learning objectives
Introduction
History Of Water Fluoridation
How Does Fluoride Act In Dental Caries Prevention?
Goals Of F Administration
Fluoride Administration
Appropriate Levels Of Fluoride in Drinking Water
Methods of water fluoridation
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficacy Of topical fluorides
Range Of therapeutic fluoride concentrations used to prevent caries
Recommended doses
Topical and systemic fluorides including sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride and APF in detail. It comes as long question in BDS final year(CCS University)
Topical and systemic fluorides including sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride and APF in detail. It comes as long question in BDS final year(CCS University)
overview of flouride with detailed information on their pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
A comprehensive presentation about role of fluorides in caries prevention. Their sources, metabolism, history of fluorides, how to administer fluorides, advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of systemic fluorides.
Fluoride is: natural mineral that helps build strong teeth and prevent cavities
Fluoride treatment; is typically professional treatment containing high concentration of fluoride that dentist or hygienist will apply to a person’s teeth to improve health and reduce the risk of cavities
Benefits of fluoride treatment:
1- Slow or reverse the development of cavities by harming bacteria that cause cavities.
2- Join into tooth structure when tooth develop to strengthen the enamel surface
3- Helps body, better use mineral such as Ca and phosphate, the teeth reabsorb these mineral to repair weak tooth enamel
Side effect of fluoride:
1- Tooth discoloration
2- Allergies or irritation
3- Toxic effect: if person apply it incorrectly or at high doses: nausea, diarrhea, excessive sweating
Common source of dietary fluoride:
Tea, water, sea food, fish eaten with their bones
Grape juice, food cooked in water.
Optimal fluoride intake:
Birth to 3 years: ---- 0.1 to 1.5 mg
4 years of age: ------1 to 2,5mg
7 years of age: ------ 1.5 to 2.5mg
Adolescent and adult: --- 1.5 to 4mg
History:
1802: Sir James Crichton Browne, the 1st hint of possible connection of fluoride and dental health
1901: Fredrek Mckay: present in permanent stains on teeth known as mottled enamel
1902: J.M Eager: stains on teeth
1916: Green Vardmin Black: support the Mckay work with histologic evidence, reported as endemic imperfection of enamel
Fluoride application procedures:
1- Fluoride prophylaxis pastes:
The use of cleaning and polishing pastes (pumic, zircate) and other comparable abrasive pastes before cementing orthodontic bands may lead to removal of significant amount of surface enamel which has more resistant layer and provide a significant amount of fluoride to support enamel surface.
2- Topical fluoride solution:
The most commonly used topical solutions are;
Sodium fluoride –2% neutral
Acidulated sodium fluoride at PH3 and 1.2 fluoride
8% --10% stannous fluoride.
3- Fluoride gel:
Are available in; sodium fluoride, acidulated sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride
4- Fluoride mouth rinse
5- Fluoride tablets:
Fluoride administration as pills or tablets (0.5 ---1mg/day) according to age show caries reduction in permanent teeth of 20 --- 40% when started at 6 –9 years of age
6- Fluoride dentifrices:
There are large number of dentifrices in market as, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, amine fluoride
Sodium monofluorophosphate
The regular use of fluoride dentifrices should be recommended to all patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in addition to other forms of fluoride administration
7- Fluoride cements:
Silicate cements restoration slowly release fluorides and protect surrounding enamel from secondary caries
8- Fluoride varnish:
Topical application of fluoride predisposes to the formation of readily soluble Ca fluoride crystals on the enamel surface
9- Other methods: as elastic containing 10% sodium fluoride.
Some studies:
1- Good oral hygiene was the only
The procedure followed in drawing conclusion from the sample values are known as statistic inference or inferential statistics.
Consist of 2 aspects;
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data.
overview of flouride with detailed information on their pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
A comprehensive presentation about role of fluorides in caries prevention. Their sources, metabolism, history of fluorides, how to administer fluorides, advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of systemic fluorides.
Fluoride is: natural mineral that helps build strong teeth and prevent cavities
Fluoride treatment; is typically professional treatment containing high concentration of fluoride that dentist or hygienist will apply to a person’s teeth to improve health and reduce the risk of cavities
Benefits of fluoride treatment:
1- Slow or reverse the development of cavities by harming bacteria that cause cavities.
