This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth, including size disturbances (microdontia and macrodontia), number and eruption disturbances (supernumerary teeth, anodontia, impaction), shape/form disturbances of the crown (fusion, gemination, taurodontism, talon's cusp) and root (concrescence, enamel pearls, dilaceration, flexion, ankylosis), and defects of enamel and dentin. It provides detailed descriptions and classifications for each disturbance.
Morphology and internal anatomy of root canal systemAkansha Tilokani
The document discusses the morphology and anatomy of root canal systems. It describes the two main components - the pulp chamber located in the crown and the root canal located in the root. It then provides details on the structures within these components such as the roof, floor, canals and foramina. The document also classifies root canal configurations and discusses individual tooth anatomy for maxillary and mandibular teeth, describing their average lengths, pulp chamber and root/canal structures.
Acute apical periodontitis is an inflammatory condition caused by a necrotic pulp that results in inflammation around the root apex. It is characterized by excruciating pain, a necrotic pulp, and thickening of the periodontal ligament space visible on radiographs. Treatment requires removal of the pulp or extraction of the tooth. While bacteria normally cause apical periodontitis, it can also arise from debris forced into tissues during root canal treatment. Symptoms include localized pain that can be provoked by tapping on the tooth. The condition requires extraction or root canal treatment to remove the necrotic pulp causing the inflammation.
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
This document discusses pulp polyps and gingival polyps. Pulp polyps are caused by irreversible pulpitis and the inflammation of the dental pulp due to extensive decay. They typically occur in molars and present as a reddish granulation tissue mass in the pulp chamber. Gingival polyps are localized enlargements of the gums that can be caused by inflammation, medications, systemic diseases, or neoplasms. They present as red, swollen, tender gums that may bleed and cover the teeth. Both conditions are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and location. Pulp polyps require endodontic therapy or extraction, while gingival polyps can be treated by removing the cause of enlargement
Mandibular Anesthesia : Inferior alveolar nerve blockد.عبد الله الناصر
This document provides information on the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) dental anesthesia technique. It summarizes that the IANB anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches, anesthetizing the mandibular teeth and surrounding soft tissues. The technique involves locating the coronoid notch and pterygomandibular raphe landmarks and inserting the needle at the intersection of lines based on these landmarks, advancing the needle until bone contact is made at a depth of 20-25mm. Proper administration results in numbness of the lower lip and tongue, indicating successful anesthesia of the mental and lingual nerves. Precautions include avoiding deposition without bone contact to prevent facial nerve injury.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the size, shape, number and structure of teeth. Regarding size, it describes microdontia where teeth are smaller than normal, and macrodontia where teeth are larger. For shape, it discusses anomalies such as gemination, fusion, concrescence and dilaceration. It also covers rare formations like talon cusps, dens in dente and dens evaginatus. The number of teeth can be affected by complete anodontia where no teeth form, or supernumerary teeth where extra teeth are present. Radiographic and clinical features of each condition are provided along with potential causes and treatments.
Retracts cheek
6. Inject 1.8 ml of LA solution slowly
7. Withdraw needle and apply pressure
8. Wait for 5 minutes
9. Check anesthesia
ELHAWARY
Maxillary Anesthetic Techniques
Posterior superior alv. N.B. Technique
alv.
Cont.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Anesthetizes the whole area of - Technically more difficult
the posterior maxilla - Risk of intravascular injection
- Longer duration of anesthesia - Risk of hematoma formation
- Less traumatic - Requires an assistant
- Suitable for multiple
Extraction of Teeth involves removing teeth from the mouth. There are two main methods - intra-alveolar extraction which uses dental forceps, and trans-alveolar extraction which uses surgical techniques. Proper technique is important to remove the tooth with minimal trauma. Factors like tooth condition, location in the mouth, and related anatomy determine the appropriate tools and extraction method used.
Morphology and internal anatomy of root canal systemAkansha Tilokani
The document discusses the morphology and anatomy of root canal systems. It describes the two main components - the pulp chamber located in the crown and the root canal located in the root. It then provides details on the structures within these components such as the roof, floor, canals and foramina. The document also classifies root canal configurations and discusses individual tooth anatomy for maxillary and mandibular teeth, describing their average lengths, pulp chamber and root/canal structures.
Acute apical periodontitis is an inflammatory condition caused by a necrotic pulp that results in inflammation around the root apex. It is characterized by excruciating pain, a necrotic pulp, and thickening of the periodontal ligament space visible on radiographs. Treatment requires removal of the pulp or extraction of the tooth. While bacteria normally cause apical periodontitis, it can also arise from debris forced into tissues during root canal treatment. Symptoms include localized pain that can be provoked by tapping on the tooth. The condition requires extraction or root canal treatment to remove the necrotic pulp causing the inflammation.
Dentin dysplasia (DD) is a rare hereditary disturbance is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
unknown etiology that affects approximately 1 :100,000.
In 1972, Witkop classified it into type I and type II which affect both dentitions.DD Type I
Radicular dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.Both dentitions are affected.
2.Normal appearing crowns
3.No or only rudimentary root development (rootless teeth)
4.Incomplete or total obliteration of the pulp chamber.
5.Teeth may exhibit extreme mobility and exfoliate prematurely.DD type II
coronal dentin dysplasia
Characterized by:-
1.partial pulpal obliteration.
2.Thistle-tube-or flame-shaped coronal pulp chambers
3. Thread-like root canals
4. Usually the absence of periapical radiolucencies.
5. In this type of anomaly, teeth roots are of normal shape and contour.The enamel and the immediately subjacent dentin appear normal.
