ERIK ERIKSON STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development that take place throughout the human lifespan. The document summarizes the first six stages: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): Developing a sense of trust in caregivers. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (early childhood): Gaining independence and self-control. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool): Playing and interacting with others. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (school age): Developing skills and a sense of competence. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence): Forming a self-identity and role in society. 6.
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ERIK ERIKSON STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
- 1. STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT By: Rommel Luis C. Israel III Erik Erikson’s Theory
- 2. ERIK ERIKSON • Born: June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt am Main, Germay • Died: May 12, 1994 (at age 91) in Harwich, Cape Cod, Massachusetts • Nationality: German • Fields: Developmental Psychology • Famous For: Theory on social development Reference: Erik Erikson. (2013). Retrieved February 23, 2020, from http://famouspsychologists.net/erik-erikson/. IMAGE FROM: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/L0I-tnYTwNA/hqdefault.jpg
- 5. TRUST vs. MISTRUST • begins at birth continues to approximately 18 months of age • the infant is uncertain about their world • The infant looks towards the primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 6. TRUST vs. MISTRUST • If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust - this will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 7. TRUST vs. MISTRUST UNMET NEEDS leads to the development of: Mistrust Suspicion Anxiety The infant will not have confidence in the world around them or in their abilities to influence events. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 8. TRUST vs. MISTRUST • Success in this stage leads to the virtue of hope - when trust develops, the infant develops trust he can possibly consider other people too as support system against new crises. • Failure in this stage leads to the development of fear - mistrust occurs towards other relationships as the result of anxiety, heightened insecurities, and feeling of mistrust in the world around them. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 9. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT • the second stage of psychosocial development. • occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately 3 years. • Children are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 10. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT • Success in this stage leads to the virtue of will. - If children are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 11. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT • If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves: -they will feel inadequate in their ability to survive -they become overly dependent upon others - they lack self-esteem - they feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 12. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT THE CHILD IN THIS STAGE: The child is developing physically They are more mobile They are discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities (putting on clothes/shoes, playing with toys, etc.) illustrating the growing sense of independence and autonomy. - example: walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 13. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT THE ROLE OF THE PARENTS: Allow the children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure -example: allow the child to try putting on their clothes until they succeed or ask for assistance. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 14. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME AND DOUBT THE ROLE OF THE PARENTS: Thry must try not to do everything for the child - if the child fails at a particular task, don’t criticize the child for failures and accidents (particularly when toilet training). The aim has to be “self control without a loss of self-esteem” Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 15. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • the third stage of psychosocial development • The children assert themselves more frequently. • It is particularly the lively, rapid-developing years of the child. • According to Bee (1992), it is a “time of vigor of action and of behaviours that the parents may see as aggressive." Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 16. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school • Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities. • They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. • If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 17. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • If this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. • The child will often overstep the mark in his forcefulness, and the danger is that the parents will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives too much Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 18. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • The child here begins to ask many questions as his thirst for knowledge grows. - If the parents treat the child’s questions as trivial, a nuisance or embarrassing or other aspects of their behaviour as threatening then the child may have feelings of guilt for “being a nuisance”. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 19. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • Too much guilt makes the child slow to interact with others and may inhibit their creativity. • Some guilt is necessary; otherwise the child would not know how to exercise self- control or have a conscience. • A healthy balance between initiative and guilt is important. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 20. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT • Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose • Failure in this stage results in a sense of guilt. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 21. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY • occurs during childhood between the ages of 5 and 12 • Children learns to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. • Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child specific skills Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 22. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY • The child’s peer group gains greater significance and becomes a major source of the child’s self-esteem. • The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 23. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY • If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious (competent) and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals • If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferiour, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his or her potential. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 24. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY • If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., being athletic) then they may develop a sense of inferiourity • Some failure may be necessary so that the child can develop some modesty. Again, a balance between competence and modesty is necessary. • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of competence. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 25. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • The fifth stage of psychosocial development • occurs during adolescence, from about 12- 18 years. • adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 26. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important - Children are becoming more independent - they begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. - The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 27. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • This is where the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. • The adolescent re-examines his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. • Erikson suggests that two identities are involved: 1. the sexual 2. the occupational Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 28. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • The adolescent may feel uncomfortable about their body for a while until they can adapt and “grow into” the changes • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity - Fidelity involves being able to commit one’s self to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 29. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations • Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up") can lead to role confusion. • In Role confusion, the individual is not about themselves or their place in society. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 30. IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION • In response to role confusion or identity crisis: - the adolescent begins to experiment with different lifestyles (e.g., work, education or political activities) Pressuring someone into an identity can result in rebellion in the form of establishing a negative identity. Hence, there is feeling of unhappiness. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 31. INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION • the sixth stage of psychosocial development • takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs • the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 32. INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION • The individual begins to share self more intimately with others. • The individual explore relationships leading toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a family member. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 33. INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION • Successful completion of this stage results in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship • Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 34. GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION • It is the seventh stage of psychosocial development. • Takes place during during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs) • Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 35. GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION • People experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people • We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Through generativity we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 36. GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION • Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment • Failure results in shallow involvement in the world • By failing to find a way to contribute, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 37. EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR • It is the eighth and final stage of psychosocial development. • It begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death • The individual contemplate to his accomplishments and can develop integrity if he see himself as leading a successful life. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 38. EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR • As the individual grow older (65+ yrs) and become seniour citizens, he tends to slow down his productivity and explore life as a retired person. • Erik Erikson believed that: “If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, fromhttps://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 39. EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR • Success in this stage leads to the virtue of wisdom - Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 40. EGO INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR • Wise people are not characterized by a continuous state of ego integrity, but they experience both ego integrity and despair. *Thus, late life is characterized by both integrity and despair as alternating states that need to be balanced. Reference: Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.
- 41. REFERENCES Erik Erikson. (2013). Retrieved February 23, 2020, from http://famouspsychologists.net/erik-erikson/. Mcleod, Saul (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages Of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html.