Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
These slides are for an Introduction to Philosophy course at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. They cover chapters 1, 2 and 5 of Mill's text called Utilitarianism. There is also a slide towards the end distinguishing act and rule utilitarianism.
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
These slides are for an Introduction to Philosophy course at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. They cover chapters 1, 2 and 5 of Mill's text called Utilitarianism. There is also a slide towards the end distinguishing act and rule utilitarianism.
GOOD FOR WHAT? A sceptical look at the rationalising of morality.noiseTM
Thinking about morality is one of the more practical pursuits in philosophy – it can be, and is, applied in “real life” all the time, in law and politics, on ethics boards and in codes of conduct everywhere.
Which works ok up to a point - but despite thousands of years of systematic thought by some of the best brains in history (and believe me they are THOROUGH) there is still no final consensus on how we can define what is right and what is wrong.
Most systems of morality focus on trying to turn it into something rational, objective and universal – to get rid of emotion and the personal out of moral choices.
And yet isn’t “evil” just “stuff we REALLY don’t like?”
Thomas Morton will talk about why the holy grail of a purely rational morality may be a dead end – that morality is necessarily centred on human wants and feelings; and any attempt to divorce ethics from empathy is never going to be adequate.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docxransayo
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Business Ethics - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel KantMufaddal Nullwala
Business Ethics - Book Review - Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant.
1) Biography of Immanuel Kant
2) Kant’s Concept on Morality
3) Chapter 1 – Goodwill
4) Chapter 1 – The Notion of Duty and Maxim
5) Chapter 2 - Transition from popular Moral Philosophy to the Metaphysic of Morals
6) Chapter 3 - Transition from the Metaphysics of Morals to the critique of pure practical reason
Relativism and Medical Ethics Exploring the Nature of Trut.docxsodhi3
Relativism and Medical
Ethics
Exploring the Nature of Truth & Euthanasia
When in Rome, Do as Romans Do
What is Relativism?
Relativism grounds the truth of something in the individual. So that,
when we want to know whether or not something is right or wrong,
who has the final say so? The individual. One of the major goals of
relativism is that it seeks to take away harsh judgment and replace it
with tolerance and peace.
Some Positive Aspects About Relativism
Living in America, our culture is a melting pot. Relativism reminds us
that we should not take our standards as being obvious for others.
Relativism can raise the question of whether or not we believe
something because it's actually true, or just because we are
comfortable with it.
Another example could be that we should not think of ourselves as
morally (or in any other way) superior because of our technological
advances. The temptation may be that we look down on primitive
tribes as being simple and uneducated. However their convictions and
beliefs run as deep as ours.
There are many kinds of relativism. Ultimately, the main tenants of
relativism are that:
1 There are no objective truths.
2 Objective truths are those truths which are true even if no one wants
to believe it.
3 Relativism says that because all truths are determined by
themselves, their cultures, language, etc. that objective truths
are actually an illusion.
4 Even truths such as 2+2=4 isn't necessarily truth, other than the fact
that we have all agreed historically that it is true.
• Because of this, "Man is the measure of all things". No one person's
ethics is better than another's. But with this we have to mean
that my ethics is no better than someone who lived 1500 years
ago in another country. One is no better than the other, just
different. A Buddhists' ethics are equal in merit to an American
atheist.
• Culture is responsible for the way we see and experience the world,
including our morality. Thus, we never really see things as they
really are, we always place our interpretation on reality. No
absolute standard for how we should act can be given because
we are not in a position to know (because knowledge of
universal truths is impossible) which system is "better." There is
no "better" - only different.
• As we will see, many ethical systems refer to some sort of absolute
"yardstick" to ground the correctness of their view. As we have
seen, relativism rejects any yardstick altogether. In relativism, we
are not burdened with trying to defend any sort of ethical system.
Instead we look at a common practice within a society.
• However, we should not conclude that just because there are no
moral absolutes, that therefore we should never make moral
judgements. For order and stability in our lives, we need rules,
and we life is best when we work together. This is why, for
example, it is okay in one culture to cut off the hand of ...
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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2. Ethics
• We are all faced with difficult decisions
every day and make value judgements
– Not doing your homework is wrong
– She has not done her homework
– Therefore she is wrong
• Is ethics closely related to another area of
knowledge then?
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2012/05/reason-and-universality-of-human-rights.html
3. Ethics
• The problem is: who is to decide the first
principle of the syllogism: i.e. is it really “wrong”
not to do your homework? Does this make the
syllogism a fallacy?
• Despite this problem, humans do seem to have
somehow developed a shared system of ‘values’
or ‘moral principles’
• Is this down to logic, instinct, language?....
4. What is Morality?
• A moral act is a human act which requires both
conscience and liberty
• A moral act always has consequences (good or bad)
• A moral act confers responsibility on the person who
carries it out
• We can label a moral act as ‘moral’ or ‘immoral’
depending on the desired outcome
• An act without conscience and liberty is labelled
amoral
5. What is Morality?
MORAL IMMORAL
A MORAL ACT
AMORAL
AN ACT WITHOUT MORALS
Without conscience and/or libertyWith responsibility
6. What is Morality?
• Is this moral, immoral or amoral?