Deeper layers of dentin show an atypical tubular pattern with an amorphous, atubular area, and irregular organization.
Normal dentinal tubule formation appears to have been blocked so that new dentine forms around obstacles and takes on the characteristic appearances described as “lava flowing around boulders”The radiograph revealed features of dentine dysplasia type I with normal appearance of crown but no root development Autosomal Dominant Disorder:
Manifested in heterozygous states
At least one parent of index case is usually affected
Both males and females are affected.
Clinical feature can be modified by variation in penetrance and expressivity. Some individual inherit the mutant gene but are phenotpically normal. This is reffered to as “incomplete penetrance”.
In many condition the age of onset is delayed.
Inheritance Pattern:
Typical pattern is a heterozygous affected parent with a homozygous unaffected parent.
Every child has one chance in two of having the disease
Both sexes are affected equally..Autosomal Recessive Disorder
Largest category of Mendelian disorder
Usually does not affect the parent of the affected individual, but sibling may show the disease.
Complete penetrance is common.
Onset is frequently early in life.
Usually affect enzymatic proteins.
Pattern Of Inheritance:
Typical pattern is two heterozygous unaffected (carrier) parent.
The triat does not usually affect the parent, but siblings may show the disease
Siblings have one chance in four of being affected
Both sexes affected equally.
This document discusses pulp polyps and gingival polyps. Pulp polyps are caused by irreversible pulpitis and the inflammation of the dental pulp due to extensive decay. They typically occur in molars and present as a reddish granulation tissue mass in the pulp chamber. Gingival polyps are localized enlargements of the gums that can be caused by inflammation, medications, systemic diseases, or neoplasms. They present as red, swollen, tender gums that may bleed and cover the teeth. Both conditions are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and location. Pulp polyps require endodontic therapy or extraction, while gingival polyps can be treated by removing the cause of enlargement
Mandibular Anesthesia : Inferior alveolar nerve blockد.عبد الله الناصر
This document provides information on the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) dental anesthesia technique. It summarizes that the IANB anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve and its branches, anesthetizing the mandibular teeth and surrounding soft tissues. The technique involves locating the coronoid notch and pterygomandibular raphe landmarks and inserting the needle at the intersection of lines based on these landmarks, advancing the needle until bone contact is made at a depth of 20-25mm. Proper administration results in numbness of the lower lip and tongue, indicating successful anesthesia of the mental and lingual nerves. Precautions include avoiding deposition without bone contact to prevent facial nerve injury.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the size, shape, number and structure of teeth. Regarding size, it describes microdontia where teeth are smaller than normal, and macrodontia where teeth are larger. For shape, it discusses anomalies such as gemination, fusion, concrescence and dilaceration. It also covers rare formations like talon cusps, dens in dente and dens evaginatus. The number of teeth can be affected by complete anodontia where no teeth form, or supernumerary teeth where extra teeth are present. Radiographic and clinical features of each condition are provided along with potential causes and treatments.
Retracts cheek
6. Inject 1.8 ml of LA solution slowly
7. Withdraw needle and apply pressure
8. Wait for 5 minutes
9. Check anesthesia
ELHAWARY
Maxillary Anesthetic Techniques
Posterior superior alv. N.B. Technique
alv.
Cont.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Anesthetizes the whole area of - Technically more difficult
the posterior maxilla - Risk of intravascular injection
- Longer duration of anesthesia - Risk of hematoma formation
- Less traumatic - Requires an assistant
- Suitable for multiple
Extraction of Teeth involves removing teeth from the mouth. There are two main methods - intra-alveolar extraction which uses dental forceps, and trans-alveolar extraction which uses surgical techniques. Proper technique is important to remove the tooth with minimal trauma. Factors like tooth condition, location in the mouth, and related anatomy determine the appropriate tools and extraction method used.
This document provides an overview of various periodontal instruments, their classifications, parts, and uses. It discusses different types of instruments including mouth mirrors, probes, explorers, scalers, curettes, sonic and ultrasonic instruments, and surgical instruments. For each type of instrument, the document describes their design features and how they are used to examine or treat patients during nonsurgical and surgical periodontal procedures.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document discusses disease of the pulp, including classification and types. It describes reversible and irreversible pulpitis, with reversible pulpitis causing mild to moderate pain in response to stimuli that subsides after removal of the stimuli. Irreversible pulpitis causes persistent pain even after stimulus removal and can progress to pulp necrosis with total or partial death of the pulp. Other conditions discussed include chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, previously treated teeth, and teeth with previously initiated therapy.
This document provides an overview of pulp and periapical pathologies. It begins by defining the dental pulp and pulpitis. It then covers causes of pulp disease including physical, chemical, and bacterial factors. It classifies pulp disease and discusses factors affecting the pulp response. It details the pathways of bacterial invasion of the pulp and describes different types of reversible and irreversible pulpitis. It also discusses chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, gangrenous necrosis of the pulp, and diseases of the periapical tissues like acute and chronic apical periodontitis and periapical abscess.
This document provides an overview of the microscopic anatomy of the gingiva. It describes the different layers of the gingival epithelium including the oral epithelium, sulcular epithelium, and junctional epithelium. It also discusses the cellular components and layers of the connective tissue below the epithelium. Key structures are described like desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and tonofilaments that provide connections between epithelial cells and attachment to underlying tissues. The functions of the different epithelial layers and their roles in barrier function and wound healing are also summarized.
- Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues can result from caries, trauma, or other injuries that lead to inflammation and necrosis. This summary will discuss pulpitis, periapical diseases, and osteomyelitis.
