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Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
by
Saul McLeod
published
2008
, updated
2013
Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight stages from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
Erikson's ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality. However, whereas
Freud
was an id psychologist, Erikson was an ego psychologist. He emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself, whereas Freud emphasized the conflict between the
id and the superego
.
According to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises that are distinctly social in nature. These involve establishing a sense of trust in others, developing a sense of identity in society, and helping the next generation prepare for the future.
Erikson extends on Freudian thoughts by focusing on the adaptive and creative characteristic of the ego, and expanding the notion of the stages of
personality development
to include the entire lifespan.
Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and builds upon each previous stage. This is called the epigenic principle.
The outcome of this 'maturation timetable' is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the autonomous individual. However, instead of focusing on sexual development (like Freud), he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of
self
.
Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson suggests that there is still plenty of room for continued growth and development throughout one’s life. Erikson puts a great deal of emphasis on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a person’s identity.
Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later.
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Erik Erikson stages of psychosocial development Sam Martin
A short piece on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. it looks at the various needs and where Erikson places them in importance in relation to an individual's development.
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Erik Erikson stages of psychosocial development Sam Martin
A short piece on Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. it looks at the various needs and where Erikson places them in importance in relation to an individual's development.
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a stage theorist who took Freud’s controversial psycho theory and modified it into an eight-stage psychosocial theory of development
Social development refers to the process by which a child learns to interact with others around them. As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to communicate with other people and process their actions.
Social Development occurs as a result of socialisation
Do you agree with each learners assessment of the theories Why or .docxastonrenna
Do you agree with each learner's assessment of the theories? Why or why not? What major points are missing from the arguments?
Abiola post
Erik Erikson's developed eight stages of development begin from birth to older adult but a child's selfhood and emotional development in Erikson's theory begin in the third stage of child development initiative versus guilt, occurs from the age of three to six years. In this stage, the child's self-concepts largely consist of observable characteristics, such as their name, physical appearance, possessions, and their everyday behaviours. They are also able to describe themselves in terms of typical emotions and attitudes where the degree of agreement with a battery of such statements coincides with maternal reports of their personality traits, indicating that older preschooler has a sense of their own timidity, agreeableness, and positive or negative affect. This is supported by this emerging grasp of personality, when given a trait label they would engage in appropriate motives and feelings. But, if this is lacking, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. This may make them feel bothersome to others which in terms affect their self-esteem and their ability to initiate social contact.
The theory that can closely relate to Erikson is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. He also focuses on the various stages of a child, in transitioning from one stage to the other follows a sequence. The two theories build on the idea that personality development takes place across a person’s lifespan. Therefore, children get inspiration from the surroundings through the learning process. In turn, kids learn through pretend play and the emergence of language (which Piaget so strongly emphasizes) would appear to be an important ingredient in the ego-developmental crises of which Erikson also describes. Also the child is still largely preoccupied with his own body, and the crisis at this stage is concerned primarily with the control of motor activity. The feelings of shame and, doubt which threaten the child at this stage are also pre-verbal and are experienced in terms of visual and kinesthetic sensations.
The most outstanding difference between the theories of Piaget and Erikson is Piaget's greater' emphasis on the child's cognitive and affective ego-centrism. For Erickson, greater attention to these matters of a child's cognition and ego- centrism would appear warranted, for example, the child's cognitive difficulty, in separating their own, ways of thinking from that of others would seem especially important to issues which pertain to the linking of view points. This would occur during processes of when a child would identify themselves by stating their name (My name is Joe) and age (I am 4 years old).
Desiree post
Erikson’s theory on social development explains how children first begin to understand themselves, and the social world around them. He suggested that play wa ...
psychosexual development according to erik erikson theory hitesh aasodariya
erik erikson is well known psychologist who describe how our behaviour is influence by and mould by year to year ........so from this study we can understand that why my behaviour is like this and why others behaviour like this
Blue and White Simple Minimalist Life Guide Presentation.pptx.pdfjhoeriel
According to Erikson's theory, individuals don't experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, According to Erikson's theory, individuals don't experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, most healthy individuals experience a balance between each as they begin to make sense of their lives.each as they begin to make sense of their lives.
Purpose of Assignment The foreign exchange market is an intern.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The foreign exchange market is an international monetary system that among several of its functions, converts one country's currency into that of another. Understanding the foreign exchange market is an important dynamic in international trade and investment. It is, therefore, a benefit to the business student, via this assignment, to fully comprehend its functions.
Assignment Steps
Develop
a minimum 700-word analysis to include the following aspects of the foreign exchange market: Introduction & Conclusion REQUIRED! NO PLAGIARISM! MUST ANSWER EVERY BULLET THOROUGHLY!
