Etiology of dental_caries
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Etiology of Dental Caries bBy Dr Qurat-Ul-Ain Assistant Professor Community Dentistry Department HBS Medical and Dental College , Islamabad
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Epidemiology of dental caries
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
Dental caries (operative dentistry)
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its history, epidemiology, classification, etiology, histogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the evolution of dental caries throughout history from ancient civilizations to modern times. Key points include that dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth, affects most people worldwide, and has been found in human remains from 25,000 years ago. The document also provides various ways of classifying dental caries based on location, progression, extent, rate, age pattern, and number of tooth surfaces involved.
dental caries classifications, histopathology
This document discusses the classification of dental caries according to location, extent, affected hard tissue, and rate of progression. It describes various types of caries such as pit and fissure caries, smooth surface caries, root surface caries, nursing bottle caries, radiation caries, and rampant caries. It also discusses caries classification systems including Black's classification and ICDAS classification for caries.
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This document provides information on the etiology and classification of dental caries. It discusses the multifactorial nature of caries, involving bacteria, susceptible tooth surfaces, and diet playing major roles. It describes theories of caries development including Miller's chemoparasitic theory involving acid production by bacteria leading to demineralization. It also discusses host factors like tooth composition, plaque, diet and its effects on bacteria, the role of time and saliva, and systemic and genetic factors in caries development and susceptibility.
10 introduction to cariology ( dental caries)
This document provides an overview of dental caries as an infectious disease caused by specific bacteria like mutans streptococcus and lactobacillus. It discusses caries as a reversible process of demineralization and remineralization, and the importance of assessing caries activity and risk through factors like medical history, fluoride use, diet, and bacteria levels. Previous restorative strategies focused on early intervention for cavitated lesions and prevention methods, but did not address the underlying bacteria. The current model emphasizes controlling oral bacteria levels, identifying low-risk measures, and treating non-cavitated lesions for remineralization rather than immediate restoration.
Dental caries
Dental caries is a progressive, subsurface demineralization of teeth caused by bacterial acid from plaque. It is one of the most common diseases and a major cause of tooth loss. Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology involving diet, bacteria, time and a susceptible tooth surface. Key theories on the etiology of dental caries include the acidogenic theory, which proposes that acids produced by bacteria from carbohydrates lead to demineralization of enamel and dentin. Classification of dental caries is based on factors such as location, progression, surfaces involved, and tissue affected.
Dental caries
Dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth that metabolize carbohydrates, producing acids that demineralize tooth enamel and dentin. It progresses through stages from early subsurface lesions to cavity formation and bacterial invasion. Risk factors include diet, oral hygiene, tooth composition, and saliva. Treatment involves preventing demineralization through fluoride, controlling plaque and bacteria, and restoring teeth through fillings or other methods.
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Epidemiology of dental caries
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
Dental caries (operative dentistry)
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its history, epidemiology, classification, etiology, histogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the evolution of dental caries throughout history from ancient civilizations to modern times. Key points include that dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth, affects most people worldwide, and has been found in human remains from 25,000 years ago. The document also provides various ways of classifying dental caries based on location, progression, extent, rate, age pattern, and number of tooth surfaces involved.
dental caries classifications, histopathology
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10 introduction to cariology ( dental caries)
This document provides an overview of dental caries as an infectious disease caused by specific bacteria like mutans streptococcus and lactobacillus. It discusses caries as a reversible process of demineralization and remineralization, and the importance of assessing caries activity and risk through factors like medical history, fluoride use, diet, and bacteria levels. Previous restorative strategies focused on early intervention for cavitated lesions and prevention methods, but did not address the underlying bacteria. The current model emphasizes controlling oral bacteria levels, identifying low-risk measures, and treating non-cavitated lesions for remineralization rather than immediate restoration.
Dental caries
Dental caries is a progressive, subsurface demineralization of teeth caused by bacterial acid from plaque. It is one of the most common diseases and a major cause of tooth loss. Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology involving diet, bacteria, time and a susceptible tooth surface. Key theories on the etiology of dental caries include the acidogenic theory, which proposes that acids produced by bacteria from carbohydrates lead to demineralization of enamel and dentin. Classification of dental caries is based on factors such as location, progression, surfaces involved, and tissue affected.
