Define ethics and bioethics.
State the major ethical issues related to medical genetics.
Outline the uniqueness of medical genetics.
Outline the relevant ethical principles in medicine.
Discuss some ethical dilemmas that arise in the genetic clinic.
Explain the ethical dilemmas and public interest.
Dr. Najnin Akhter
Phase-A, Year-2, Block-6
Guided by Prof. K M Shamim
GENETIC TESTING: Introduction, definition, methods: molecular, chromosomal and biochemical, indications, types: preimplantation, forensic, newborn, carrier, prenatal, ethical, social and legal issues, interpretation of tests, risks and limitations, role of nurse
GENETIC TESTING: Introduction, definition, methods: molecular, chromosomal and biochemical, indications, types: preimplantation, forensic, newborn, carrier, prenatal, ethical, social and legal issues, interpretation of tests, risks and limitations, role of nurse
Genetic counseling: Introduction, definition, purposes of genetic counseling, indications of genetic counseling, beneficiaries of genetic counseling, phases of genetic counseling, role of nurse in genetic counseling, application of genetic counseling.
Counseling is a process of communicating between two or more persons who meet to solve a problem, resource a curse or take decision on various matters. It is not a one way process where in the counseling tells the client what to do nor it is a forum for presentation of the counselor’s values.
Genetic counseling process follows these basic characteristic of a counseling process. It is undertaken with families confronted with genetic and inherited disorders.
Genetic counseling: Introduction, definition, purposes of genetic counseling, indications of genetic counseling, beneficiaries of genetic counseling, phases of genetic counseling, role of nurse in genetic counseling, application of genetic counseling.
Counseling is a process of communicating between two or more persons who meet to solve a problem, resource a curse or take decision on various matters. It is not a one way process where in the counseling tells the client what to do nor it is a forum for presentation of the counselor’s values.
Genetic counseling process follows these basic characteristic of a counseling process. It is undertaken with families confronted with genetic and inherited disorders.
This is a lecture I put together as part of a Medical Ethics course that I am teaching at Bowling Green State University this summer. It is about ethical issues related to genetic screening and counseling, and prenatal genetic diagnosis.
Strategies To Reduce The Incidence Of Genetic Disorders In The Arab World By ...muzkara
Noor Conference | Global Knowledge Forum | http://www.noor.org.sa | Day 2 - Panel 3 - Strategies To Reduce The Incidence Of Genetic Disorders In The Arab World By Prof. Hossam E. Fadel, Noor
December 9, 2016
This symposium brought together a variety of experts to discuss key ethical and legal questions regarding offers of payment to research participants. Panels covered:
- Why payment is offered to research participants
- Regulatory parameters governing payment
- Whether payment to research participants should be considered exceptional, compared to payment in other contexts
- How offers of payment affect participants
- How to define coercion and undue influence with regard to paying research participants
- Which factors should be considered when evaluating proposed payments
- The problem of low payment
This event was free and open to the public.
This event was part of the collaboration between the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School and the Regulatory Foundations, Ethics, and Law Program of Harvard Catalyst | The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center at Harvard Medical School. Cosponsored by the MRCT Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/paying-research-participants
Define DNA fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting.
Explain some terms related to DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the method of collection and preservation of biological samples.
Describe the uses of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the types of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting.
Presented by,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
Resident, MS Anatomy
PAY2B6
Guided by,
Prof. Dr. Shahara Khatun
Lower limb anatomy of standing, sitting, walking, running, jumping etc. with...Rayhan Shahrear
Explain the involvement of muscles and movements in different manners of sitting, standing, walking, running and jumping.
Outline the clinical relevance of these involvements
Demonstrate different types of abnormal walking (gait).
Speaker:
Dr. Zobayer Mahmud Khan
Resident, Phase- A, Block- 5.
Guide:
Dr. Khondker Manzare Shamim
Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU.
At the end of the session audience will be able to:
Explain the mechanism of different physiological processes-
Breathing
Coughing
Sneezing
Phonation
Temperature regulation
Blinking
Vladimir Trajkovski-Ethics and Human Genetics-Lithuania-27.10.2023.pdfVladimir Trajkovski
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Trajkovski presented "Ethics in Human Genetics" at the conference at Klaipeda University in Lithuania on 27.10.2023 via ZOOM platform
Trying to show some ethics about clinical genetics... There are many peoples in our society who believes about the natural process but they do not want to accept the works of the bio technologist and also about the mutational process. but as a bio technologist, we know that this process can be done by us in many ways. but general people do not want to accept our works..here are some ethics about the clinical genetics...