• Me putting this pen on the table
• MORAL – I have done it with conscience
and liberty
7. What is Morality?
• Is this moral, immoral or amoral?
• A 5 year old child is playing cops and
robbers with his friends. He goes into the
house and finds his dad’s gun. He takes it
outside to continue playing and shoots his
friend dead
• AMORAL – done without conscience of
the outcome
8. What is Morality?
• Is this moral, immoral or amoral?
• A pilot is coming into the airport for a
landing. The pilot does not listen properly
to the instructions from the control tower,
makes a mistake and crashes the plane,
killing everybody on board.
• MORAL
9.
10. Calvin and Hobbes
• In the cartoon, Calvin says he doesn’t
believe in ethics any more. But that’s not
really true
• What he should say is that he believes in
‘moral relativism’ (a branch of ethics)
• What do you think moral relativism
means?
11. Ethics
• Moral relativism is a belief that
different groups of people can
develop different values, and
this simply depends on the
society that you grow up in
• A good example is the growth of
the Nazi State in Germany in
which generally accepted moral
beliefs were changed in favour
of those that benefited the
fatherland
12. Moral Relativism
• There are no universal values
• We all have values determined by the way we are
brought up
• Moral values vary from culture to culture
• The philosopher Claude Levi-Strauss believed there is
only one ethical taboo that all cultures share – do you
know what it is?
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2012/04/taboo.html
13. Arguments in favour of moral relativism
• The ‘Diversity Argument’
– How can there be a single moral code
amongst humans, when some cultures have
allowed practices like: female circumcision,
cannibalism, slavery, stoning of adulterers,
execution, eugenics, euthanasia….
• The ‘Lack of foundations’ argument
– Morals have no grounding in logic. There is
no “moral code” against which all humans can
set their values
14. Moral Relativism
"We are moving toward a
dictatorship of relativism which does
not recognize anything as for certain
and which has as its highest goal
one's own ego and one's own
desires"
Pope Benedict XVI
15. Josef Fritzl
• Josef Fritzel is the Austrian
man who imprisoned his
daughter in a basement for
24 years
• He raped her thousands of
times and she had 7 children
with him
• He allowed at least one of the
babies to die
• He pleaded guilty and been
sentenced to life
imprisonment
16. Michele Mongelli
• This man has been called the
Italian Josef Fritzl
• He is accused of keeping his
daughter captive for 25 years,
and repeatedly raping her
• His son is accused of similar
crimes with his own daughters
17. Arcebio Alvarez
• This man as been called
the Colombian Fritzl
• He abused his daughter
for 25 years and fathered
11 children with her
• His defence was that they
were both in a “loving”
relationship
18. Defintions
• Morals
– the shared ideals of a group, irrespective of
whether they are practiced.
• Ethics
– the rules of conduct recognised in respect to a
particular class of human actions or a
particular group, culture, etc. eg medical
ethics, Christian ethics
19. 1. Religious Ethics
• Pope Benedict XVI, 2007, Brazil :
“Where God is absent - God with the human
face of Jesus Christ - these [moral] values fail
to show themselves with their full force: nor
does a consensus arise concerning them.
I do not mean that nonbelievers cannot live a
lofty and exemplary morality; I am only saying
that a society in which God is absent will not
find the necessary consensus on moral
values or the strength to live according to the
model of these values".
20. 1. Religious Ethics
• Plato: “Is something good because God
says it is good, or does God say it is good
because it is good?”
• But if something is good without the
objective opinion of God, doesn’t that
mean that ethics are completely
independent of religion?
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2011/06/morality-without-religion.html
21. 2. Duty Ethics
• Duty (or obligations) are things we
take for granted. But where do they
come from?
• Some people would say religion (e.g.
the Ten Commandments). But how
do we justify these claims?
• Some people would say intuition
• The philosopher Immanuel Kant said
it is based on reason
22. Kant: The idea of “consistency”
• Kant believed that ethical acts have nothing to do with
‘rightness’ or ‘wrongness’ of their outcomes, but the
intention of the person performing them. This is also
referred to as the deontological argument
• He argued that people see something as their ‘duty’ if
there is inconsistency if it is not done
• For example, it is your duty to stand in line at the
cafeteria
• If you didn’t there would be chaos for everybody and
nobody would get served
23. Kant and Consistency
• Use Kant’s model of consistency to argue
the following:
– It is my duty to be on time for a meeting I have
planned with my friends
– It is my duty to vote in a general election
– It is my duty to give honest information about
myself on my university application
– It is my duty not to commit suicide
24. Duty Ethics
• “If you want to know the foulness of lying for
yourself, consider the lying of someone else and
how you shun it and despise the man who lies
and regard his communication as foul. Do the
same with regard to all your own vices, for you
do not realize the foulness of your vices from
your own case, but from someone else’s.”