·
Discuss the two main functions of the foreign exchange market.
·
Analyze, in detail, the relationship between money supply and inflation.
·
Describe the difference between a freely convertible currency and a non-convertible currency.
·
Evaluate the technology risks associated with the functions of the foreign exchange market.
APA FORMAT MUST INCUDE ATLEAST 2 SOURCES!
.
Purpose To analyze types of media specific to the healthcare indust.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose: To analyze types of media specific to the healthcare industry.
Spend time during week 2 of the course monitoring print media (e.g. newspapers, magazines) and electronic media, (e.g. radio, television, social media) for commercials promoting healthcare products.
Prepare a 250-350 word summary that assesses the following:
Image vs. service marketing
The “product” being marketed (e.g. good, service, idea, organization)
The medium being used (e.g. newspaper, magazine, radio, television, billboard, internet)
The placement of the promotional piece (e.g. location in newspaper, time of day for radio spot, cable –vs. network television)
The apparent target market
The ultimate objective (e.g. improve image, attract new business, increase sales volume)
.
More Related Content
Similar to PsychologistsTheories Studies Research Methods H.docx
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a stage theorist who took Freud’s controversial psycho theory and modified it into an eight-stage psychosocial theory of development
Social development refers to the process by which a child learns to interact with others around them. As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to communicate with other people and process their actions.
Social Development occurs as a result of socialisation
Do you agree with each learners assessment of the theories Why or .docxastonrenna
Do you agree with each learner's assessment of the theories? Why or why not? What major points are missing from the arguments?
Abiola post
Erik Erikson's developed eight stages of development begin from birth to older adult but a child's selfhood and emotional development in Erikson's theory begin in the third stage of child development initiative versus guilt, occurs from the age of three to six years. In this stage, the child's self-concepts largely consist of observable characteristics, such as their name, physical appearance, possessions, and their everyday behaviours. They are also able to describe themselves in terms of typical emotions and attitudes where the degree of agreement with a battery of such statements coincides with maternal reports of their personality traits, indicating that older preschooler has a sense of their own timidity, agreeableness, and positive or negative affect. This is supported by this emerging grasp of personality, when given a trait label they would engage in appropriate motives and feelings. But, if this is lacking, either through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. This may make them feel bothersome to others which in terms affect their self-esteem and their ability to initiate social contact.
The theory that can closely relate to Erikson is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. He also focuses on the various stages of a child, in transitioning from one stage to the other follows a sequence. The two theories build on the idea that personality development takes place across a person’s lifespan. Therefore, children get inspiration from the surroundings through the learning process. In turn, kids learn through pretend play and the emergence of language (which Piaget so strongly emphasizes) would appear to be an important ingredient in the ego-developmental crises of which Erikson also describes. Also the child is still largely preoccupied with his own body, and the crisis at this stage is concerned primarily with the control of motor activity. The feelings of shame and, doubt which threaten the child at this stage are also pre-verbal and are experienced in terms of visual and kinesthetic sensations.
The most outstanding difference between the theories of Piaget and Erikson is Piaget's greater' emphasis on the child's cognitive and affective ego-centrism. For Erickson, greater attention to these matters of a child's cognition and ego- centrism would appear warranted, for example, the child's cognitive difficulty, in separating their own, ways of thinking from that of others would seem especially important to issues which pertain to the linking of view points. This would occur during processes of when a child would identify themselves by stating their name (My name is Joe) and age (I am 4 years old).
Desiree post
Erikson’s theory on social development explains how children first begin to understand themselves, and the social world around them. He suggested that play wa ...
psychosexual development according to erik erikson theory hitesh aasodariya
erik erikson is well known psychologist who describe how our behaviour is influence by and mould by year to year ........so from this study we can understand that why my behaviour is like this and why others behaviour like this
Blue and White Simple Minimalist Life Guide Presentation.pptx.pdfjhoeriel
According to Erikson's theory, individuals don't experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, According to Erikson's theory, individuals don't experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, most healthy individuals experience a balance between each as they begin to make sense of their lives.each as they begin to make sense of their lives.
Purpose of Assignment The foreign exchange market is an intern.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The foreign exchange market is an international monetary system that among several of its functions, converts one country's currency into that of another. Understanding the foreign exchange market is an important dynamic in international trade and investment. It is, therefore, a benefit to the business student, via this assignment, to fully comprehend its functions.
Assignment Steps
Develop
a minimum 700-word analysis to include the following aspects of the foreign exchange market: Introduction & Conclusion REQUIRED! NO PLAGIARISM! MUST ANSWER EVERY BULLET THOROUGHLY!