- Pulpitis can be focal/reversible, acute, or chronic and results from inflammation of the pulp in response to injuries or irritants. Acute pulpitis causes severe pain while chronic pulpitis may be asymptomatic.
- Periapical diseases like apical periodontitis, periapical granulomas, cysts, and abscesses occur when inflammation spreads from the pulp through the root canals into surrounding tissues. Left untreated, periapical abscesses
The document discusses different types of pins used in dentistry including cemented pins, friction-locked pins, and self-threading pins. It notes that cemented pins are the largest type and require zinc phosphate or polycarp cement. Friction-locked pins are smaller and rely on dentin resilience for retention, which can decrease over time. Self-threading pins, also called TMS pins, engage dentin threads for the highest retention and are available in different diameters and materials like gold-plated or titanium.
Periodontal pockets can be classified in several ways, including by their relationship to the alveolar crest (suprabony or intrabony), the number of tooth surfaces involved (simple, compound, or complex), and the number of remaining osseous walls in intrabony pockets. Periodontal abscesses are acute or chronic localized purulent infections that develop from preexisting periodontal pockets. They are typically treated first by establishing drainage through the pocket or incision, along with antibiotics in some cases. Further treatment involves scaling and root planing or surgery to address the underlying chronic periodontitis.
principles of tooth preparation (class one)hanasamir
The document provides guidelines for preparing a Class I dental amalgam cavity. It describes design principles for amalgam and composite resin, including macro-mechanical retention features for amalgam versus micro-mechanical bonding for composite. Key principles for a Class I amalgam cavity preparation are outlined, such as obtaining smooth walls and angles, proper extension into grooves and fissures, maintaining a 2mm occlusal depth, and ensuring a clean preparation. A step-by-step technique is demonstrated for preparing such a cavity on a plaster tooth model.
working length estimation in endodontic Marwa Ahmed
The document discusses methods for determining working length in root canals. It describes both radiographic and non-radiographic methods. Radiographic methods include Grossman's formula, Ingles method, Weine's modification, and use of xeroradiography and radiovisiography. Non-radiographic methods discussed are digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point measurement, and use of electronic apex locators. Electronic apex locators are highlighted as an important advancement, with different generations discussed varying in their measurement of resistance, impedance, or frequency. Accuracy and limitations of different methods are also reviewed.
This document discusses genetic conditions that affect dental enamel formation called amelogenesis imperfecta. It describes four main types of enamel defects: hypoplastic (thin enamel), hypomaturation (soft enamel), hypocalcified (soft, friable enamel), and hypomatured/hypoplastic. The types are caused by defects in genes encoding enamel matrix proteins and result in discolored, sensitive teeth prone to disintegration. Amelogenesis imperfecta can be passed through autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-linked inheritance patterns. Diagnosis is based on family history, clinical observations and radiographs. Non-genetic conditions like dental fluorosis can also affect enamel formation.
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
The document discusses dental contacts and contours. It defines contacts as the proximal heights where the mesial or distal surfaces of teeth touch. Contacts broaden over time through wear. Properly located contacts support interdental papilla and stabilize the dental arches. Contours are the convexities and concavities on facial/lingual surfaces that protect supporting tissues during chewing. The greatest convexities vary by tooth type but generally occur at the gingival third or middle third. Convexities and concavities guide occlusion and food passage. Faulty contacts or contours can lead to food impaction, plaque accumulation, and periodontal disease.
1. Access cavity preparation is the first and most important phase of root canal treatment, with the goals of achieving straight line access to the apical foramen, locating all root canal orifices, and conserving sound tooth structure.
2. The principles of access cavity preparation include establishing an outline form based on pulp chamber size and shape and the number/direction of root canals, providing a convenience form for improved visibility and instrumentation, and removing caries/defective restorations and debris from the pulp chamber.
3. Key steps in access cavity preparation depend on the specific tooth but involve using burs and instruments to locate and prepare access to all root canal orifices while avoiding errors like
This document discusses exodontia, or tooth extraction. It begins by defining exodontia as the painless removal of a tooth or root with minimal trauma. It then lists the common indications for extraction such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and impacted teeth. The document describes various factors that can complicate extractions as well as different types of dental elevators, forceps, and flap designs that are used for extractions. It concludes by discussing potential immediate and delayed complications following tooth extraction.
The document outlines the phases and procedures involved in developing and implementing a treatment plan for periodontal therapy. It discusses establishing diagnoses and prognoses, designing a master plan that sequences nonsurgical and surgical treatments, restorative work, maintenance, and addressing systemic factors. The goal is to create a healthy periodontium and functioning dentition through elimination of irritants and correction of underlying issues causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
This document discusses techniques for mandibular anesthesia. It focuses on the inferior alveolar nerve block, which anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, and incisive nerve. The technique involves locating anatomical landmarks like the coronoid notch and pterygomandibular raphe, then inserting the needle 1 cm above the occlusal plane of the mandibular posteriors and advancing it to the bone near the mandibular foramen to deposit the solution within 1 mm of the inferior alveolar nerve. Precautions are taken to avoid forceful bone contact. Failure can occur if the injection is too low or anterior, or due to accessory innervation. Complications include hematoma, tr
Classification of periodontal diseasesEnas Elgendy
This document classifies periodontal diseases into two main categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is further divided into plaque-induced gingivitis and non-plaque induced gingivitis. Periodontitis is classified as chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and several other types. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples for each category and type of periodontal disease.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth. It covers disturbances in size such as microdontia and macrodontia. It also discusses disturbances in number, including hypodontia, oligodontia, and supernumerary teeth. Various morphological disturbances are described, including fusion, gemination, taurodontism, dens evaginatus, and enamel pearls. Genetic conditions that can cause defects in enamel such as amelogenesis imperfecta are also reviewed. The document provides diagnostic criteria and differentiating features for many of the discussed dental abnormalities and developmental disturbances.
