Structure-function relationship of the placenta and its anomalies
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Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya Guided by Dr. Nahid Farhana Amin Assistant Professor Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
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Placenta embryology
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition, aid respiration, perform excretion, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium. In early development, chorionic villi form and connect to the embryo's circulatory system. Later, the villous chorion develops into the fetal part of the placenta while the decidua basalis forms the maternal part. At term, the placenta has a discoid shape and cotyledons, and the umbilical cord connects it to the fetus for nutrient/waste exchange across the placental membrane.
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Fertilization is the process where a sperm unites with an ovum. It typically occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube. The sperm undergoes changes including capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fusion of the nuclei. This results in the formation of a zygote with a full diploid chromosome number. The zygote then undergoes cleavage as it is transported through the uterine tube, dividing into a 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell stage and so on over 3 days as it forms a morula.
Folding of embryo
During the 4th week of development, the embryo undergoes longitudinal and transverse folding which transforms it from a flat disc into a curved tube. This folding incorporates the yolk sac endoderm to form the gut tube and divides the coelom into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It also repositions structures like the heart and mouth opening. By the end of the 4th week, the embryo has prominent head and tail folds, limb buds, and many organ systems are established.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
Female reproductive system
The document provides information about the female reproductive system. It discusses the external female genitalia (vulva) and internal organs including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It describes the structure, function, blood supply, and hormones involved in each part. It also explains menstruation and the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Placenta & Amnion (General Embryology)
The document discusses the development of various fetal membranes over 13 days, including the formation of the chorion, amnion, chorionic villi, and placenta. It notes that the chorion forms by day 12 from extra-embryonic mesoderm and contains syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers. The amnion forms as a cavity lined by amnioblasts and epiblast cells by day 8. The placenta develops from chorionic villi that invade the decidua basalis and form the intervillous spaces filled with maternal blood. Exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occurs across the placental barrier layers.
Revision on General Embryology 2
The document discusses the fetal membranes including the chorion, placenta, amnion, and umbilical cord. It describes their formation, structure, development, functions, and some abnormalities. The chorion forms early in development and differentiates into chorionic villi. The placenta develops from the chorion and facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between mother and fetus. The amnion forms a sac surrounding the fetus filled with amniotic fluid. The umbilical cord contains blood vessels connecting the fetus to the placenta.
3rd week of human development
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed. The notochord also begins developing from epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak and primitive node. These cells form the notochordal process which then fuses with endoderm and detaches to form the definitive notochord cord between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm organizes into three segments - paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm - which will give rise to muscles, skeleton, urinary/genital systems, and other tissues.
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Placenta embryology
The placenta is a fetomaternal organ with fetal and maternal components that functions to protect the fetus, provide nutrition, aid respiration, perform excretion, and produce hormones. It develops from the chorionic sac and endometrium. In early development, chorionic villi form and connect to the embryo's circulatory system. Later, the villous chorion develops into the fetal part of the placenta while the decidua basalis forms the maternal part. At term, the placenta has a discoid shape and cotyledons, and the umbilical cord connects it to the fetus for nutrient/waste exchange across the placental membrane.
Fertilization (General Embryology)
Fertilization is the process where a sperm unites with an ovum. It typically occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube. The sperm undergoes changes including capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fusion of the nuclei. This results in the formation of a zygote with a full diploid chromosome number. The zygote then undergoes cleavage as it is transported through the uterine tube, dividing into a 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell stage and so on over 3 days as it forms a morula.
Folding of embryo
During the 4th week of development, the embryo undergoes longitudinal and transverse folding which transforms it from a flat disc into a curved tube. This folding incorporates the yolk sac endoderm to form the gut tube and divides the coelom into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It also repositions structures like the heart and mouth opening. By the end of the 4th week, the embryo has prominent head and tail folds, limb buds, and many organ systems are established.
Placenta
The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus while removing waste products. It attaches to the uterine wall and the umbilical cord arises from the placenta. The placenta develops from the chorionic villi on the fetal side and the decidua basalis on the maternal side. It grows rapidly and eventually replaces most of the decidua basalis. At term, the placenta is a circular disc that is the site of maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and various proteins and hormones essential to the development and survival of the fetus.