·
Discuss the two main functions of the foreign exchange market.
·
Analyze, in detail, the relationship between money supply and inflation.
·
Describe the difference between a freely convertible currency and a non-convertible currency.
·
Evaluate the technology risks associated with the functions of the foreign exchange market.
APA FORMAT MUST INCUDE ATLEAST 2 SOURCES!
.
Purpose To analyze types of media specific to the healthcare indust.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose: To analyze types of media specific to the healthcare industry.
Spend time during week 2 of the course monitoring print media (e.g. newspapers, magazines) and electronic media, (e.g. radio, television, social media) for commercials promoting healthcare products.
Prepare a 250-350 word summary that assesses the following:
Image vs. service marketing
The “product” being marketed (e.g. good, service, idea, organization)
The medium being used (e.g. newspaper, magazine, radio, television, billboard, internet)
The placement of the promotional piece (e.g. location in newspaper, time of day for radio spot, cable –vs. network television)
The apparent target market
The ultimate objective (e.g. improve image, attract new business, increase sales volume)
.
PURPOSE To begin applying critical lenses (theory) to both the li.docxbfingarjcmc
PURPOSE:
To begin applying critical lenses (theory) to both the literary reading and writing processes. You’ll analyze a piece of fiction using the fundamental premises and rules of interpretation outlined by a school of criticism. In this first paper you will focus on
intrinsic analysis,
doing a close study of the various literary elements, language and patterns that create meaning in the text. While the two critical lenses differ considerably, both function on the premise that analysis of the “text and the text and alone” best reveals meaning. (Psychoanalytic criticism does include several components that emphasize
extrinsic analysis
, but several of its modes of interpretation subscribe to or allow for intrinsic analysis.)
ASSIGNMENT:
In a 4-5 page, MLA-formatted paper, analyze one of the short stories selected for the paper using either New Criticism or Psychoanalytic Criticism. (Below-page 2- you will find a list of short stories on which you can base this first paper. I will post a list of additional stories and their attending summaries in another document that goes with this prompt.) Your paper should include direct quotes that support your examples, a clear and thoughtful thesis (you’ll find examples of an intro/thesis for both schools of criticisms in the theory folders on Blackboard – the New Critical example is already posted).
DRAFT DUE DATE
:
THURS, 6/29.
(If you want the opportunity to submit a revision, you need to turn in a completed paper on the draft due date – one that meets length and topic requirements.)
FINAL DRAFT DUE DATE:
One week after I return the paper to you
LITERARY SELECTIONS:
The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas
:
“
One child is chosen from the population to serve as a sacrifice that will allow the rest of the city to live in peace and plenty. The child is placed in a small, windowless room without any amenities and is completely cut off from the rest of society except for the short visits from those who come to view the child. When they learn of the child’s existence, the people of Omelas battle with the knowledge of The child, who suffers for them, and the guilt they feel as a result of their knowledge.
Red Card
:
“What if the government gave everybody one free pass to shoot one person,
any person,
for whatever reason? . . . S.L. Gilbow says that the idea for “Red Card” actually came from a conversation he had with his daughter, Mandy. “One day after a driver cut me off in heavy traffic. I . . . turned to my daughter and said, ‘Everyone should be allowed to shoot one person without going to prison.’ My daughter thought for a second then turned to
/
me and said, ‘Dad, if that were true you would have been dead a long time ago.”
“Just Do It”:
Heather Lindsley.
“Chemistry has a bad rap these days. The late twentieth-century is riddled with environmental and health disasters stemming from human abuse of chemistry. From thalidomide babies to endangered eagles, it’s difficult to see a good side .
Purpose of AssignmentThis week requires the student to address.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
This week requires the student to address six unresolved issues in macroeconomics, each of which is central to current political debates. Students are required to use information and tools that they have accumulated in their study of the text and evaluate both sides of those issues, determine which side they can support for each issue, and defend their positions.
Assignment Steps
Select
two subjects from the following list of topics and
prepare
a 15-20 slide presentation and
present
to class:
Active monetary and fiscal policy
Increased government spending to fight recessions
Reducing federal government's discretionary powers
Zero-inflation target
Balanced government budget
Tax incentives for saving
Evaluate
both the advocates' position and the critics' position.
Determine
which position you support and defend your position.
Cite
a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources not including your textbook.
Present
your work to class with 15 - 20 slides.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to help y.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The purpose of this assignment is to help you understand the basics of financial statement analysis related to the assets section of the balance sheet, data interpretation, and how financial information is obtained to understand how a company accounts for its long-lived assets.