This document provides an overview of various periodontal instruments, their classifications, parts, and uses. It discusses different types of instruments including mouth mirrors, probes, explorers, scalers, curettes, sonic and ultrasonic instruments, and surgical instruments. For each type of instrument, the document describes their design features and how they are used to examine or treat patients during nonsurgical and surgical periodontal procedures.
This document discusses odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), a type of jaw cyst. It covers the classification, causes, histopathology, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and surgical treatment options for OKCs. OKCs most commonly occur in the mandibular molar and ramus areas and are often radiolucent and multilocular in appearance on radiographs. Treatment options include wide surgical excision or marsupialization to prevent recurrence of these cysts which have a high rate of recurrence compared to other jaw cysts.
This document discusses disease of the pulp, including classification and types. It describes reversible and irreversible pulpitis, with reversible pulpitis causing mild to moderate pain in response to stimuli that subsides after removal of the stimuli. Irreversible pulpitis causes persistent pain even after stimulus removal and can progress to pulp necrosis with total or partial death of the pulp. Other conditions discussed include chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, previously treated teeth, and teeth with previously initiated therapy.
This document provides an overview of pulp and periapical pathologies. It begins by defining the dental pulp and pulpitis. It then covers causes of pulp disease including physical, chemical, and bacterial factors. It classifies pulp disease and discusses factors affecting the pulp response. It details the pathways of bacterial invasion of the pulp and describes different types of reversible and irreversible pulpitis. It also discusses chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, gangrenous necrosis of the pulp, and diseases of the periapical tissues like acute and chronic apical periodontitis and periapical abscess.
This document provides an overview of the microscopic anatomy of the gingiva. It describes the different layers of the gingival epithelium including the oral epithelium, sulcular epithelium, and junctional epithelium. It also discusses the cellular components and layers of the connective tissue below the epithelium. Key structures are described like desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and tonofilaments that provide connections between epithelial cells and attachment to underlying tissues. The functions of the different epithelial layers and their roles in barrier function and wound healing are also summarized.
- Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues can result from caries, trauma, or other injuries that lead to inflammation and necrosis. This summary will discuss pulpitis, periapical diseases, and osteomyelitis.
- Pulpitis can be focal/reversible, acute, or chronic and results from inflammation of the pulp in response to injuries or irritants. Acute pulpitis causes severe pain while chronic pulpitis may be asymptomatic.
- Periapical diseases like apical periodontitis, periapical granulomas, cysts, and abscesses occur when inflammation spreads from the pulp through the root canals into surrounding tissues. Left untreated, periapical abscesses
The document discusses different types of pins used in dentistry including cemented pins, friction-locked pins, and self-threading pins. It notes that cemented pins are the largest type and require zinc phosphate or polycarp cement. Friction-locked pins are smaller and rely on dentin resilience for retention, which can decrease over time. Self-threading pins, also called TMS pins, engage dentin threads for the highest retention and are available in different diameters and materials like gold-plated or titanium.
Periodontal pockets can be classified in several ways, including by their relationship to the alveolar crest (suprabony or intrabony), the number of tooth surfaces involved (simple, compound, or complex), and the number of remaining osseous walls in intrabony pockets. Periodontal abscesses are acute or chronic localized purulent infections that develop from preexisting periodontal pockets. They are typically treated first by establishing drainage through the pocket or incision, along with antibiotics in some cases. Further treatment involves scaling and root planing or surgery to address the underlying chronic periodontitis.
principles of tooth preparation (class one)hanasamir
The document provides guidelines for preparing a Class I dental amalgam cavity. It describes design principles for amalgam and composite resin, including macro-mechanical retention features for amalgam versus micro-mechanical bonding for composite. Key principles for a Class I amalgam cavity preparation are outlined, such as obtaining smooth walls and angles, proper extension into grooves and fissures, maintaining a 2mm occlusal depth, and ensuring a clean preparation. A step-by-step technique is demonstrated for preparing such a cavity on a plaster tooth model.
working length estimation in endodontic Marwa Ahmed
The document discusses methods for determining working length in root canals. It describes both radiographic and non-radiographic methods. Radiographic methods include Grossman's formula, Ingles method, Weine's modification, and use of xeroradiography and radiovisiography. Non-radiographic methods discussed are digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point measurement, and use of electronic apex locators. Electronic apex locators are highlighted as an important advancement, with different generations discussed varying in their measurement of resistance, impedance, or frequency. Accuracy and limitations of different methods are also reviewed.
This document discusses genetic conditions that affect dental enamel formation called amelogenesis imperfecta. It describes four main types of enamel defects: hypoplastic (thin enamel), hypomaturation (soft enamel), hypocalcified (soft, friable enamel), and hypomatured/hypoplastic. The types are caused by defects in genes encoding enamel matrix proteins and result in discolored, sensitive teeth prone to disintegration. Amelogenesis imperfecta can be passed through autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-linked inheritance patterns. Diagnosis is based on family history, clinical observations and radiographs. Non-genetic conditions like dental fluorosis can also affect enamel formation.
PULP POLYP
CHORNIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
PROLIFERATIVE PULPITIS
It’s a type of irreversible pulpitis
It is a pulpal inflammation due to an extensive carious exposure of young pulp.
Its characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered by epithelium & resulting from long standing, low grade irritation.
