This document discusses several key topics in philosophy including ontology, ethics, and free will vs determinism. 1) Ontology is the study of the nature of reality and existence. It examines questions about the relationship between mind and body, the nature of time and causality, and whether reality exists independently of the mind. 2) Ethics examines theories of right and wrong action, including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It explores the nature of morality and how people should act. 3) The debate over free will vs determinism centers around whether human actions are freely chosen or determined by prior causes. Compatibilists believe we can have both free will and determinism, while hard determin

1. Problems of ontology

2. BIG QUESTIONS
• What is universe and reality? ...
• What is knowledge?
• Can religious belief be justified?
• Does God exist?
• ontology
• What is the nature of the mind
• What is consciousness? ...
• Do humans have free will?
• What is morally right and wrong?
• How should society be organized?
• Philosophy as cultural discourse.
• What happens after you die?
• The Big Questions: What is life? ...

3. 3. THE WORLD WE THINK About:
contains three main branches of
thought,
1.Epistemology
2.Ontology
3.Axiology

4. 3. THE WORLD WE THINK
ABOUT:
3 ONTOLOGY

5. 2. Is our universe real?

6. 3. THE WORLD WE THINK ABOUT:ONTOLOGY
• Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality or what sorts of things are real;
• seeks basic criteria or first principles for determining what sorts of things are real.
• It can address such topics as
• space and time, determinism and free will,
• God,
• mind and matter, identity and
• change, and more.
• Questions can range from "Why do I exist?"
• What is the meaning of life?"
• to "Does the world exist outside of the mind?"
• Ontology concerns itself with what exists, what does it mean for a thing to exist, to asking
"what exists,“
• to seeking to identify and establish relationships between existent things.
• questions about ontology can lead to questions about those questions,
becoming meta ontology, or a study of the study of what there is.

7. 3. THE WORLD WE THINK ABOUT:ONTOLOGY
• The mind-body problem is related to the branch of
philosophy called ontology,
• the study of the nature and relations of being and
existence.
• What is the relationship between the subjective mind and
the objective physical brain? objective
• Possible relationships:
• monisms,
• dualisms, or
• pluralisms

8. ontology
the nature of reality and the universe
What is ultimate reality, relate to the objective reality of the universe
is discussed under ontology
 1.Monism: weather reality is one—
1. Idealism; according to which, the substance of universe is
mental or spiritual
2. Materialism; according to which the substance is material or
physical
3. Neutralism: the substance is neither mental nor physical rather
neutral.
2.Dualism: according to this ultimate reality is
 1.Mind 2.Matter.
3.Pluralism: holds that this universe is constituted of innumerable
atoms. Every atom is independent, self subsistent and permanent
Metaphysics: basically deals with ontological issues
Meta means; After-Physics means; Body

9. PROBLEM OF REALITY: ontology
• This the classic Cartesian question. how do we know that what we see around us is the real
deal, and not some grand illusion perpetuated by an unseen force
• who René Descartes referred to as the hypothesized ‘evil demon'?
• More recently, the question has been reframed as the "brain in a vat“…tub.. problem, or
the Simulation Argument. immitation
• And it could very well be that we're the products of simulation.
• A deeper question to ask, therefore, is whether the civilization running the simulation is also
in a simulation —
• a kind of supercomputer regression . Moreover,
• we may not be who we think we are.
• Assuming that the people running the simulation are also taking part in it, our true identities
may be temporarily suppressed, to heighten the realness of the experience.
• what we mean by "real." Modal realists argue that if the universe around us seems rational
• as opposed to it being dreamy, incoherent, or lawless, then we have no choice but to declare
it as being real and genuine. Or
• maybe, "Ignorance is bliss.“s