Assignment Steps
Resources:
Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making
Note
: The financial statements of Apple, Inc
.
are presented in Appendix A of
Financial Accounting
. Instructions for accessing and using the company's complete annual report, including the notes to the financial statements, are also provided in Appendix A.
Complete
a 1,050-word summary of findings and recommendations from the following questions:
What were the total cost and book value of property, plant, and equipment at September 27, 2014?
Using the notes to find financial statements, what method or methods of depreciation are used by Apple for financial reporting purposes?
What was the amount of depreciation and amortization expense for each of the three years 2012-2014? (
Hint
: Use the statement of cash flows).
Using the statement of cash flows, what are the amounts of property, plant, and equipment purchased in 2014 and 2013?
Using the notes to the financial statements, explain in the summary how Apple accounted for its intangible assets in 2014.
Use
the Week 2 Excel
®
spreadsheet to show your work and
submit
with your summary.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Purpose of AssignmentThe business environment is continuously evol.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The business environment is continuously evolving with the integration of new management trends developed to create opportunity and respond to challenges. Innovation often challenges the status quo of organizations and change agents in an organization must become intrapreneurs to meet those challenges.
You have been tasked to communicate to the VP of Human Resources about the need to prepare current staff for a more diverse workforce as a result of opening a new office in Miami, FL. This geographical area is known for its cultural, religious, and ethnic diversity in comparison to the company's office in Topeka, KS.
Assignment Steps
Create
a 500-word report analyzing the relationship between these concepts or topics:
Analyze the role of innovation in executing change strategies.
Assess managing diversity in the workplace
.
Purpose of AssignmentStudents will employ the supply and demand .docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
Students will employ the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. Students learn about welfare economics--the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being--and will discover that under most circumstances, the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare. Students will review different sources of externalities and a variety of potential cures and will see that while markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity, governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Students will see how the U.S. government raises and spends money and the difficulty of making a tax system both efficient and equitable.
Assignment Steps
Scenario:
You have been assigned to a team that has the responsibility of preparing a paper for the governor's next economic conference.
Prepare
a 1,050-word paper addressing the following:
Explain why equilibrium of supply and demand is desirable.
Explain the following concepts using the concept of consumer and producer surplus:
Efficiency of markets
Costs of taxation
Benefits of international trade
Discuss how externalities may prevent market equilibrium and the various governments policies used to remedy the inefficiencies in markets caused by externalities.
Analyze the difference between the efficiency of a tax system and the equity of a tax system as it refers to the costs imposed on taxpayers using the benefits principles.
Format consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Purpose of AssignmentThe case study focuses on break-even, margi.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The case study focuses on break-even, margin of safety, and incremental analysis and allows students to experience working through a business scenario to apply these tools in managerial decision making. Students are
required
to make decisions and provide solutions based on their evaluation of financial data.
Assignment Steps
Resources:
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), U.S. Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC)
Tutorial help on Excel
®
and Word functions can be found on the Microsoft
®
Office website. There are also additional tutorials via the web offering support for Office products.
Scenario:
Shelley Jones has just been elected as president of the Circular Club of Auburn, Kansas, and she has been asked to suggest a new fundraising activity for the club. After a considerable amount of research, Shelley proposed the Circular Club sponsor a professional rodeo. In her presentation to the club, Shelley recommends the fundraiser become an annual activity with the following goals:
Continue to grow each year
Give back to the community
Provide the club a presence in the community
Shelley's goal in the first year is to have an activity that would become an "annual community event" and would break even the first year and raise $5,000 the following year. In addition, based on the experience of other communities, Shelley believed a rodeo could grow in popularity so the club would eventually earn an average of $20,000 annually.
A rodeo committee was formed. Shelley contacted the world's oldest and largest rodeo-sanctioning agency to apply to sponsor a professional rodeo. The sanctioning agency requires a rodeo to consist of the following five events: Bareback Riding, Bronco Riding, Steer Wrestling, Bull Riding, and Calf Roping, Team Roping and Women's Barrels. Prize money in the amount of $3,000 would be paid to winners in each of the seven events. Members of the rodeo committee contracted with RJ Cattle Company, a livestock contractor on the rodeo circuit, to provide bucking stock, fencing, and chutes. Realizing costs associated with the rodeo were tremendous and ticket sales would probably not be sufficient to cover the costs, the rodeo committee sent letters to local businesses soliciting contributions in exchange for various sponsorships. Exhibiting Sponsorships are $1,000 to exhibit products or services, while Major Sponsorships are $600, and Chute Sponsorships are $500 to have the name of the sponsor's business on one of the six bucking chutes. For a contribution of $100, individual sponsors will be included in a Friends of Rodeo list found in the rodeo programs.
