic displacement of teeth
Dental trauma can lead to
development of
malocclusion in 3 ways:
1. Damage to permanent tooth
buds from injury to primary
teeth.
2. Drift of permanent teeth a/f
premature loss of primary
teeth.
3. Direct injury to permanent
teeth.
63. Trauma to primary tooth lead to 2 results:-
Trauma to the permanent tooth crown &
disturbances in enamel formation &defect on
tooth .
The crown may be displaced relative to the
root causing less root formation & short root or
dilacerations
65. Labial Frenum
Its ORIGIN in the inner surface of the upper lip.
However, its insertion changed by age as follow
• In infancy: Inserted in the region of the incisive
papillae.
• In early childhood: Inserted at the gingival crest at
the midline.
• Increasing age: The teeth erupt and the alveolar
process grows downwards and the frenum is found to
be further away apically from the gingival crest
66. Normal Labial Frenum
thin knife like edge formed of
double layer of fibrous tissue
covered with mucous membrane.
Abnormal Labial Frenum
thickened fibrous, fan shape in appearance
and taping downward to the alveolar crest
even after eruption of the permanent canines.
67. Normal Labial Frenum Abnormal Labial Frenum
Histologically the frenum fibers do not the fibers penetrating the V-
penetrate the shaped inter-maxillary suture
premaxillary suture attaching at different depth to
the connective tissues and
periosteum.
69. Diagnosis
1. By clinical observation alone.
2. By "Blanching Test": pull of upper
lip upward and outward
lead to blanching of the interdental
papillae obviously observed
with the abnormal heavy fibrous
frenum.
3. Periapical radiograph:
V-notch of the interdental bone between
central incisors
71. Abnormal Habits
. Thumb and Finger Sucking :
Nasal Breathing Mouth Breathing
Normal Swallow Abnormal Tongue Thrust Swallow
DISTURBANCE OF NORMAL FUNCTION