The document discusses the history and development of anatomical terminology standards. It describes how the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) was established in 1895 as the first international standard, followed by revisions like the Jena Nomina Anatomica and the Nomina Anatomica (NA) in 1955. The NA was replaced in 1998 by the Terminologia Anatomica (TA) as the current international standard terminology, published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology. The TA aims to provide standardized terminology across different languages.

1. PHASE A, BLOCK 1,
MS RESIDENT (MARCH 2015),
DEPT. OF ANATOMY,
BSMMU.
Dr. Rayhan Shahrear

2. NOMINA ANATOMICA &
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

3. GUIDED BY
PROF. LAILA ANJUMAN BANU
Professor of Genetics and Molecular Biology,
Department of Anatomy,
BSMMU.

4. NOMINA ANATOMICA
is the international standard on human anatomic
terminology from 1955 until it was replaced by
Terminologia Anatomica in 1998.
4

5. BELLY BUTTON
5

6. PRAYER BONES
6

7. HAUSE-PIPE
7

8. SO WHAT DID THEY DO?

9. A new international system of anatomical
terminology began.
The system was approved in 1895 by the
Ninth Congress of the Anatomische
Gesellschaft in Basel (then "Basle"),
Switzerland. It became known as the
Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA).
The International Federation of
Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) is
the international body representing
anatomical societies from throughout the
world. The First Federative
International Congress of Anatomy met
in Geneva.
British anatomists broke away from the
BNA adopting the Birmingham Revision
(BR).
The Anatomische Gesellschaft itself
produced a revision, the Jena Nomina
Anatomica (JNA).
The Fifth Congress (Oxford, 1950)
established the International Anatomical
Nomenclature Committee (IANC), to
work on standardized anatomical
terminology.
The IANC’s revision of the BNA was
approved in 1955 at the Sixth Congress,
meeting in Paris. It was originally called
the Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica
(PNA) but later became known simply as
the Nomina Anatomica (NA).
1887 1895 1903 1933 1935 1950 1955

10. Edition Year Conveyed by
Second edition 1961 The Seventh congress (New York, 1960)
Third edition 1966 The Eighth congress (Wiesbaden, 1965)
Fourth edition 1977
The Ninth congress (Leningrad, 1970),
the Tenth congress (Tokyo, 1975)
Fifth edition 1983
The eleventh congress (Mexico city,
1980)

11. The Twelfth Congress (London, 1985),
there was a dispute between over the
editorial independence of the IANC and
IFAA Members. The IANC published a
sixth edition of Nomina Anatomica, but it
was never approved by the IFAA.
At the Thirteenth Congress (Rio de
Janeiro, 1989), the IFAA created
Federative Committee on Anatomical
Terminology (FCAT).
A “new, updated, simplified and
uniform anatomical terminology,” the
Terminologia Anatomica (TA) was
published.
1985 1989 1998

12. MODERN USE OF THE NA

13. NA and its derivatives are still used in some contexts and there
remain some obstacles to universal adoption of TA:
 The TA is only available in Latin, English, and Spanish, while
the NA is available in many additional languages, which has
had an impact upon international adoption of TA.
 Terminologia Embryologica is under development, but is not
yet available.
 Nomina Histologica underwent several editions. Until recently,
there was no Terminologia Histologica. However, an edition
was published in 2008. 13

14. The TA divides anatomical structures into the following
main categories:
 A01: General anatomy (anatomia generalis)
 A02: Bones (ossa)
 A03: Joints (juncturae)
 A04: Muscles (musculi)
 A05: Alimentary system (systema digestorium)
 A06: Respiratory system (systema respiratorium)
 A07: Thoracic cavity (cavitas thoracis)
14

15.  A08: Urinary system (systema urinarium)
 A09: Genital systems (systemata genitalia)
 A10: Abdominopelvic cavity (cavitas abdominis et pelvis)
 A11: Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae)
 A12: Cardiovascular system (systema cardiovasculare)
 A13: Lymphoid system (systema lymphoideum)
 A14: Nervous system (systema nervosum)
 A15: Sense organs (organa sensuum)
 A16: The integument (integumentum commune)
15

16. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

17. The terminology is used by anatomists and
zoologists, in scientific journals, textbooks, and by
doctors and other medical professionals.
17

18. WHY
 Anatomical terminology uses a variety of unique
and possibly confusing terms to describe the
anatomical location and action of different
structures.
 By using this terminology, anatomists hope to be
more precise and reduce errors and ambiguity.
18

19. WHERE
Anatomical terms derive from Ancient Greek and
Latin words, and because these languages are no
longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning
of their words does not change.
19

20. HOW
 Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes,
and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an
organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or
suffix often describes the root.
 The roots, prefixes and suffixes are often derived
from Greek or Latin, and often quite dissimilar from
their English-language variants.
20

21. PLANES

22.  The sagittal plane
 The midsagittal or median plane
 Parasagittal plane, or less commonly a longitudinal
section.
 The frontal plane
 The transverse plane 22

23. 23

24. DIRECTIONS

25.  Anterior and posterior
 Superior and inferior
 Proximal and distal
 Superficial and deep
25

26.  Medial and lateral
 Ventral and Dorsal
 Cranial and caudal
 sinister and dexter
 Paired 26

27. 27

28. REGIONS

31. MUSCLES

32.  On independency of muscles action they are
skeletal and smooth muscles.
32

33. 33

34.  The muscle performing an action is the agonist,
while the muscle which contraction brings about an
opposite action is the antagonist.
34

36. MOVEMENTS

37. GENERAL MOVEMENTS
 Flexion and Extension
 Abduction and adduction
 Internal and External rotation
 Elevation and Depression
37

38. 38

39. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
 Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
 Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion
 Pronation and Supination
 Eversion and Inversion
39

40. 40

41. THANK YOU