Dental caries
Dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth that metabolize carbohydrates, producing acids that demineralize tooth enamel and dentin. It progresses through stages from early subsurface lesions to cavity formation and bacterial invasion. Risk factors include diet, oral hygiene, tooth composition, and saliva. Treatment involves preventing demineralization through fluoride, controlling plaque and bacteria, and restoring teeth through fillings or other methods.
Dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
Dental caries
The document discusses dental caries, including its etiology and classifications. It provides details on:
1) Dental caries is a progressive, subsurface demineralization of teeth caused by bacterial acids that leads to tooth decay.
2) Old and new theories on the etiology of dental caries including the roles of carbohydrates, microorganisms, acids, and dental plaque in the acidogenic/chemoparasitic theory.
3) Classifications of dental caries including based on nature of attack, progression, surfaces involved, direction of attack, number of surfaces, GV Black classification, location, and tissues involved.
Dental caries
This document discusses dental caries, including its etiology, clinical characteristics, and histopathology. It describes how caries is caused by an interaction between host factors, such as tooth composition and saliva, and environmental factors like diet and bacteria. It also summarizes the typical progression and appearance of caries in different locations, such as pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, and root surfaces. Caries develops when acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars in the diet break down tooth minerals over time. The document provides details on the role of various microorganisms involved at different caries stages.
Dental caries
Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease of the tooth that results in localized destruction and dissolution of calcified tissues.
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide; individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime.
Dental caries
This document discusses dental caries (tooth decay), including its causes, classification, and epidemiology. It defines dental caries as the breakdown of teeth due to bacterial activity. It is most commonly caused by bacteria in dental plaque producing acid when fed fermentable carbohydrates, which demineralizes enamel over time. Dental caries is classified based on location, progression speed, recurrence, extent of damage, and other factors. Globally, it affects around 36% of people and prevalence varies significantly between populations and countries.
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This document provides an overview of dental caries including its history, epidemiology, definitions, classifications, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It discusses early concepts of the cause of caries including the worm theory and more recent understanding involving the interplay between oral bacteria, carbohydrates and the tooth surface leading to organic acid production and demineralization. Factors influencing caries development include the host, microflora, substrate and time of exposure.
Dental Caries
Dental caries is a progressive bacterial infection that causes demineralization and destruction of tooth structure. It develops due to an imbalance between demineralization and remineralization when acid is produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars. Key factors in development include acidogenic bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and the presence of dental plaque. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial acid production, remineralize enamel, and remove plaque through chemical, nutritional, and mechanical methods like fluorides, restricted sugars, toothbrushing, and dental sealants.
Epidemiology of dental caries
This document discusses the epidemiology of dental caries. It begins by defining dental caries and exploring early theories about its etiology. It then examines the epidemiological triad of host, microbes, and environment. Several key studies are summarized that demonstrate the role of diet, particularly sugars, in promoting dental caries. The Vipeholm study showed that increased sugar intake leads to more caries, while the Hopewood House and Turku sugar studies found reductions in caries by limiting sugars and consuming xylitol respectively. Genetic factors and other lifestyle influences on dental caries prevalence are also briefly mentioned.
Denatal caries - Tooth Decay
Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize sugars from the diet. As the bacteria lower the pH, minerals are dissolved from tooth enamel and dentin, leading to cavitation. The primary bacteria involved are mutans streptococci. Risk factors include frequency of sugar consumption. Early lesions appear as white spots on smooth surfaces or pits and fissures. Untreated, caries progresses through enamel and into dentin, forming zones of demineralization and bacterial invasion.