2- Join into tooth structure when tooth develop to strengthen the enamel surface
3- Helps body, better use mineral such as Ca and phosphate, the teeth reabsorb these mineral to repair weak tooth enamel
Side effect of fluoride:
1- Tooth discoloration
2- Allergies or irritation
3- Toxic effect: if person apply it incorrectly or at high doses: nausea, diarrhea, excessive sweating
Common source of dietary fluoride:
Tea, water, sea food, fish eaten with their bones
Grape juice, food cooked in water.
Optimal fluoride intake:
Birth to 3 years: ---- 0.1 to 1.5 mg
4 years of age: ------1 to 2,5mg
7 years of age: ------ 1.5 to 2.5mg
Adolescent and adult: --- 1.5 to 4mg
History:
1802: Sir James Crichton Browne, the 1st hint of possible connection of fluoride and dental health
1901: Fredrek Mckay: present in permanent stains on teeth known as mottled enamel
1902: J.M Eager: stains on teeth
1916: Green Vardmin Black: support the Mckay work with histologic evidence, reported as endemic imperfection of enamel
Fluoride application procedures:
1- Fluoride prophylaxis pastes:
The use of cleaning and polishing pastes (pumic, zircate) and other comparable abrasive pastes before cementing orthodontic bands may lead to removal of significant amount of surface enamel which has more resistant layer and provide a significant amount of fluoride to support enamel surface.
2- Topical fluoride solution:
The most commonly used topical solutions are;
Sodium fluoride –2% neutral
Acidulated sodium fluoride at PH3 and 1.2 fluoride
8% --10% stannous fluoride.
3- Fluoride gel:
Are available in; sodium fluoride, acidulated sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride
4- Fluoride mouth rinse
5- Fluoride tablets:
Fluoride administration as pills or tablets (0.5 ---1mg/day) according to age show caries reduction in permanent teeth of 20 --- 40% when started at 6 –9 years of age
6- Fluoride dentifrices:
There are large number of dentifrices in market as, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, amine fluoride
Sodium monofluorophosphate
The regular use of fluoride dentifrices should be recommended to all patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in addition to other forms of fluoride administration
7- Fluoride cements:
Silicate cements restoration slowly release fluorides and protect surrounding enamel from secondary caries
8- Fluoride varnish:
Topical application of fluoride predisposes to the formation of readily soluble Ca fluoride crystals on the enamel surface
9- Other methods: as elastic containing 10% sodium fluoride.
Some studies:
1- Good oral hygiene was the only
The procedure followed in drawing conclusion from the sample values are known as statistic inference or inferential statistics.
Consist of 2 aspects;
ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data.
EBD is sequential, systematic process of addressing a clinical or community relevant problems.
EBD components are;
Clinical expertise
Patient’s preferences & values
Highest level of evidence
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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2. Learning
Objectives
Introduction
History Of Water Fluoridation
How Does Fluoride Act In Dental Caries Prevention?
Goals Of F Administration
Fluoride Administration
Appropriate Levels Of Fluoride in Drinking Water
Methods of water fluoridation
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficacy Of topical fluorides
Range Of therapeutic fluoride concentrations used
to prevent caries
Recommended doses
3. Introduction
Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds
containing the fluorine element.
Fluoride (F) therapy is the delivery of fluoride to
teeth, either topically or systematically,
To protect them from dental caries. Extensive
evidence proved that fluoride toothpastes and water
Fluoridation reduce dental caries.
Fluoride and water fluoridation in dentistry were
classified as one of the 10 most important public
health measures of the 20th century.
4. History of
Water
Fluoridation
In 1901, when Dr. Frederick McKay started his dental
practice in Colorado Springs, USA, he noticed that
many of his patients had a mysterious brown
staining of their teeth, He investigated the issue
for 30 years and was stunned to notice that the
strangely stained or “mottled” teeth were also
decay free, and he strived to determine the
drinking water as the cause of this strange
phenomenon
5. History of
Water
Fluoridation
In 1931, Dr. H. Trendley Dean, a dentist
conducted study on harmful effects of fluoride and
published results in 1950 , that small amount has
large benefits and large amount resulting in an
enamel staining (“mottling” of teeth), known later
as FLUOROSIS
Dean suggested that water supply fluoride
concentration of about
(1ppm) (roughly equivalent to a grain of
salt in a gallon of water) will be associated with
substantially fewer cavities .