Structure-Function Relationship of the Endocrine Glands of the Head and Neck ...Rayhan Shahrear
Differentiate among endocrine, exocrine and neuronal secretion.
Describe the gross structure and development of the four major endocrine glands of the head and neck regions.
Explain the function of each gland with their microscopic structures.
Correlate some clinical aspects of these glands with their microscopic structures.
Presented by
Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by
Dr. Nahid Farhana Amin
Asso. Prof. Dept. of Anatomy
BSMMU
Define comparative anatomy.
Classifiy the phylum chordata.
Discuss the limb development of tetrapods.
Describe the features of tetrapods.
Explain the structure and function of the limb of tetrapods.
Discuss homology and analogy in relation to the limb of tetrapods.
Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by Dr. Zinnat Ara Yesmin
Define stain and staining.
Explain what is achieved with staining.
Explain how staining for conventional light microscopy take place.
Explain some basic terms on stainingExplain the causes and solutions of the problems commonly faced in staining.
Cite examples of specific tissue components stained with special stain.
Dr Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by: Prof Khondkar Manzare Shamim
Handout available at
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B52D4j3rC4WDN2hRV25CaW9kb0E
Define DNA sequencing.
Describe the history of DNA sequencing.
Describe the steps of Sanger sequencing.
Define next generation sequencing.
Describe the steps of next generation DNA sequencing.
Describe use of DNA sequencing.
Explain the mechanism of different physiological processes of Breathing, Coughing, Sneezing, Phonation, Temperature regulation and Blinking.
Presented by,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
Guided by,
Dr. Zinnat Ara Yesmin
Assistant professor
Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Classify muscles and their location in the body.
Connective tissue covering and different parts of skeletal muscle.
Classify different types of skeletal muscles.
Explain different functional terms related to muscle action.
Understand and discuss some principles related to skeletal muscles.
Speaker,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
MS Anatomy, Phase-A, Year-1, Block-1
Guided by,
Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu
Professor, Genetics & molecular biology
Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Explain the basic mechanisms involved in DNA extraction.
Describe the steps involved in gDNA extraction from blood.
Explain the processes involved in quality and quantity check of extracted DNA using nanodrop technique.
Decribe the steps of quantity check of amplicon using flurometer.
Decribe the principle of dilution of amplicon.
Presented by,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
Guided by,
Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu
Define epigenetics.
Describe important epigenetic mechanism and explain the implication of epigenetics in normal functions, disease and disease presentation.
Outline the heritability or epigenetic effects.
Explain the role of epigenetic in the development of cancer.
Outline the potentials of epigenetic intervention in battling cancer.
Speaker,
Dr. Md. Mohiuddin Masum
MS Anatomy, Phase-A, Year-1, Block-1
Guided by,
Prof. K M Shamim
Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Define karyotype and FISH
Describe the procedure of karyotyping and FISH
Explain chromosomal abnormalities through karyotyping and FISH
Describe the principles of FISH
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu
Chairman
Department of Anatomy, BSMMU
Describe the structure and formation of the peritoneum with its developmental incorporation.
Demonstrate the destribution of peritoneum.
Correlate some clinical condition to its function and structure.
Presented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, MS Anatomy
Phase-A, Year-1, Block-2
Guided by-
Dr. K M Shamim
Prof. Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
Describe the nonmembranous organelles of a typical cell with their structure and specific functions.
Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Presaented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Guided by-
Dr. Zinnat Ara Yasmin
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Motor System from Planning to ExecutionRayhan Shahrear
Mention the gross components related to somatic motor function.
Explain the mechanism of planning to execution of somatic motor function.
Correlate the basic pathology of motor movement with the normal one.
Presented by
Dr. Zobayer Mahmud Khan
Resident, MS (Anatomy), Block-4
Guided by
Dr Nahid Farhana Amin
Associate Professor
Dept of Anatomy, BSMMU
Trend in multiple births after Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)Rayhan Shahrear
Define multiple births.
Mention the causes of multiple births.
Describe the normal developmental process of multiple births.
Mention the types of multiple births.
Define ART.
Name the different types of ART.
Explain the mechanism of ART.
Describe the causes of multiple births after ART.
Enumerate the statistical trends in multiple births after ART.
Presented by,
Dr Zobayer Mahmud Khan,
Resident of MS, Phase- A, Block- 02.