Epidemiology and prevention of Dental caries
This document discusses the epidemiology and prevention of dental caries. It defines dental caries as an infectious disease caused by bacteria that leads to destruction of tooth enamel. Key factors that influence the development of caries include diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Historically, developed nations had higher rates of caries due to diets high in refined sugars, while developing nations had lower rates. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial levels, neutralize acid production, and remineralize early lesions through improved hygiene, fluoride treatments, and other antimicrobial approaches.
2.dental caries
Dental caries is a microbiological disease that results in localized demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substances of the tooth. It is caused by acid produced from bacteria in dental plaque when they metabolize carbohydrates. Key factors in the development of dental caries include diet, bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, acids, dental plaque, and time. Common sites for dental caries include pits and fissures, proximal surfaces, and cervical margins. Treatment involves reducing sugar intake, fluoride application, and properly placed restorations to prevent recurrent caries.
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This document provides an overview of dental caries from a molecular microbiology perspective. It discusses dental caries as an infectious disease caused by an imbalance in the biofilm that forms on teeth. Key points include:
- Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans in the biofilm.
- Molecular methods like sequencing and metagenomics are providing new insights into the microbial composition of dental caries.
- Factors like diet, saliva, tooth anatomy, and bacterial composition determine the development and progression of dental caries at different sites in the mouth.
- Advanced detection and diagnosis methods are needed to identify active carious lesions and determine the appropriate treatment.
Pedia caries prevention
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Classification Of Dental Caries
The document classifies dental caries in several ways:
1. Based on anatomical site such as occlusal, root, and smooth surface caries. Occlusal caries are most prevalent.
2. Based on progression as acute, chronic, or arrested caries. Acute caries progresses rapidly while chronic caries is slow.
3. Based on the initial involvement of the tooth surface as primary or recurrent caries. Primary caries is the initial attack while recurrent caries occurs around restorations.
Dental Caries
This document discusses dental caries (cavities) and covers topics like the role of bacteria, diet, plaque, protective factors in food, classification of lesions, diagnosis methods, and replacement of sucrose with other sweeteners. It begins with an overview of the sequence of restoration/treatment and then delves into subtopics like the essential role of bacteria, diet and epidemiological evidence, dental plaque formation, protective vs non-protective areas in the mouth, saliva composition, and classification systems for caries.
Dental Caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries (tooth decay), including its global distribution, risk factors, and specific types. It discusses how caries prevalence has historically changed and varies globally depending on diet and lifestyle. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, diet (particularly sugars and starches), and socioeconomic status as risk factors. Specific sections address secular trends in caries among children in developed nations, demographic influences, root caries in elderly populations, and early childhood caries.
Early childhood caries
This document discusses early childhood caries and nursing caries. It begins with definitions of dental caries and classifications based on anatomic site, severity, progression, and chronology. It then focuses on nursing caries, describing the etiological agents, clinical features, progression, implications, management, and prevention. Nursing caries is distinguished from rampant caries, with nursing caries being a specific form that occurs in infants/toddlers due to improper bottle feeding habits, while rampant caries can occur at any age from multiple factors. The document provides details on diagnosing, treating, and preventing nursing caries.
Theories of dental caries.ppt
There are several theories that attempt to explain the process of dental caries:
1) The chemical (acid) theory proposes that acids formed by the fermentation of food particles around the teeth destroy the teeth.
2) The parasitic (septic) theory associates microorganisms with the carious process.
3) The acidogenic theory describes dental decay as a two-stage chemoparasitic process involving decalcification of enamel and subsequent destruction of softened enamel and dentin, supported by the presence of carbohydrates, microorganisms, and dental plaque.
Epidemiology of dental caries
This document discusses the epidemiology of dental caries. It identifies key host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to caries development, including age, diet, bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, and fluoride exposure. The global distribution of caries has changed over time, with prevalence historically higher in developed nations due to diets high in refined carbohydrates, though patterns are changing as diets worldwide become more cariogenic. Socioeconomic status, nutrition, and oral hygiene also impact caries risk.