Al Ghazali, Muslim teacher (1058 – 1111)
• “Do unto others as you would have them do unto
you”
Based on the words of Jesus Christ in the Sermon on the mount (also called
the “Golden Rule” of the Catholic Catechism)
25. 3. Moral Relativism
• A belief that our values are determined by
the society that we grow up in
• This supports the idea that there is no
‘universal moral code’
26. 4. Fear of punishment
• Some people would see this as a way to force
others to conform to society’s norms and others’
ideas of morality
• Consider the fact that many Mexicans are now
supporting the idea that the death penalty
should be re-introduced to combat the rise in
crime
• Many would see religious ethics as ultimately
stemming from a fear of punishment
27. 5. Utilitarianism
• We intuitively stick to a moral code
because that is what will bring “the
greatest happiness to the greatest
number”
• Utilitarians believe that the thing we all
strive towards is happiness, therefore
actions are ‘good’ if they increase
happiness and ‘bad’ if they decrease
happiness
28. Utilitarianism
• It was developed in the nineteenth century
by two British philosophers – Jeremy
Bentham and John Stuart Mill
• They wanted to establish a more scientific
foundation for ethics
29. Arguments in Favour of Utilitarianism
• It is a simple and coherent theory
• It is a teleological argument (the opposite of the
deontological). This states that there is inherent
‘rightness’ and ‘wrongness’ in actions, which would seem
to most people to be intuitively correct
• It is democratic and can by applied on an individual
basis, depending on what makes each person happy
• It is a rational theory which takes into account both short-
term and long-term happiness
30. Arguments Against Utilitarianism
• Happiness is a very difficult thing to measure objectively
• Simply ensuring that pleasure is available does not ensure
happiness. It seems that true happiness comes from
striving to achieve something and being successful
• It is in practice very difficult to predict the outcomes of any
action and how it will affect the happiness of all involved
• The things that bring pleasure to some people are not
always good in themselves. Some are empty pleasures
(e.g. gorging on chocolate) or malicious pleasures (e.g.
sado-masochism)
31. Arguments Against Utilitarianism
• Some people find the idea that the ultimate goal in
life is to pursue pleasure somewhat distasteful
• The Scottish philosopher and writer Thomas
Carlyle (1795-1881) called utilitarianism ‘pig
philosophy’ as it appeared to him to be based on
‘the swinish pleasures of the multitude’
• Albert Einstein (1879-1955) once said “well-being
and happiness never appeared to me as an
absolute aim. I am even inclined to compare such
moral aims to the ambitions of a pig.”
32. 6. Self interest
• A belief that human beings are essentially selfish
not altruistic
– The definitional argument – all humans are selfish
and we only do things we don’t want to do because
we are being forced to do it
– The evolutionary argument – we are “programmed” to
look after number one
– The fear of punishment argument
– The hidden benefits argument – we gain something
from being moral e.g. gratitude, praise, a debt which
we expect others to repay later
33. The Roots of Morality
• Richard Dawkins gives 4 reasons why
altruism exists in animals (he compares this
to morality in humans)
1. Genetic kinship and the unconscious desire for
one's genes to pass to the next generation
2. Reciprocation: the expectation or anticipation
that favours given will be repaid later
3. The benefit of acquiring a 'reputation'
for generosity
4. The benefit of being able to identify oneself as
dominant due to the ability to give favours
without necessarily expecting payback
The Evolutionary Argument/ Hidden Benefits Argument
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2012/06/morality-in-animals.html
34. 1. The Selfish Gene
• Many birds (e.g.
oystercatchers,
plovers,
sandpipers) will
pretend to be
injured in order to
lure a predator
away from their
nest and protect
their eggs
35. 2. Reciprocation
• Vampire bats feed each
other by regurgitating
blood. A bat that has fed
another one does so with
the expectation that it will
be paid back in blood at a
later date. Some bats
have been observed to be
cheaters and refuse to be
altruistic (it pays to be a
cheat since most bats
don’t seem to identify
them)
36. 3. Reputation
• Cleaner wrasse earn the
right to pick parasites
and dead tissue from
their larger fishy clients
by acquiring a reputation
for being good cleaners.
Cheaters have been
observed to lose their
cleaning rights and
hence their client base
37. 4. Dominance Behaviour
• Some individual babbler
birds have been observed
to assert their dominance
by feeding subordinates,
reacting violently if the
subordinate bird tries to
reverse these roles.
Similarly, dominant birds
will also actively compete
for the dangerous role of
sentinel - the right to sit
on the highest branches
to look out for predators.
38. The Roots of Morality
• Do you agree with Richard Dawkins that
the roots of morality (and therefore ethics)
lie in these kind of instincts that were
presumably present in our hominid
ancestors?
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2012/02/why-do-morals-exist.html
39. Ethical Orientations
• One theory of ethics states that there are
two basic ethical orientations:
– The Ethic of Care
– The Ethic of Justice
• They are not necessarily mutually exclusive
http://edrontheoryofknowledge.blogspot.mx/2012/09/ethical-orientations.html
40. • Dalai Lama
“When each of us learns to appreciate the
critical importance of ethics and makes
inner values like compassion and patience
an integral part of our basic outlook on life,
the effects will be far-reaching”