The document discusses dental contacts and contours. It defines contacts as the proximal heights where the mesial or distal surfaces of teeth touch. Contacts broaden over time through wear. Properly located contacts support interdental papilla and stabilize the dental arches. Contours are the convexities and concavities on facial/lingual surfaces that protect supporting tissues during chewing. The greatest convexities vary by tooth type but generally occur at the gingival third or middle third. Convexities and concavities guide occlusion and food passage. Faulty contacts or contours can lead to food impaction, plaque accumulation, and periodontal disease.
1. Access cavity preparation is the first and most important phase of root canal treatment, with the goals of achieving straight line access to the apical foramen, locating all root canal orifices, and conserving sound tooth structure.
2. The principles of access cavity preparation include establishing an outline form based on pulp chamber size and shape and the number/direction of root canals, providing a convenience form for improved visibility and instrumentation, and removing caries/defective restorations and debris from the pulp chamber.
3. Key steps in access cavity preparation depend on the specific tooth but involve using burs and instruments to locate and prepare access to all root canal orifices while avoiding errors like
This document discusses exodontia, or tooth extraction. It begins by defining exodontia as the painless removal of a tooth or root with minimal trauma. It then lists the common indications for extraction such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and impacted teeth. The document describes various factors that can complicate extractions as well as different types of dental elevators, forceps, and flap designs that are used for extractions. It concludes by discussing potential immediate and delayed complications following tooth extraction.
The document outlines the phases and procedures involved in developing and implementing a treatment plan for periodontal therapy. It discusses establishing diagnoses and prognoses, designing a master plan that sequences nonsurgical and surgical treatments, restorative work, maintenance, and addressing systemic factors. The goal is to create a healthy periodontium and functioning dentition through elimination of irritants and correction of underlying issues causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
This document discusses techniques for mandibular anesthesia. It focuses on the inferior alveolar nerve block, which anesthetizes the inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, and incisive nerve. The technique involves locating anatomical landmarks like the coronoid notch and pterygomandibular raphe, then inserting the needle 1 cm above the occlusal plane of the mandibular posteriors and advancing it to the bone near the mandibular foramen to deposit the solution within 1 mm of the inferior alveolar nerve. Precautions are taken to avoid forceful bone contact. Failure can occur if the injection is too low or anterior, or due to accessory innervation. Complications include hematoma, tr
Classification of periodontal diseasesEnas Elgendy
This document classifies periodontal diseases into two main categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is further divided into plaque-induced gingivitis and non-plaque induced gingivitis. Periodontitis is classified as chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and several other types. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples for each category and type of periodontal disease.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth. It covers disturbances in size such as microdontia and macrodontia. It also discusses disturbances in number, including hypodontia, oligodontia, and supernumerary teeth. Various morphological disturbances are described, including fusion, gemination, taurodontism, dens evaginatus, and enamel pearls. Genetic conditions that can cause defects in enamel such as amelogenesis imperfecta are also reviewed. The document provides diagnostic criteria and differentiating features for many of the discussed dental abnormalities and developmental disturbances.
Developmental disturbances of tooth morphologyHagir Mahmoud
Developmental disturbances of teeth can involve abnormalities in morphodifferentiation (tooth development) or histodifferentiation (tooth structure). Disturbances in morphodifferentiation include abnormalities in tooth number, size, and shape. Tooth number abnormalities include hypodontia (missing teeth) and hyperdontia (extra teeth). Size abnormalities include microdontia (small teeth) and macrodontia (large teeth). Shape abnormalities include double teeth, accessory cusps, dens invaginatus (tooth within a tooth), ectopic enamel, taurodontism, and dilaceration (bent root). Many of these disturbances have genetic and syndromic causes. Treatment depends on the specific abnormality but may
Developmental disturbances of tooth morpologyHagir Taha
Developmental disturbances of teeth can involve abnormalities in morphodifferentiation (tooth development) or histodifferentiation (tooth structure). Disturbances in morphodifferentiation include abnormalities in tooth number, size, and shape. Tooth number abnormalities include hypodontia (missing teeth) and hyperdontia (extra teeth). Size abnormalities include microdontia (small teeth) and macrodontia (large teeth). Shape abnormalities include double teeth, accessory cusps, dens invaginatus (tooth within a tooth), ectopic enamel, taurodontism, and dilaceration (bent root). Many of these disturbances have genetic and syndromic causes. Treatment depends on the specific abnormality but may
This document provides an overview of developmental disturbances that can affect the oral and maxillofacial region, including teeth, soft tissues, and bone. It discusses disorders related to the number, size, shape, and structure of teeth which can be due to genetic and environmental factors. Specific conditions covered include anodontia, supernumerary teeth, micro/macrodontia, impaction, gemination/fusion, dens invaginatus, taurodontism, amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and dentin dysplasia. Radiographic and microscopic features are presented along with typical clinical presentations and treatments.
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
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The document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth, including:
1) Alterations in size such as macrodontia (abnormally large teeth) and microdontia (abnormally small teeth).
2) Alterations in number and eruption such as supernumerary teeth, anodontia (absence of all teeth), and impaction of teeth.
3) Alterations in shape and form of both the tooth crown and root, including conditions like gemination, taurodontism, dens evaginatus, and dilaceration.
4) Alterations of enamel and dentin, such as amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and
This document discusses the radiographic interpretation of various dental anomalies and implants. It provides examples of different dental anomalies like supernumerary teeth, macrodontia, microdontia, fusion, gemination, concrescence, hypercementosis, taurodontism, and dilaceration among others. It also discusses radiographic interpretations related to systemic conditions, presurgical implant imaging, post-implant imaging, and the classification of peri-implant radiolucencies. The goal of radiographic interpretation is to identify disease, understand its nature and extent, and assist in differential diagnosis.
