1. The document discusses different bases for moral judgement including eternal law, natural law, and conscience. Eternal law refers to God's divine will and natural order, while natural law involves humanity's participation in eternal law through reason. 2. Conscience involves making moral decisions and judgments about what is good and evil. There are different types of conscience including correct, erroneous, doubtful, scrupulous, and lax. Conscience can also be compulsory as a participation in God's eternal law. 3. The document contrasts a physicalist view of morality based on natural tendencies versus a personalist view where morality involves accordance with reason and human goals rather than just physical order.

1. 1.VOLUNTARY ACTS
2. ACCOUNTABLE ACTS
3. MOTIVATED ACTS
4.EITHER MORAL, IMMORAL OR AMORAL

2. NORMS OF MORALITY
Richard M. Gula
“are the criteria of judgement about
the sort of person’s we ought to be
and sort of action we ought to
perform”.

3. NORM
Norm- is a
standard
measurement

4. NORMS OF MORALITY
MORAL NORMS
ARE CRITERIA FOR
JUDGING
1.Quality of Character
2.Quality of an Act

5. BASIS OF
MORAL
JUDGEMENT

6. 1. ETERNAL
LAW

7. ETERNAL LAW
St. Thomas Aquinas (I-II 93:11)
“the exemplar of the divine wisdom as
directing all action movements”

8. ETERNAL LAW
St. Agustine (Contra Faustum
Manichieum 22:27)
“the divine reason or will of God
commanding natural order of thing to
be preserved and forbidding that it be
disturbed”

9. ETERNAL LAW
Ancient Greek
The universe as “cosmos” (beauty)
spoke of cosmic order.

10. 2.NATURAL
LAW

11. NATURAL LAW
St. Thomas Aquinas
“natural law is nothing else than
rational creature’s participation of the
eternal law” and “provide possibilities
and potentialities which the human
person can use to make human life
truly human”.

12. NATURAL LAW
Paul Tillich
“ the inner law of our true being, of
our essential created nature, which
demands what we actualize what
follows from it”.

13. CHARACTERISTIC
OF NATURAL LAW
1.It is universal

14. CHARACTERISTIC
OF NATURAL LAW
2. It is obligatory

15. CHARACTERISTIC
OF NATURAL LAW
3. It is recognizable

16. CHARACTERISTIC
OF NATURAL LAW
4. It is immutable and
unchangeable

17. CONSCIENCE

18. 3. CONSCIENCE
1. Choice of particular
good in given situation

19. 3. CONSCIENCE
2. The voice of
God

20. 3. CONSCIENCE
3. Judgement
of reason

21. 3. CONSCIENCE
According to people
“the voice of God”

22. 3. CONSCIENCE
What ought to be
done as good and
what ought to be
done as evil

23. 3. CONSCIENCE
MORAL DECISION
•Before and after
commission of an act

24. 3. CONSCIENCE
MORAL DECISION
Remorse vs Peace of Mind
(Reward and
Punishment)

25. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
1. Correct Conscience
 Enlightenment
 Refined moral sensibility
 Education (awareness)
 Good habits
 Intelligent law

26. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
2. Erroneous Conscience
 Judges something
incorrectly.
 Ignorance, bad habits,
influence, malice

27. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
3. Doubtful Conscience.

28. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
4. Scrupulous Conscience
 Overly cautious, meticulous,
and fearful in committing
mistake

29. TYPES OF CONSCIENCE
5. Lax Conscience
Unmindful of what is right
and wrong

30. COMPULSARY
CONSCIENCE

31. COMPULSARY CONSCIENCE
BERNARD HARING,
Law of Christ: 1-147
“is an exalted participation in the
eternal law of God manifested by
our conscience whose natural
function is to reveal our likeness
to God”

32. COMPULSARY CONSCIENCE
“ Voice of God”. But when
conscience deviates from the
norm and urges us to the
unreasonable, it is our own “evil
work”.
(ibid:148)

33. CONFORMITY
AND NON CONFORMITY

34. FORMAL AND
MATERIAL NORMS

35. FORMAL NORMS
-Formation of a Character
-Person we ought to be
-Unchangeable

36. MATERIAL NORMS
-Action we ought to do
-acts needs to be examined,
nature , motive
circumstances
-Changeable/ temporary

37. PHYSICALISM VS
PERSONALISM
(BASIS NATURAL LAW)

38. PHYSICALISM
Morality is according to natural
order of the universe. Anything
opposed to man’s physical,
physiological and biological
tendencies is wrong or immoral.
Gula:35

39. PERSONALISM
Morality is
accordance with the
order of reason, or
dictate of reason.

40. ORDER OF REASON
Richard Gula (Ibid. 41)
“the human person is not a subject to God-given
order of the nature as the same way the animals
are. The human does not have to conform to a
natural patter as a matter of fate. Rather, nature
provide the possibilities and potentialities which
human person use to make the human life truly
human. The given physical and biological order
does not provide moral norms: rather, it provides
the data and possibilities for the human person to
use in order to achieve human goals.

41. MORAL PRETENSIONS