11. 3
• 3.
•THE PROBLEM OF VALUES
AND MORALITY
•FREEDOM

12. Problems of ………………………………………..
AXIOLOGY: NORMATIVE STANDARDS….SHOULD
…OUGHT
• Science: 1. Positive 2. normative
• 1. LOGIC: TRUTH
• 2. AESTHATICS: BEAUTY
3. ETHICS: GOOD AND RIGHT.
• Mackenzie:Science: 1. Positive 2. normative
• 1. LOGIC: TRUTH
• 2. AESTHATICS: BEAUTY
3. ETHICS: GOOD AND RIGHT.
• Mackenzie: A MANUAL OF ETHICS.
• Ethics may be defined as: what is right or good in human conduct.
• Right: rectus…. Meaning straight or according to rules.
• Good: gut……valuable for an end.
• Conduct:……behavior…
• A MANUAL OF ETHICS.
• Ethics may be defined as: what is right or good in human conduct.
• Right: rectus…. Meaning straight or according to rules.
• Good: gut……valuable for an end.
• Conduct:……behavior…

13. 3. ETHICS: GOOD AND RIGHT.
Mackenzie: A MANUAL OF ETHICS.
Ethics may be defined as: what is right or good in
human conduct.
Right: rectus…. Meaning straight or according to
rules.
Good: gut……valuable for an end.
Conduct:……behavior…

14. Moral philosophy
• The field of ethics, or moral philosophy:
• investigates theories that can systematically describe what makes acts right or wrong.
• Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong.
• It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others.
• Moral philosophy is usually divided into three categories:
• 1. metaethics, applied ethics, and normative ethics.
• 2.Meta ethics ..beyond …investigates from: where our moral values, language, and principles come from and what they mean; it is
concerned with “what is morality?” rather than “what is moral?”
• 3.. Applied ethics seeks to apply philosophical tools to examine specific controversial issues and provide practical solutions to
moral problems.
• Normative ethics investigates the moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. Theories within normative ethics
include utilitarianism, consequentialism, contractualism, virtue ethics, and more.
• 4…Value theory is concerned with theoretical questions about value and goodness of all varieties, questions that often cross the
boundaries between normative ethics and the meta ethical. It asks how and why people value something, be it a person, idea, or
object; thus both moral and natural goods are equally relevant to value theory.
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and
examines how people should live their lives in relation to others.

15. • A related field is the ethics of
5…. artificial intelligence, addresses such problems as:
• the existence of moral personhood
• the possibility of moral obligations
• the question related: how to behave ethically towards humans and
others.

16. • 1.REFLECTION ON SOME BIG QUESTIONS:
• GOD
• TRUTH
• C…………………………………………….FREEDOM

17. • The problem of moral luck is that some people are born into, live within, and experience circumstances that
seem to change their moral culpability when all other factors remain the same.
•
For instance, a case of circumstantial moral luck: a poor person is born into a poor family, and has no other
way to feed himself so he steals his food. Another person, born into a very wealthy family, does very little
but has ample food and does not need to steal to get it. Should the poor person be more morally
blameworthy than the rich person? After all, it is not this person's fault that they were born into such
circumstances, but a matter of "luck".
•
A related case is resultant moral luck. For instance, two persons behave in a morally culpable way, such as
driving carelessly, but end up producing unequal amounts of harm: one strikes a pedestrian and kills him,
while the other does not. That one driver caused a death and the other did not is no part of the drivers'
intentional actions; yet most observers would likely ascribe greater blame to the driver who killed
(compare consequentialism and choice).
•
The fundamental question of moral luck is how
• our moral responsibility is changed by factors over which we have no control.

18. • The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to
both Aristotle (fourth century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE); "it
was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing
something that made us have control over them".
•
Calvinism. John Calvin ascribed "free will" to all people in the sense
that they act "voluntarily, and not by compulsion." He elaborated his
position by allowing "that man has choice and that it is self-
determined" and that his actions stem from "his own voluntary
choosing

20. Free will and determinism
• The debate surrounding free will and determinism is one of
the oldest in philosophy, and there are several influential
philosopher on each side.
• Free will is the doctrine that human beings make choices that
are, to some degree, independent of the antecedent conditions.
Even though there exist several physical, genetic, biological,
psychological, and cultural limits to human behavior, we may be
able to transcend these influences via free will.