Guided by,
Dr Zinnat Ara Yesmin.
Histological features of gastrointestinal tract with clinical correlationRayhan Shahrear
Describe the normal important histological features of the gastrointestinal tract.
Correlate the common clinical conditions associated with the histological features.
Presented by
Dr. Zobayer Mahmud Khan
Resident,
Dept of Anatomy, BSMMU.
Guided by
Dr. Laila Anjuman Banu
Professor,
Genetics and molecular biology,
Chairman,
Dept of Anatomy, BSMMU.
Some Clinical Aspects of the Soft Tissues of the Superior ExtremityRayhan Shahrear
Describe and explain the anatomical aspects of the common clinical conditions of the superior extremity.
Guided by, Dr. Nahid Farhana Amin, Associate Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU.
Describe the relation of the structures in the sections at each level of the brain stem.
Discuss some neuro-anatomical terminologies relevant to brain stem.
Explain the fuctional components of cranial nerves.
Histological aspect of Male Reproductive SystemRayhan Shahrear
Describe the histo-morphology of male reproductive organs.
Correlate the structure-function relationship.
Guided by, Prof. Laila Anjuman Banu, Prof. of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chairman, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Medical Genetics
1. “Love overcomes fear and makes us
free to be happy. Vitoria taught us to
love, to be free and find joy in small
things. Through this precious child,
we knew what love really is and what
it is to be truly happy.”
2. Ethical and Legal Issues
Related to Medical Genetics
Dr. Najnin Akhter
Phase-A, Year-2, Block-6
Guided by Prof. K M Shamim
3. Branch of knowledge
that deals with moral principles,
which in turn relate to
principles of right, wrong,
justice and standards of behavior.
( Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics)
Ethics
4. Biomedical ethics or bioethics
Is an interdisciplinary field
for the systematic study of
ethical issues that arise in
research, medicine and society
(WHO 1992a; UNESCO, 1993)
9. • Define ethics and bioethics
• State the major ethical issues
related to medical genetics
• Outline the uniqueness of medical genetics
Objectives
10. • Outline the relevant ethical principles in medicine
• Discuss some ethical dilemmas
that arise in the genetic clinic
• Explain the ethical dilemmas and public interest
Objectives
12. • Equitable access to services?
• Voluntary, or mandatory counseling?
• What about testing and screening?
• Individual and parental choices to be safeguarded?
• Full disclosure of information?
What Are the Major Issues?
13. • Confidentiality about information?
• Privacy of genetic information from institutional
third parties?
• Directive, or non-directive counseling?
• Non-medical use of prenatal diagnosis?
• What about research and gene therapy?
What Are the Major Issues?
15. • It may affect the entire family
• It may be predictive
• It may affect future generation
• It has a tradition of non-directiveness in counseling
Uniqueness of Medical Genetics
19. Patient should be prevented from
any kinds of harm.
Non-maleficence
General Principles
20. • Patient should be
treated with fairness and equity.
• Benefits and burdens of healthcare
should be distributed fairly.
Justice
General Principles
21. Informed choice
Patient should be fully informed of
all options,
including that of not participating.
General Principles
22. To be obtained for every action
that exposes the patient…..
BUT……
Informed consent
General Principles
23. Patient should be informed of:
aims and methods
selection criteria
duration
benefits and risks
compensation
withdrawal
possible outcome
Informed consent
25. Universality
As human genome is fundamentally
common to all humankind,
there is a shared identity,
and therefore, a shared responsibility.
General Principles
27. Prenatal Diagnosis
Being used to diagnose structural
abnormalities and genetic disorders.
BUT…
where termination of pregnancy is needed
it may raise many difficult issues for
individuals and families.
Ethical Dilemmas in Genetic clinic
28. Predictive Testing in Childhood
Parents sometimes wish to know
whether or not a child has inherited
the gene for a disorder
that runs in the family.
Ethical Dilemmas in Genetic clinic
29. Implications for the Immediate Family
A positive test can have
major implications for close relatives.
Ethical Dilemmas in Genetic clinic
32. Gene Therapy
Using DNA that encodes
a functional gene to replace a mutated gene
and others.
• Somatic gene therapy
• Germ line gene therapy
Ethical Dilemmas and Public Interest
33. Cloning and Stem Cell Research
Using nuclear fusion
to produce new tissues for the
treatment of diseases
but no attempt to reproduce
an entire human being
Ethical Dilemmas and Public Interest
34. 1. Respect for persons and families regarding information.