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The document provides information about the female reproductive system. It discusses the external female genitalia (vulva) and internal organs including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It describes the structure, function, blood supply, and hormones involved in each part. It also explains menstruation and the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
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The document discusses the development of various fetal membranes over 13 days, including the formation of the chorion, amnion, chorionic villi, and placenta. It notes that the chorion forms by day 12 from extra-embryonic mesoderm and contains syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers. The amnion forms as a cavity lined by amnioblasts and epiblast cells by day 8. The placenta develops from chorionic villi that invade the decidua basalis and form the intervillous spaces filled with maternal blood. Exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occurs across the placental barrier layers.
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The document discusses the fetal membranes including the chorion, placenta, amnion, and umbilical cord. It describes their formation, structure, development, functions, and some abnormalities. The chorion forms early in development and differentiates into chorionic villi. The placenta develops from the chorion and facilitates gas/nutrient exchange between mother and fetus. The amnion forms a sac surrounding the fetus filled with amniotic fluid. The umbilical cord contains blood vessels connecting the fetus to the placenta.
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During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs where the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed. The notochord also begins developing from epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak and primitive node. These cells form the notochordal process which then fuses with endoderm and detaches to form the definitive notochord cord between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm organizes into three segments - paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm - which will give rise to muscles, skeleton, urinary/genital systems, and other tissues.
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2) In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo mitosis and differentiate into spermatocytes, then spermatids through meiosis. Spermiogenesis transforms spermatids into mature sperm.
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2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
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1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
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During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
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Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining leads to formation of the placenta and fetal membranes. The ovarian cycle results in follicular development and ovulation. The decidua forms from secretory endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Implantation involves apposition, adhesion and invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua. The placenta develops from chorionic villi and undergoes remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries to establish maternal blood flow to the intervillous space. The fetal membranes, including the amnion and chorion, develop and enclose the developing embryo.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the internal female reproductive organs - the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, and relations of each organ. The uterus has a triangular body that tapers into the cervix. It is located between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries are almond-shaped organs located laterally in the pelvis. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, with the fimbriated end near the ovaries and the interstitial end embedded in the uterine wall.
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The amnion is a membrane that encloses the amniotic cavity and develops from amnioblast cells at 8 days of pregnancy. It separates from the cytotrophoblasts by 12 days. During the 4th week, expansion of the amniotic cavity leads to folding of the embryonic disc. By the 3rd month, the amnion comes into contact with the chorion. The amnion surrounds the fetus and forms a sheath around the umbilical cord by the end of the 3rd month.
Development of placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
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The document discusses the development and types of placentas. It begins by describing the early development of the placenta from the trophoblast cells. It then discusses the stages of placental development including the prelacunar, lacunar, villous, and maturity stages. The document concludes by describing some abnormal placenta shapes including bilobed, circumvallate, succenturiate, membranacea, and ring-shaped placentas. Ultrasound appearance of normal and some abnormal placentas is also presented.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in human anatomy and physiology, including definitions of anatomy, physiology, and basic concepts like structure dictates function and homeostasis. It discusses anatomy at different levels from microscopic to macroscopic. Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body, while physiology is the study of how the body functions. The document emphasizes that understanding the relationship between structure and function is important in anatomy and physiology. It also notes that maintaining homeostasis, or internal stability, is essential for the normal functioning of the body.
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Anatomy is the study of body structures including their location, size, color, and shape. It is divided into gross anatomy which examines structures visible to the naked eye, microscopic anatomy which examines cells and tissues under a microscope, developmental anatomy which studies growth and development, pathological anatomy which examines diseased tissues, and systemic anatomy which examines body systems.
Physiology is the study of normal body function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. It includes the functions of organs like the liver and the relationships between functions and the body. Physiology is also divided into plant/human physiology, molecular/cellular physiology, and systemic physiology.
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1) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis to produce haploid gametes from diploid germ cells.
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The document summarizes the development, functions, and abnormalities of the placenta. It discusses how the placenta develops from implantation through formation of chorionic villi and circulation. It describes the placenta's main functions of transferring nutrients and waste between mother and fetus, as well as endocrine and barrier functions. It also covers placental hormones, mechanisms of substance transfer, and diagnostic uses and immunological role of the placenta.
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3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
Trilaminar germ disc
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
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During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
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Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining leads to formation of the placenta and fetal membranes. The ovarian cycle results in follicular development and ovulation. The decidua forms from secretory endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Implantation involves apposition, adhesion and invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua. The placenta develops from chorionic villi and undergoes remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries to establish maternal blood flow to the intervillous space. The fetal membranes, including the amnion and chorion, develop and enclose the developing embryo.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the internal female reproductive organs - the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, and relations of each organ. The uterus has a triangular body that tapers into the cervix. It is located between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries are almond-shaped organs located laterally in the pelvis. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, with the fimbriated end near the ovaries and the interstitial end embedded in the uterine wall.