Diet and dental caries
This document discusses the relationship between diet and dental caries. It defines key terms like diet, nutrition, and dental caries. It classifies foods and describes the food guide pyramid. Diet plays a major role in the development of dental caries as certain carbohydrates are cariogenic. Several studies are summarized that provide evidence of this relationship, like those comparing modern and primitive diets, or studies on sugar intake during World War II. The document also discusses the effects of nutrition on dental caries both before and after tooth eruption.
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This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
Dental caries
The document discusses dental caries, including its etiology and classifications. It provides details on:
1) Dental caries is a progressive, subsurface demineralization of teeth caused by bacterial acids that leads to tooth decay.
2) Old and new theories on the etiology of dental caries including the roles of carbohydrates, microorganisms, acids, and dental plaque in the acidogenic/chemoparasitic theory.
3) Classifications of dental caries including based on nature of attack, progression, surfaces involved, direction of attack, number of surfaces, GV Black classification, location, and tissues involved.
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This document discusses dental caries, including its etiology, clinical characteristics, and histopathology. It describes how caries is caused by an interaction between host factors, such as tooth composition and saliva, and environmental factors like diet and bacteria. It also summarizes the typical progression and appearance of caries in different locations, such as pits and fissures, smooth surfaces, and root surfaces. Caries develops when acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars in the diet break down tooth minerals over time. The document provides details on the role of various microorganisms involved at different caries stages.
Dental caries
Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease of the tooth that results in localized destruction and dissolution of calcified tissues.
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide; individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime.
Dental caries
This document discusses dental caries (tooth decay), including its causes, classification, and epidemiology. It defines dental caries as the breakdown of teeth due to bacterial activity. It is most commonly caused by bacteria in dental plaque producing acid when fed fermentable carbohydrates, which demineralizes enamel over time. Dental caries is classified based on location, progression speed, recurrence, extent of damage, and other factors. Globally, it affects around 36% of people and prevalence varies significantly between populations and countries.
Dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries including its history, epidemiology, definitions, classifications, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It discusses early concepts of the cause of caries including the worm theory and more recent understanding involving the interplay between oral bacteria, carbohydrates and the tooth surface leading to organic acid production and demineralization. Factors influencing caries development include the host, microflora, substrate and time of exposure.
Dental Caries
Dental caries is a progressive bacterial infection that causes demineralization and destruction of tooth structure. It develops due to an imbalance between demineralization and remineralization when acid is produced by bacteria in dental plaque from sugars. Key factors in development include acidogenic bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and the presence of dental plaque. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial acid production, remineralize enamel, and remove plaque through chemical, nutritional, and mechanical methods like fluorides, restricted sugars, toothbrushing, and dental sealants.
Epidemiology of dental caries
This document discusses the epidemiology of dental caries. It begins by defining dental caries and exploring early theories about its etiology. It then examines the epidemiological triad of host, microbes, and environment. Several key studies are summarized that demonstrate the role of diet, particularly sugars, in promoting dental caries. The Vipeholm study showed that increased sugar intake leads to more caries, while the Hopewood House and Turku sugar studies found reductions in caries by limiting sugars and consuming xylitol respectively. Genetic factors and other lifestyle influences on dental caries prevalence are also briefly mentioned.
Denatal caries - Tooth Decay
Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize sugars from the diet. As the bacteria lower the pH, minerals are dissolved from tooth enamel and dentin, leading to cavitation. The primary bacteria involved are mutans streptococci. Risk factors include frequency of sugar consumption. Early lesions appear as white spots on smooth surfaces or pits and fissures. Untreated, caries progresses through enamel and into dentin, forming zones of demineralization and bacterial invasion.
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This document discusses the epidemiology and prevention of dental caries. It defines dental caries as an infectious disease caused by bacteria that leads to destruction of tooth enamel. Key factors that influence the development of caries include diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Historically, developed nations had higher rates of caries due to diets high in refined sugars, while developing nations had lower rates. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial levels, neutralize acid production, and remineralize early lesions through improved hygiene, fluoride treatments, and other antimicrobial approaches.