2. Preservation of family integrity.
3. Full disclosure of all information relevant to health to
individuals and family.
4. Protection of the privacy of individuals and families
from unjustified intrusion.
Ethical Principles Applied to
Genetic Counseling
5. Information to individuals and families about possible
misuses of genetic information by institutional third
parties .
35. 6. Informing relatives about genetic risk .
7. Informing individuals about carrier status.
8. Informing people of their moral duties to disclose
a genetic status that may affect public safety.
9. Unbiased presentation of information,.
Ethical Principles Applied to Genetic Counseling
36. 10. Non-directive approach, except when treatment is
available.
11. Children and adolescents to be involved in
decisions affecting them, whenever possible.
12. Duty to recontact if appropriate and desired.
Ethical Principles Applied to Genetic Counseling
37. Proposed Ethical Guidelines for Genetic
Screening and Testing
1. Genetic screening and testing should be voluntary,
with the exception.
2. Genetic screening and testing should be preceded by
adequate information about purpose and possible
outcomes.
3. Anonymous screening may be conducted after
notification of the population.
4. Results should not be disclosed.
38. 5. In rare cases disclosure may be best
6. Test results should be followed by genetic
counseling, particularly when they indicate the
presence mutation or genetic condition.
7. If treatment or prevention exists or is available, this
should be offered with a minimum of delay.
8. Newborn screening should be mandatory and free
of charge
Proposed Ethical Guidelines for Genetic Screening and Testing
39. Proposed Ethical Guidelines for
Prenatal Diagnosis
1. Equitable distribution of genetics services.
2. Prenatal diagnosis should be voluntary in nature.
3. If prenatal diagnosis is indicated, should be
available regardless of couple's views.
4. Done to give information about the health of the
fetus, for gender selection, is not acceptable.
40. 5. Prenatal diagnosis solely for relief of maternal
anxiety.
6. Counseling should precede prenatal diagnosis.
7. Should disclose relevant findings to the woman or
couple.
8. The woman's and/or couple's choices in a
pregnancy with an affected fetus should be
respected and protected.
Proposed Ethical Guidelines for Prenatal Diagnosis
41. Why Termination of a Pregnancy with an
Affected Fetus is Difficult
1. Wanted pregnancy.
2. Many people attribute moral status at mid-trimester and
at viability.
3. Parents who have already viewed the fetus on
ultrasound.
42. 4. Prenatal diagnosis usually does not predict severity.
5. Longer life spans for some affected persons due to
improved treatment.
6. Could harm the mental health of living children
(siblings of the fetus), who have the same genetic
condition.
Why Termination of a Pregnancy is Difficult
43. Proposed Ethical Guidelines for Access to
Banked DNA
1. A blanket informed consent that allow use of sample
in future.
2. Control of DNA may be familial. Blood relatives may
have access to stored DNA for learning their own
genetic status, but not for learning the donor's status.
3. Family members should have access.
4. DNA should be stored, it could be of benefit to living.
5. Inform families, at regular intervals, of new in
developments in testing and treatment.
44. • Presymptomatic testig
• Susceptibility testing
Proposed Guidelines for Presymptomatic
and Susceptibility Testing
45. 1. Genetic susceptibility testing should be encouraged,
information can be used for prevention or treatment.
2. All susceptibility testing should be voluntary.
3. Should be available for adults at risk, even in the
absence of treatment after proper counselling and
informed consent.
4.Testing of children or adolescents should be carried if
potential benefits, or adolescent request for purposes
of reproductive decision making.
5. Third parties should not be access to test results.
Proposed Guidelines for Presymptomatic and Susceptibility Testing
47. 1. Should be available equally to everyone, provided first
to those whose need is greatest.
2. Counseling should be non-directive.
3. All genetics services should be voluntary with the
exception.
4. Information that may affect the health of an individual or
fetus should be disclosed.
5. Confidentiality should be maintained. But……
6. Individual privacy should be protected from
institutional third parties.
Summary
48. 8. Choices relevant to genetics services.
9. Optimum support…...
10. Adopted children should be able to receive
information from biological relationships.
11. Research protocols should follow established
procedures.
12. Protocols for experimental human gene therapy
should receive national review.
7. Prenatal diagnosis should be performed only in
special situation.