This document summarizes various dental anomalies including microdontia, macrodontia, anodontia, supernumerary teeth, disturbances in eruption, impacted teeth, dilaceration, taurodontism, dens invaginatus, and supernumerary cusps. It describes the characteristics and clinical significance of each anomaly and discusses their causes, presentations, treatments, and complications.
This document summarizes various dental anomalies and disturbances in development. It describes microdontia, macrodontia, anodontia, supernumerary teeth, disturbances in eruption such as premature/delayed eruption and impacted teeth. It also discusses taurodontism, dens invaginatus, gemination, fusion and other dental anomalies affecting shape and structure. Environmental factors that can affect enamel development are described. Finally it summarizes disturbances in dentin formation including dentinogenesis imperfecta.
Common etiological factors of malocclusionMaherFouda1
This document discusses common etiological factors that can cause malocclusion of teeth. It describes several self-correcting and non-correcting anomalies including the "ugly duckling stage" where spacing between front teeth closes on its own after canine eruption. It also discusses anomalies related to number, size, shape, positioning and development of teeth that can influence malocclusion including supernumerary teeth, micro/macrodontia, fusion, dilaceration and premature loss of primary teeth. Photos provide examples of different dental anomalies and their potential impacts on malocclusion.
This document provides an overview of developmental disturbances of teeth. It begins with an introduction that defines development and discusses genetic and environmental factors that can disrupt odontogenesis. It then classifies and describes various developmental disturbances affecting the size, number, shape, structure, and eruption of teeth. Specific disturbances covered in detail include microdontia, macrodontia, gemination, fusion, taurodontism, talon cusp, dens invaginatus, and shovel-shaped incisors. The document discusses causes, clinical features, classifications, and treatments for each disturbance. Radiographic features are also described for some conditions.
developmental disturbances of teeth
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES IN NUMBER OF TEETH
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES IN SIZE OF TEETH
DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES IN SHAPE OF TEETH
Anodontia
Supernumerary teeth
Predeciduous dentition
Post permanent dentition
Microdontia
Macrodontia
Gemination
Fusion
Concrescence
Dilaceration
Talon cusp
Taurodontism
Supernumerary roots
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect teeth, including disturbances in number, size, shape, and structure. It describes conditions like hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, gemination, fusion, dens invaginatus, taurodontism, and enamel pearls. It provides details on the classification, etiology, clinical features, and radiographic presentation of these different developmental disturbances that occur due to abnormalities during tooth development.
Anomalies of tooth formation & eruptionTariq Hameed
The document discusses several anomalies and abnormalities that can occur in tooth formation and eruption. Supernumerary teeth are extra teeth that develop in addition to the normal number. Hypodontia is a congenital absence of one or more teeth. Abnormalities can also occur in tooth size, shape, structure and formation. Some examples provided include taurodontism, dens invaginatus, amelogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. Many conditions are genetic or due to disruptions during tooth development and may require monitoring or treatments like extractions or root canals.
This document summarizes various dental anomalies related to number, size, shape and structure of teeth. It describes conditions such as hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, fusion, gemination, dens invaginatus and others. The causes, characteristics and classifications of these anomalies are discussed. Various hereditary conditions affecting dentin or enamel formation like dentinogenesis imperfecta, amelogenesis imperfecta, dentin dysplasia and odontodysplasia are also summarized.
Oral Pathology - Developmental disorders of teeth and craniofacial malforma...Hamzeh AlBattikhi
This document discusses developmental disorders of teeth, soft tissues, and craniofacial structures. It focuses on abnormalities in teeth, including number (hypodontia, hyperdontia), size (macrodontia, microdontia), form (shape abnormalities, taurodontism, double teeth), and structure (enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralization, dentin abnormalities). Causes may be local such as infection or trauma, or systemic like genetic conditions, environmental factors during tooth development, or nutritional deficiencies.
This document provides definitions and an overview of oral pathology. It defines key terms like pathology, oral pathology, disease, signs, symptoms, etiology, and pathogenesis. It then discusses variations that can affect teeth, including variations in number (increase or decrease), size (macrodontia or microdontia), shape (gemination, fusion, etc.), and structure (enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, etc.). For each variation, it provides examples and classifications. It discusses specific conditions like amelogenesis imperfecta and dental fluorosis in more depth. Overall, the document concisely covers a wide range of topics relating to anomalies and defects that can affect dental development and structure.