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The amnion is a membrane that encloses the amniotic cavity and develops from amnioblast cells at 8 days of pregnancy. It separates from the cytotrophoblasts by 12 days. During the 4th week, expansion of the amniotic cavity leads to folding of the embryonic disc. By the 3rd month, the amnion comes into contact with the chorion. The amnion surrounds the fetus and forms a sheath around the umbilical cord by the end of the 3rd month.
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The placenta is an organ that develops in mammals during pregnancy to connect the developing fetus to the uterine wall. It allows for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange from the mother's blood supply to nourish the fetus. The placenta has both a fetal component from the chorionic sac and a maternal component from the endometrium. It begins developing upon implantation and grows throughout pregnancy, reaching full development by the end of the first trimester. The placenta plays a vital role in sustaining the fetus during intrauterine development.
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The document discusses the anatomy and circulation of the placenta. The placental circulation brings the maternal and fetal circulation systems into close relationship, with placental blood flow increasing to 500 ml/min at term. Blood flows from the umbilical arteries through finer vessels in the chorionic plate and into the villi capillaries, where pressure drops from 50 mmHg to 30 mmHg. The placental barrier separates maternal and fetal blood and its composition changes over pregnancy, initially consisting of syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers but thinning over later months as the fetal vessels multiply and approach the villus surface.
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Female rprdctive
The female reproductive system includes external genitalia like the vulva, clitoris, and vaginal opening. Internally it contains the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina extends from the vulva to the uterus. The uterus contains the cervix below and connects to the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The ovaries produce eggs and are located adjacent to the pelvic wall.
Ureter
The ureter is a narrow, thick-walled, muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle in the ureter wall propel urine downward. The ureter has three layers of smooth muscle in the lower third and two layers in the upper two-thirds. It courses down the posterior abdominal wall and enters the pelvis, where it crosses the common iliac artery. In the pelvis, it travels laterally along the sciatic notch before entering the bladder obliquely. The ureter has several sites of anatomical narrowing where stones are prone to lodge, including at the pelvic brim and ure
Internal iliac artery
The internal iliac artery divides into anterior and posterior divisions within the pelvis. The posterior division further branches into the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral arteries, and superior gluteal artery. These branches supply structures within the pelvis such as the pelvic viscera, perineum, and pelvic wall as well as the buttocks.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology : levels of structural organization
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Structure-function relationship of the placenta and its anomalies
- 1. Structure-function relationship of the placenta and its anomalies Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya Guided by Dr. Nahid Farhana Amin Assistant Professor Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
- 4. Structure of the placenta 2 cell stage 30 hours 4 cell stage 40 hours 12 cell stage 3 days
- 5. 4.5 days 6 days Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 6. A 7.5-day blastocyst Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 7. A 9-day human blastocyst Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 8. A 12-day blastocyst Structure of the Placenta (contd.) Primary Villi
- 9. A 13-day blastocyst Structure of the Placenta (contd.) Secondary Villi
- 10. At the end of third week Structure of the Placenta (contd.) Tertiary Villi
- 11. Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 12. Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 13. Decidual cell Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 14. Chorionic villi Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 15. At the end of 4th week Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 16. Anchoring Villi Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 17. At second month of development Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 18. Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 19. Fetal part Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 20. Maternal part Structure of the Placenta (contd.)
- 25. Gross structure of the placenta
- 27. Gross structure of the placenta (contd.)
- 28. Anomalies of the placenta
- 29. Battle-dore Placenta Anomalies of the placenta (contd.)
- 30. Velamentous Placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 31. Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 32. Bilobed Placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 33. Placenta membranacea Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 34. Circumvellate Placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 35. Succenturiata placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 36. Placenta previa Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 37. Abruptio placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 38. Degenerative placental lesions •Placental infraction •Placental calcification Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 39. Circulatory disturbances • Maternal floor infarction • Placental vessel thrombosis • Hypertrophic lesion of the chorionic villi Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 40. 1. Placentitis 2. Chorioamnionitis Placental Inflammation Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 41. 1. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease 2. Chorioangioma(Hemangioma) 3. Tumors Metastatic to the Placenta Tumors of the Placenta Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 42. Hydatidiform mole Anomalies of the Placenta (contd.)
- 43. THANK YOU