2.dental caries
Dental caries is a microbiological disease that results in localized demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substances of the tooth. It is caused by acid produced from bacteria in dental plaque when they metabolize carbohydrates. Key factors in the development of dental caries include diet, bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, acids, dental plaque, and time. Common sites for dental caries include pits and fissures, proximal surfaces, and cervical margins. Treatment involves reducing sugar intake, fluoride application, and properly placed restorations to prevent recurrent caries.
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This document provides an overview of dental caries from a molecular microbiology perspective. It discusses dental caries as an infectious disease caused by an imbalance in the biofilm that forms on teeth. Key points include:
- Dental caries is caused by acid-producing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans in the biofilm.
- Molecular methods like sequencing and metagenomics are providing new insights into the microbial composition of dental caries.
- Factors like diet, saliva, tooth anatomy, and bacterial composition determine the development and progression of dental caries at different sites in the mouth.
- Advanced detection and diagnosis methods are needed to identify active carious lesions and determine the appropriate treatment.
Pedia caries prevention
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
Classification Of Dental Caries
The document classifies dental caries in several ways:
1. Based on anatomical site such as occlusal, root, and smooth surface caries. Occlusal caries are most prevalent.
2. Based on progression as acute, chronic, or arrested caries. Acute caries progresses rapidly while chronic caries is slow.
3. Based on the initial involvement of the tooth surface as primary or recurrent caries. Primary caries is the initial attack while recurrent caries occurs around restorations.
Dental Caries
This document discusses dental caries (cavities) and covers topics like the role of bacteria, diet, plaque, protective factors in food, classification of lesions, diagnosis methods, and replacement of sucrose with other sweeteners. It begins with an overview of the sequence of restoration/treatment and then delves into subtopics like the essential role of bacteria, diet and epidemiological evidence, dental plaque formation, protective vs non-protective areas in the mouth, saliva composition, and classification systems for caries.
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This document provides an overview of dental caries (tooth decay), including its global distribution, risk factors, and specific types. It discusses how caries prevalence has historically changed and varies globally depending on diet and lifestyle. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, diet (particularly sugars and starches), and socioeconomic status as risk factors. Specific sections address secular trends in caries among children in developed nations, demographic influences, root caries in elderly populations, and early childhood caries.
Early childhood caries
This document discusses early childhood caries and nursing caries. It begins with definitions of dental caries and classifications based on anatomic site, severity, progression, and chronology. It then focuses on nursing caries, describing the etiological agents, clinical features, progression, implications, management, and prevention. Nursing caries is distinguished from rampant caries, with nursing caries being a specific form that occurs in infants/toddlers due to improper bottle feeding habits, while rampant caries can occur at any age from multiple factors. The document provides details on diagnosing, treating, and preventing nursing caries.
Theories of dental caries.ppt
There are several theories that attempt to explain the process of dental caries:
1) The chemical (acid) theory proposes that acids formed by the fermentation of food particles around the teeth destroy the teeth.
2) The parasitic (septic) theory associates microorganisms with the carious process.
3) The acidogenic theory describes dental decay as a two-stage chemoparasitic process involving decalcification of enamel and subsequent destruction of softened enamel and dentin, supported by the presence of carbohydrates, microorganisms, and dental plaque.
Epidemiology of dental caries
This document discusses the epidemiology of dental caries. It identifies key host, agent, and environmental factors that contribute to caries development, including age, diet, bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, and fluoride exposure. The global distribution of caries has changed over time, with prevalence historically higher in developed nations due to diets high in refined carbohydrates, though patterns are changing as diets worldwide become more cariogenic. Socioeconomic status, nutrition, and oral hygiene also impact caries risk.
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This document discusses preventive dentistry. It defines preventive dentistry as a philosophy that aims to develop healthy oral habits through procedures by dental professionals and others. The objectives of preventive dentistry are outlined, including preventing various factors that can lead to or worsen oral diseases. Different levels of prevention are described, including primary prevention during pre-disease stages, secondary prevention during early disease stages, and tertiary prevention like disability limitation and rehabilitation. Specific strategies for preventing dental caries are also covered, such as dietary control, oral hygiene practices, and adding substances like fluoride to foods.