Similar to Developmentaldisturbancesoftheteeth 121126070712-phpapp01 (20)
5. (1) True Generalized
Microdontia
all teeth are smaller than
normal
occur in some cases of
pituitary dawrfism
exceedingly rare
teeth are well formed
6. (2) Relative Generalized
Microdontia
normal or slightly smaller than
normal teeth
are present in jaws that are
somewhat larger than normal
7. (3) Focal/Localized
Microdontia
common condition
affects most often maxillary
lateral incisior + 3rd molar
these 2 teeth are most often
congenitally missing
8. (3) Focal/Localized
Microdontia
common forms of localized
microdontia is that which
affects maxillary lateral
incisior
peg lateral
instead of parallel or
diverging mesial + distal
surfaces
9. (3) Focal/Localized
Microdontia
sides converge or taper
together incisally
forms cone-shaped crown
root is frequently shorter
than usual
12. (1) True Generalized
Macrodontia
all teeth are larger than
normal
associated with
pituitary gigantism
exceedingly rare
13. (2) Relative Generalized
Macrodontia
normal or slightly larger than
normal teeth in small jaws
results in crowding of teeth
insufficient arch space
14. (3) Focal/Localized
Macrodontia
uncommon condition
unknown etiology
usually seen with
mandibular 3rd molars
17. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
results from continued
proliferation of permanent
or primary dental lamina
to form third tooth germ
teeth may have:
• normal morphology
• rudimentary
• miniature
18. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
more often in permanent
dentition than primary
dentition
more in the maxilla than in
mandible
19. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
may be impacted erupted
or impacted
because of additional tooth
bulk, it causes:
• malposition of adjacent
teeth
• prevent their eruption
20. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
many are impacted
• characteristically found
in cleidocranial dysostosis
21. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
Mesiodens
Fourth molar
•Maxillary Paramolar
• Distomolar or Distodens
Mandibular Premolar
Maxillary lateral incisors
22. Number and Eruption
Supernumerary
Mandibular central incisors
Maxillary Premolars
23. Mesiodens
most common
supernumerary tooth
tooth situated between
maxillary central incisors
singly
paired
erupted or impacted
25. Fourth Molar
2nd most common
situated distal to 3rd molar
small rudimentary tooth,
but may be of normal size
mandibular 4th molar also is
seen occasionally, but less
common than maxillary molar
26. Paramolar
small + rudimentary
situated bucally or lingually
to one of the maxillary
molars
interproximally between 1st
+ 2nd or 2nd + 3rd maxillary
molars
37. Number and Eruption
Impaction
most often affects the
mandibular 3rd molars +
maxillary canines
less commonly:
• premolars
• mandibular canines
• second molars
38. Number and Eruption
Impaction
occurs due to obstruction
from crowding
from some other physical
barrier
occasionally, may be due
to an abnormal eruption
path, presumably because
of unusual orientation of
40. Ankylosis
fusion of a tooth to surrounding
bone
with focal loss of periodontal
ligament, bone + cementum
become inextricably mixed
cause fusion of tooth to
alveolar bone
43. Shape and Form
Crown
Fusion
Gemination
Taurodontism
Talon’s Cusp
Leong’s Cusp
44. Shape and Form
Crown
Dens Invaginatus
Peg-shaped Lateral
Hutchinson Incisor
Mulberry Molar
45. Shape and Form
Root
Concresence
Enamel Pearl
Dilaceration
Flexion
Ankylosis
46. Fusion
joining of 2 developing
tooth germs
resulting in a single
large tooth structure
may involve entire length
of teeth
or may involve roots only,
in which case cementum +
dentin are SHARED
48. Gemination
fusion of 2 teeth from a
single enamel organ
partial cleavage
appearance of 2 crowns
that share same root canal
trauma has been suggested
as possible cause, the cause is
still unknown
49. Taurodontism
variation in tooth form:
elongated crowns
apically displaced furcations
• resulting in pulp
chambers that have
apical occlusal height
50. Taurodontism
may bee seen as isolated
incident in families
associated with syndromes
such as
Down syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
53. Talon’s Cusp
well-delineated additional
cusp
located on the surface of
an anterior tooth
extends at least half the
distance from CEJ to
incisal edge
54. Leung’s Cusp
developmental condition
clinically as an accessory cusp
or a globule
located on occlusal
surface between buccal +
lingual cusps of premolars
unilaterally or bilaterally
55. Dens Invaginatus
(Dens in Dente)
deep surface invagination
of crown or root that is lined
by enamel
2 forms:
coronal
radicular
56. Dens Invaginatus
(Dens in Dente)
depth varies from slight
enlargement of cingulum
to a deep infolding that
extends to apex
historically, it has been
classified into 3 major types:
Type I
Type II
Type III
57. Dens Invaginatus
(Dens in Dente)
Type I
• confined to the crown
Type II
• extends below cemento
enamel junction
• ends in a blind sac
• may or may not
communicate with
adjacent dental pulp
58. Dens Invaginatus
(Dens in Dente)
Type III
• extends through the root
• perforates in the apical or
lateral radicular area
without any immediate
communication with pulp
61. Hutchinson’s Incisor
characteristic of congenital
syphilis
lateral incisors are peg-shaped
or screwdriver-shaped
widely spaced
notched at the end
with a crescent-shaped
deformity
62. Hutchinson’s Incisor
notches on their biting
surfaces
named after Sir Jonathan
Hutchinson
English surgeon +
pathologist who 1st
described it
63. Mulberry Molar
dental condition usually
associated with congenital
syphilis
characterized by multiple
rounded rudimentary enamel
cusps on permanent 1st molars
64. Mulberry Molar
dwarfed molars with cusps
covered with globular enamel
growths
giving the appearance of a
mulberry
65. Shape and Form
Root
Concresence
Enamel Pearl
Dilaceration
Flexion
Ankylosis
66. Concrescence
2 fully formed teeth
joined along the root surfaces
by cementum
noted more frequently in
posterior and maxillary regions
67. Concrescence
often involves a 2nd molar
tooth in which its roots
closely approximate the
adjacent impacted 3rd molar
may occur before or after the
teeth have erupted
usually involves only 2 teeth
68. Concrescence
diagnosis can frequently be
established by
roentgenographic examination
often requires no therapy
unless union interferes with
eruption; then surgical
removal may be warranted
since with fused teeth,
extraction of one may result in
extraction of the other
69. Enamel Pearls
droplets of ectopic enamel
or so called enamel pearls
