Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines eight stages of development that an individual must navigate throughout their lifespan, each characterized by a crisis that influences identity formation. The theory emphasizes the impact of cultural context on psychological growth and the importance of positive resolutions to crises for healthy identity development. It also highlights the roles of caregivers and educators in supporting children through these stages to promote successful outcomes.

1. Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory
K.Thangavel,
Assistant Professor,
Thiagarajar College of Preceptors, Madurai-9.

2. Erik Erikson
• Father abandoned before
born.
• Irregular work in Europe
without an identity.
• Took a job as a teacher for
children of Freud’s patients.
• Trained in psychoanalysis
(i.e. Freud).
• Took name as Erikson (son
of himself) symbolizing full
attainment of sense of
identity.

3. Psychosocial Development
• Psychosocial: Development of self in relationship
to society
– Psycho: Mental processes
– Social: Relating to society
• Developmental changes in behavior result from
the interaction between internal drives and
cultural demands
– Psychosocial development is culturally relative:
• Children in all cultures go through the same sequence of
stages, but each culture has its own way of directing the
child’s behavior
• Social demands change within each culture over time

4. Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
• Maturation and culture’s expectations create
eight crises that the individual must resolve for
healthy development
– Cultural demands change as a child ages
• Development continues throughout the lifespan
– Main goal in life is the search for identity
• Identity: Understanding and accepting one’s self and society
• Eight psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan
influences identity

5. Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
• Each stage is characterized by a crisis
– Crisis: a psychosocial challenge that presents
opportunities for development
– Positive resolution of crisis leads to growth but
negative resolution (or no resolution) leads to
maladjustment
• Positive resolution: Constructive orientation toward
future events related to that conflict
• Negative resolution: Problems resolving future crises

6. Erikson’s Stages of
Psychosocial Development
Stage Age
(years)
Important
Events
Crisis
Infancy 0-2 Feeding Trust vs. Mistrust*
Early
Childhood
2-3 Toilet training
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Preschool 3-5 Exploration of the
environment
Initiative vs. Guilt
School Age 6-11 School Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence 12-20 Social
relationships
Identity vs. Role Confusion*
Young Adults Mid-20s Relationships Intimacy vs. Isolation*
Adulthood 25-60 Work and
parenthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation*
Old Age 60+ Reflection of
life
Ego Integrity vs. Despair

7. Stage 1:
Trust vs. Mistrust
• Newborns cannot meet their own needs
– Have to trust that their mother meets their needs
– Trust: Essential trustfulness of others and sense of
one’s own trustworthiness
• Positive Resolution: Trust in the world based
on basic needs being met
• Parents’ Role: Provide warmth and
responsiveness to child’s needs to foster a
secure attachment
Age: 0-2 years
Primary Event: Feeding

8. Stage 2:
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Failing at toilet training leads to shame and doubt in
abilities
• Autonomy: Determination to exercise free will
• Shame and doubt about one’s self-control and
independence results if:
– Trust crisis was not resolved
– Toilet training was too harsh
– Child’s will is broken by over-controlling parents
• Positive Resolution: Development of self-confidence
based on encouragement and limit setting
• Parents’ Role: Balance the child’s desire for autonomy
and parent’s need to control the child’s behavior
Age: 2-3 years
Primary Event: Toilet Training

9. Stage 3:
Initiative vs. Guilt
• Initiative: Actively seek to impose sense of will on
surroundings
• Must learn balance between acting and controlling impulses
• Guilt results if initiative frequently leads to
punishment or disapproval
• Positive Resolution: Explore the environment
with a sense of purpose
• Parents’ Role: Support the child’s initiative in
appropriate situations
Age: 3-5 years
Primary Event: Independence

10. Stage 4:
Industry vs. Inferiority
• Industry: Doing things that others value
• Successful experiences give sense of industry,
competence, and mastery
– Unsuccessful experiences leads to feelings of
inadequacy, inferiority, and no self-worth
• Positive Resolution: Productive work, success
experiences, and understanding of progress
• Parents’ Role: Help children participate in
activities where they are successful
Age: 6-11 years
Primary Event: School

11. Stage 5:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Identity: Integrated sense of self
– Answering: Who am I?
– Integrate beliefs in politics, religion, career, life
purpose, family, etc.
• Identity crisis is the most significant conflict
• Role confusion: Inability to integrate beliefs,
leaving a fragmented personality
• Positive Resolution: Strong sense of identity and
plans for the future
• Parents’ Role: Help the child learn about options
for their identity
Age: 12-20 years
Primary Event: Peer Relationships

12. Stage 6:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Intimacy: Close committed relationship with
someone
– Identity is necessary for intimacy with others
• Positive Resolution: Ability to self-disclose
with another person
Age: mid-20s
Primary Event: Loving Relationships

13. Stage 7:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Generativity: Desire to create things in the
world that will outlive you
• Stagnation: Self-absorption
• Positive Resolution: Acts of caring beyond the
self
Age: 25-60 years
Primary Event: Parenting

14. Stage 8:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• Ego Integrity: View that one’s life has had
meaning and acceptance of one’s choices.
• Despair: Regret for what one has or has not
done with their life
• Positive Resolution: Satisfaction about the
past
Age: 60+ years
Primary Event: Reflection on Life

15. Critique of Psychosocial Theory
• Strengths
– One of first developmental theories to focus on
development across the lifespan
– Logical progression of life stages
• Weakness
– The theory does not explain why development
occurs

16. Implications for Education
• Importance of early relationships with
caregivers
• Illustrates the significance of successful
experiences in school
• Explains that children of different ages have
different social needs

17. Revision
• Describe Erikson’s eight stages.
• Explain what a teacher/parent can do to
support development in each of the childhood
stages