Summary
50. References
• Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics
• Review of Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics
Report of Consultants to WHO
• BMRC Guidelines for Ethical Conducting Research
Studies Involving Human Subject
63. Ethical Principles Applied to Genetics
1. Fair allocation of public resources to those who most need them.
2. Freedom of choice. The woman should be the final decision makerin
reproductive choices (autonomy)
3. Voluntary approach in services (autonomy).
4. Respect for human diversity and for those whose views are in the
minority (autonomy, non-maleficence).
5. Respect for people's basic intelligence, regardless of their knowledge
(autonomy).
64. 6. Education about genetics for the public, medical and other health
professionals, teachers, clergy and other persons who are
sources of religious information (beneficence).
7. Close cooperation with patient and parent organizations, if such
organizations exist (autonomy).
8. Prevention of unfair discrimination based on genetic information
(non-maleficence).
9. Teamwork with other professionals through a network of referrals.
(beneficence, autonomy).
Ethical Principles Applied to Genetics
65. 10. Use of nondiscriminatory language (autonomy).
11. Timely provision of indicated services or follow-up treatment
(non-maleficence).
12. Refraining from providing tests or procedures not medically
indicated (non-maleficence).
13. Providing ongoing quality control of services (non-maleficence).
Ethical Principles Applied to Genetics
66. .Disclosure and Confidentiality
1. Disclose all test results relevant to their health or the health of a fetus.
Adequate information is a prerequisite for free choice and open
communication.
2. Normal results should be communicated without undue delay.
3. Not directly relevant to health, may be withheld if this appears
necessary to protect a vulnerable.
4. Wishes, not to know genetic information should be respected,
except newborn babies or children for treatable conditions
5. Information that cause harm may be temporarily withheld.
67. 6. If a couple intends to have children should be encouraged to share.
7. Where appropriate, counsellors should inform people information may
be useful to their relatives.
Disclosure and Confidentiality
8. The provision of genetic information to relatives about the family so
as to learn their own genetic risks should be possible, especially
when harm can be avoided
9. Results tests should be kept confidential, should not be penalized or
rewarded for genetic constitutions. Information may be disclosed as
general medical information, in accordance with laws
10. Registries (if any) should be protected by the strictest standards of
confidentiality
68. Proposed Ethical Guidelines for Access to Banked DNA
6. DNA may be destroyed.
7. Spouses should not have access to DNA banks without the donor's
consent, but informed. If considering having children, to provide
any relevant information.
8. Except for forensic purposes, there should be no access without
donor's consent.
9. Qualified researchers should have access.
10. Potentially valuable specimens should be saved and available.
70. . Proposed Guidelines for Counseling
prior to Prenatal Diagnosis
Counselling should include the following points as a minimum:
1. Name(s) and general characteristics of the major disorder(s) that
the test may identify. The list of disorders need not be exhaustive. The
characteristics of the disorder(s) should be described also in
terms of their effects on the future child, on the parents, and on family
life.
2. Possibilities for treatment of the disorder(s) after birth and
availability of supportive care
.
3. Description of the likelihood (risk) that the fetus may have the
disorder(s). Risks should be expressed in several ways (as a percent,
as a proportion, and verbally).
71. 8. Information that the test does not guarantee a healthy baby, because
there are many disorders that cannot be identified before birth, or are not
tested for unless the family is known to be at high risk
9. The medical risks to fetus and mother posed by the testing procedure
.
10. Non-medical risks, if any (e.g., to parental employment or health
care, where applicable).
11. Information that non-invasive screens used early in pregnancy, such
as maternal serum alphafetoprotein (MSAFP), may be the first step on
the road to prenatal diagnosis and a possible decision about abortion.
12. Costs of the test and sources of reimbursement for the mother or
couple, if applicable.
13. Names and addresses of genetic support groups or organizations for
persons with genetic disorders, that people can contact if they wish.
Proposed Guidelines for Counselling prior to Prenatal Diagnosis
72. 4. The possibility of unfavourable test results or of fortuitous or
unexpected findings.
5. Alternatives available for those with an affected fetus, for example,
carrying the fetus to term and caring for the child at home; placing the
child in an institutional setting, if available; placing the child for
adoption; termination of pregnancy; prenatal treatment for the fetus or
early treatment after birth.
6. The possibility of ambiguous laboratory or ultrasonography results.
7. Information that, because most conditions diagnosed in the fetus
cannot be treated before birth, knowing about the existence of a
condition may not help the fetus.
.
Proposed Guidelines for Counselling prior to Prenatal Diagnosis
Editor's Notes
should we concern about ethics while studying genetics?