may occasionally be found on
roots of teeth
uncommon, minor
abnormalities,
which are formed on normal
teeth
70. Enamel Pearls
occur most commonly in
bifurcation or trifurcation
of teeth
may occur on single-rooted
premolar as well
maxillary molars are
commonly affected than
mandibular molars
71. Enamel Pearls
consist of only a nodule
of enamel attached to dentin
may have a core of dentin
containing pulp horn
may be detected on
radiographic examination
72. Enamel Pearls
may cause stagnation at
gingival margin but, if they
contain pulp, this will
be exposed when pearl is
removed
73. Dilaceration
angulation or a sharp
bend or curve in root
or crown of a formed tooth
trauma to a developing
tooth can cause root to form
at an angle to normal
axis of tooth
rare deformity
74. Dilaceration
movement of crown or
of the crown and part of root
from remaining developing
root may result in sharp
angulation after tooth
completes development
75. Dilaceration
hereditary factors are
believed to be involved
in small number of cases
eruption generally continues
without problems
76. Flexion
deviation or bend restricted
just to the root portion
usually bend is less than 90
degrees
may be a result of trauma to
the developing tooth
77. Ankylosis
also known as
“submerged teeth”
fusion of a tooth to surrounding
bone
deciduous teeth most commonly
mandibular 2nd molars
undergone variable
degree of root resorption
78. Ankylosis
have become ankylosed
to bone
this process prevents their
exfoliation + subsequent
replacement by permanent
teeth
after adjacent permanent
teeth have erupted,
ankylosed tooth appears to
have submerged below level
of occlusion
81. Amelogenesis
Imperfecta
group of conditions caused by
defects in the genes encoding
enamel matrix proteins
genes that encode for enamel
proteins:
amelogenin mutated in
enamelin in patients
others with this
condition
82. Amelogenesis
Imperfecta
affects both dentition
deciduous
permanent
classified based on pattern of
inheritance:
hypoplasia
hypomaturation
hypocalcified
84. Hypoplastic
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
inadequate formation of matrix
enamel is randomly:
pitted
grooved or very thin
hard + translucent
defects become stained but teeth
are not especially susceptible to
caries unless enamel is scanty
and easily damaged
89. Hypocalcified
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
enamel matrix is formed in
normal quantity
poorly calcified
when newly erupted:
enamel is normal in thickness
normal form
but weak
opaque or chalky in appearance
90. Hypocalcified
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
with years of function:
coronal enamel is removed
except for cervical portion
that is occasionally calcified
better
Radiographically:
density of enamel + dentin are
similar
91. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
also known as “Hereditary
Opalascent Dentin”
due to clinical discoloration
of teeth
mutation in the dentin
sialophosphoprotein
affects both primary + permanent
dentition
92. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
have blue to brown
discoloration
with distinctive translucence
enamel frequently separates
easily from underlying defective
dentin
94. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Treatment:
prevent loss of enamel +
subsequent loss of dentin
through attrition
cast metal crowns on posterior
jacket crowns on anterior
teeth
96. Type I Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
occurs in families with
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
primary teeth are more severely
affected than permanent teeth
97. Type I Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
Radiographically:
partial or total obliteration
of pulp chambers + root canals
by continued formation
of dentin
roots may be short + blunted
cementum, periodontal
membrane + bone appear
normal
98. Type II Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
never occurs in association
with osteogenesis imperfecta
unless by chance
most frequently referred to as
hereditary opalascent dentin
only have dentin abnormalities
and no bone disease
99. Type II Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
Radiographically:
partial or total obliteration
of pulp chambers + root canals
by continued formation
of dentin
roots may be short + blunted
cementum, periodontal
membrane + bone appear
normal
100. Type III Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
“Bradwine type”
racial isolate in Maryland
multiple pulp exposures in
deciduous not seen in type
I or II
periapical radiolucencies
101. Type III Dentinogenesis
Imperfecta
enamel appears normal
large size of pulp chamber
is due not to resorption but
rather to insufficient + defective
dentin formation
102. Dentin Dysplasia
also known as “Rootless Teeth”
rare disturbance of dentin
formation
normal enamel
atypical dentin formation
abnormal pulpal morphology
hereditary disease
104. Type I (Radicular Type)
both dentitions are of
normal color
periapical lesion
premature tooth loss may occur
because of short roots or
periapical inflammatory lesions
105. Type I (Radicular Type)
Radiographically:
roots are extremely short
pulps almost completely
obliterated
periapical radiolucencies:
• granulomas
• cysts
• chronic abscesses
106. Type II (Coronal Type)
color of primary dentition
is opalescent
permanent dentition is normal
coronal pulps are usually large
(thistle tube appearance)
filled with globules of abnormal
dentin
107. Type II (Coronal Type)
Radiographically:
(Deciduous)
roots are extremely short
pulps almost completely
obliterated
(Permanent)
abnormally large pulp
chambers in coronal portion of
tooth
109. Regional
Odontodysplasia
one or several teeth in a
localized area are affected
maxillary teeth are involved
more frequently than
mandibular area
etiology is unknown
111. Regional
Odontodysplasia
Radiographically:
marked reduction in
radiodensity
teeth assume a “ghost”
appearance
both enamel + dentin appear
very thin
pulp chamber is exceedingly
large
113. Shell Tooth
normal thickness enamel
extremely thin dentin
enlarged pulps
thin dentin may involve
entire tooth or be isolated
to the root
most frequently in deciduous
114. References:
Books
Cawson, R.A: Cawson’s Essentials of Oral
Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine,
8th Edition
• (pages 24-36)
Neville, et al: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
3rd Edition
• (pages 77-113)
Regezi, Joseph et al: Oral Pathology, Clinical
Pathological Correlations
5th Edition
• (pages 361-373)
Shafer, et al: A textbook of Oral Pathology,
3rd Edition
• (pages 37-69)