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Etiology of dental_caries
- 1. ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES Dr Qurat-Ul-Ain Assistant Professor Community Dentistry Department HBS Medical & Dental College, Islamabad
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Dental caries • Epidemiological triad • Sugars and carbohydrates • Human interventional study- Vipeholm study
- 4. DENTAL CARIES • It is define as progressive, irreversible microbial disease of multifactorial nature affecting the calcified tissues of the teeth characterized by demineralization of inorganic portion and destruction of organic portion the tooth
- 5. DENTAL CARIES • Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease that begins as demineralization of inorganic portion of tooth, followed by destruction of organic portion, leading to cavity formation
- 9. I- HOST FACTORS • Tooth (composition/morph ology/ position) • Saliva (viscosity) • Gender • Race • Age • Familial heredity • Developmental disturbance • Economic status • Related disease • Oral hygiene habits
- 13. II- AGENT FACTORS •MICROORGANISMS; Streptococci (streptococcus mutans) •CARIOGENIC PLAQUE
- 14. PROPERTIES OF CARIOGENIC PLAQUE • High sucrose consumption • Synthesize more intracellular polysaccharides • More lactic acid is formed • Double extracellular polysaccharide is produce • Increased levels of Streptococcus Mutans • Decreased level of Streptococcus Sanguis & Actinomyces
- 15. III- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environment of Oral cavity is affected by ; • Diet ---------type of food and frequency of intake “Vipeholm Study” ( CM Marya page # 308) • Geographic variations --- increase in developing countries and decreasing in developed countries • Urbanization --- increase caries in urban populace • Climate --- sunlight- decrease caries / rainfall increase caries
- 16. CARIOGENICITY OF SUGARS •Sugars are classified into INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC based on physical location of sugar
- 18. CARIES PRODUCING NON MILK SUGARS (NME OR ENEMY) • Sucrose • Glucose • Maltose • Fructose • All above sugars are same cariogenic as starch but SUCROSE was much more cariogenic NME or enemy are harmful to teeth/ cariogenic sugars. WHO recommended that, 1- no nutritional needs of these NME 2- consumption should be less than 10 % of total food energy intake
- 19. CARBOHYDRATES & DENTAL CARIES • Dietary Carbohydrates A.Sugars : dietary carb can divided into simple sugars and complex carbohydrates e.g., starches B. Starches : are major component of diet. Cereal grains are often a primary source of calories, proteins, minerals and vitamins
- 20. CARIES-PROMOTING ACTIVITY AND FOOD SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES AND SWEETENERS 1 CARIES-PROMOTING ( SOURCE -PAGE 314 CM MARYA)
- 21. HUMAN INTERVENTIONAL STUDY 1. Vipeholm study (Gustafsson et al 1954) 2. Turku Sugar study (Scheinin & Makinen) Alteration in diet was made intentionally in these studies Frequency and form of carbohydrate
- 22. VIPEHOLM STUDY – IN SWEDEN
- 23. VIPEHOLM STUDY • Sample - 436 adult mental patients, 1 control group and six main test groups 1. Sucrose group 2. Bread group 3. Chocolate group 4. Caramel group 5. 8- toffee group 6. 24- toffee group • Duration – 5 years • Intervention – the effect of liquid & sticky foods given at meal times and between meals on caries was observed •
- 24. CONCLUSION OF STUDY 1. Consumption of sugar even high levels, is associated with only a small increase in caries increment if the sugar taken with meal and none between meal. 2. Increase sugar intake increases caries activity 3. Sugar intake both between meal and at meals is associated with marked increase in caries increment 4. Risk of caries is greater when sugar consumed in sticky form and prolong time of oral cleanliness
- 25. 5. The increase in caries activity varies widely from person to person under uniform experimental condition 6. Increase in caries activity disappears on the withdrawal of sugar rich foods 7. Carious lesion occurred despite avoidance of sugar.
- 26. ANY QUESTION?