21. • . Determinism is the position that every event is caused: in a chain of
causal events
• with just one possible future position
• Together with laws of nature
• Free will claims that: moral judgement is meaning unless we are free.
• Choice
• Agent causality
• First cause
• Author of actions, originator
• Have some metaphysical force.
• Choices are substantially free.

22. • The controversy between proponents of determinism and free will has proved to be as resilient
over the past century as the doctrine of Compatibilism which claims that we can be both free and
also subject to determinism.
• Keeping in view. Determinism denies the possibility of freewill and espouses the worldview that
• every event occurs necessarily from the antecedent events that gives rise to events.
• Freewill, on the other hand, is the worldview that refutes the idea that the will is completely
determined.
• It claims that moral judgment is meaningless unless the will is free in its choice of actions.
• The doctrine of freewill rejects the claim that determinism applies to the actions of man.
• the immense complexity of the problem at hand the key issues and problems involved in the
debate have been identified and analyzed by focusing important philosophers and scientists.
• The problem of Free Will and Determinism has remained an intriguing puzzle for philosophers for
thousands of years

23. • Some of the major problems that have impacted the discussion concern
moral responsibility are following
• Compatibilism and incompatibilism
• predictability
• the philosophical theory of actions and events,
• concept of person
• freedom of action,
• Self and self consciousness
• .

24. • The notion of compatibilist free will has been attributed to
both Aristotle (fourth century BCE) and Epictetus (1st century CE); "it
was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing
something that made us have control over th

25. Historicall Analysis
• Historically, the free will-determinism controversy has attracted the attention of a large
number of philosophers.
• ARISTOTAL argued that we are free insofar as we are responsible for our actions, and we
are responsible only for our voluntary actions.
• For Augustine, freedom refers to being able to do what one chooses to do. An act caused
by external forces cannot be termed as my free action. It is free only if it is caused by my
choice.
• SPINOZA: Freedom is the active affirmation of one's complete determination for . What
one chooses to do could not have been otherwise.
• Hume rules out freedom and explains necessity in terms of regularity. The assumption
that things cause other things insofar as we see them happen with regularity before and
near other things gives us the notion of “cause” which is nothing other than a kind of
event we regularly experience preceding another kind of event.
• When we do something that is preceded by its choice, we call it free or voluntary actions.
Other things that are not preceded by choices are called involuntary actions.

26. Types and version
• Hard determinism claims that determinism is incompatible with
freedom.
• Soft determinism says that we are determined without ruling out
human freedom arguing:
• when the individual is the cause of his or her actions, he or she is
said to act freely.
• There are two versions of this view: passive self-determinism and
active self-determinism.
• According to passive self-determinism, freedom means being able to
do what one wants to do, without external coercion or interference.

27. • Our personality or character is determined by external events like genetics,
culture, upbringing, etc. but as long as one is able to act consistent with the
choices one makes, one is deemed to be free.
• Soft determinism takes a stand that acknowledges that all events, including
human actions, have causes.
• However, it offers allowance for free actions when the actions are caused
by one's choices rather than external forces.
• active self-determinism, our self-awareness and self-criticism allows us to
make a choice independent of our past happenings.
• In short, we can transcend or "step outside" of ourselves to reflect on
what we have become and decide whether we want to remain that way.
This self-awareness allows us to be free to make new and creative
decisions.

28. • Determinism and freedom are two conflicting and disputable views about the physical
world harboring human existence.
• The deterministic view of the world invokes the law of causation for the explanation of
all occurrences’ in nature including human actions reference to the cause of any
implicitly refers to the idea of necessity.
• determinism emerges as a view: antecedent state of affairs of the universe only one
consequent state of affairs of the universe is possible.
• In other words all state of affairs of the world are determined and therefore necessitated
by the antecedent state of the world.
• Determinism further implies that given the knowledge of the antecedent state of affairs
the consequent state of affairs is predictable and explainable.
• Necessity involves the view that given a certain event, certain other events definitely
happens, such that no other event may take its place Necessity means an event or
process inevitably taking place as a consequence in certain set of conditions.