The safety of Fluoride has been the subject
6. Appropriate
LevelsOf
Fluoride in
Drinking
Water
Deans - 1.0 mg/l as the most appropriate concentration
of fluoride in drinking water.
“MOST APPROPRIATE” meant the concentration at
which maximum caries reduction could be achieved while
limiting dental fluorosis to acceptable levels of prevalence
and severity.
WHO modified fluoride concentration from 1.0 mg/l into
range 0.7 – 1.2 mg/l because of climate differences, i-e
people drinking more water in hot climate than people
living in moderate climate.
7. How does
fluoride act in
dental caries
prevention?
Three theories prevail:
1. Fluoride becomes incorporated into the
hydroxyapatite crystals of teeth, rendering them
more resistant to acid attack.
2. Presence of saliva promotes remineralization of
early carious lesions. By mean of having the molecule
F replace the molecule OH in the hydroxyapatite
and transform it to fluorapatite; this process will
make the enamel more resistant to caries, only of the
fluoride is given for a long period of time on regular
bases.
3. Fluoride interferes with metabolic pathways of
bacteria, thus reducing acid.
12. Systematic
Fluorides
These are ingested and delivered to the oral
cavity via the blood stream.
It provides systematic effects, i-e accruing
from ingestion & absorption of fluoride and
this can occur post eruptively via saliva and
crevicular fluid.
14. Systematic
Fluorides
Advantages
1. Low cost
2. No motivational or behavioral changes necessary
Disadvantages
1. Political &/or emotional objections to water additives
2. Possibility of mild to moderate fluorosis if other sources of
fluoride are ingested inadvertently
3. Allege toxicity
15. Systematic
Fluorides
Administratio
n Methods
1. Water fluoridation
I. Community water fluoridation
II. School water fluoridation
2. Dietary supplements
I. F tablets / drops
II. Fluoridized salts
III. Fluoride vitamins preparation
IV. Fluoride milk & fruit juices
16. Fluoride
Compound
Used in
Water
Fluoridation
Fluorspar : it is a mineral containing calcium fluoride
[CaF2]
Sodium fluoride
Silicofluorides
Sodium silicofluorides ( mostly use because of low
cost)
Hydrofluosilicic acid.
Ammonium silicofluoride
17. Methods of
water
fluoridation
3 main system used for water fluoridation
1. The Saturator system (sodium fluoride- use for
smaller & very smaller community)
2. The Dry-feeder system (sodium fluoride or
silicofluoride- mid size community)
3. The Solution feeder system (hydrofluosilicic
acid – larger community)
19. Topical
Fluorides
Large concentrations of fluoride that are
applied topically (or locally) to erupted tooth
surface to prevent the formation of dental
caries.
Application of topical fluorides immediately
after eruption speeds fluoride uptake and
makes enamel more resistant to dental caries
because enamel is porous & immature it
acquires fluoride rapidly.
21. Topical
Fluorides
Advantages
1. Does not cause fluorosis
2. Cariostatic for people of all ages
3. Available only to people who desire it
4. Easy to use
Disadvantages
1. Person must remember to use
2. Per capital cost is high compared to water
fluoridation
3. More concentrated professional use products can
cause short term side effects like nausea
immediately after use
22. Classification
of
Topical
Fluorides
Professionally applied
A. Aqueous solutions
1. Sodium fluoride – 2%
2. Stannous fluoride – 8%
B. Fluoride Gels
1. Acidulated phosphate
fluoride 1.23%
C. Fluoride varnishes
1. Duraphat
2. Fluorprotector
D. Fluoride prophylactic paste
E. Restorative material
containing fluoride
F. Fluoride containing devices
Self Applied
A. Fluoride dentifrices
B. Fluoride mouth rinses