A local youth group will be contacted to provide concessions to the public and divide the profits with the Circular Club. The Auburn Circular Club Pro Rodeo Roundup will be held on June 1, 2, and 3. The cost of an adult ticket is set at $8 in advance or $10 at the gate; the cost of a ticket for a child 12 or younger is set at $6 in .
Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to help.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
The purpose of this assignment is to help you become familiar with examining transactions and how it affects the balance sheet.
Assignment Steps
Resources:
Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making
Write
in sentence format a response to each of the following scenarios from Exercise E3-1 in
Financial Accounting
(p. 132) describing the effect of each transaction on assets, liabilities, and stockholder's equity:
Selected transactions for Thyme Advertising Company, Inc.
Issued common stock to investors in exchange for cash received from investors.
Paid monthly rent.
Received cash from customers when service was performed.
Billed customers for services performed.
Paid dividend to stockholders.
Incurred advertising expense on account.
Received cash from customers billed in (4).
Purchased additional equipment for cash.
Purchased equipment on account.
Use
the Excel
®
spreadsheet to record your answers and
submit
your responses.
E3-1 Selected transactions for Thyme Advertising Company, Inc. are listed here.
Issued common stock to investors in exchange for cash received from investors.
Paid monthly rent.
Received cash from customers when service was performed.
Billed customers for services performed.
Paid dividend to stockholders.
Incurred advertising expense on account.
Received cash from customers billed in (4).
Purchased additional equipment for cash.
Purchased equipment on account.
Instructions
Describe the effect of each transaction on assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. For example, the first answer is (1) Increase in assets and increase in stockholders' equity.
Analyze the effect of transactions on assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity.
.
Purpose of AssignmentStudents begin to strategize on how a chang.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
Students begin to strategize on how a change initiative is planned and the potential obstacles to the change's success. They will also begin to address the organizational resistance by determining a potential solution.
Assignment Steps
Consider
an existing organization you are familiar with, such as an employer, or a company for which you would like to work that operates under a traditional management model. The company's new CEO is looking to grow the company into a sustainable organization. In her initial evaluation, the CEO realizes that the traditional management approach is not compatible with being sustainable and wants to explore integrating a Corporate Social Responsibility program as an initial step to becoming a sustainable organization.
Create
a 1,400-word change management brief or report.
Explain
how change management, in the context of Lewin's or Kotter's model (select only one), can help the organization become a socially-responsible organization.
Apply
Lewin's or Kotter's model and
outline
the following:
Define the project goals in the context of change management.
Propose an action plan for creating change.
Establish how progress will be measured.
Determine how performance will be validated.
Include
at least four peer reviewed references.
Format
your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Purpose of AssignmentStudents learn to understand associate and le.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
Students learn to understand associate and leadership involvement in creating metrics that fit the organization's culture and strategy.They will also be able to successfully track progress to goals.
Today's workforce is diverse in terms of age and other aspects that influence performance and success. Leaders must both motivate and support employees so that they can continuously adapt to change while creating opportunity in their careers.
Assignment Steps
Write
a 650- to 900-word analysis of how change management can help retain or promote employee loyalty by taking into account:
Motivating individuals to stay engaged
Monitoring employee performance through the control function of management
Communicating the change process at both a strategic and tactical level
Format
your assignment consistent with APA guidelines, with a reference page and corresponding in-text citations.
Provide
real workplace examples and at least
three
scholarly references.
Write
in third person for all academic papers; do not use personal pronouns.
Spell check
and
proofread
your paper carefully.
Submit
your paper to WritePoitn to help with your writing and editing.
.
Purpose of AssignmentIn Week 2, students will employ the supply .docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose of Assignment
In Week 2, students will employ the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. Students learn about welfare economics--the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being--and will discover that under most circumstances, the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare. Students will review different sources of externalities and a variety of potential cures and will see that while markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity, governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Students will see how the U.S. government raises and spends money and the difficulty of making a tax system both efficient and equitable.
Assignment Steps
Scenario:
Imagine you have been assigned the responsibility of preparing a paper for the governor's next economic conference.
Prepare
a 1,050-word paper addressing the following:
Explain why equilibrium of supply and demand is desirable.
Explain the following concepts using the concept of consumer and producer surplus:
Efficiency of markets
Costs of taxation
Benefits of international trade
Discuss how externalities may prevent market equilibrium and the various governments policies used to remedy the inefficiencies in markets caused by externalities.
Analyze the difference between the efficiency of a tax system and the equity of a tax system as it refers to the costs imposed on taxpayers using the benefits principles.
Cite
a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources, not including your textbook.
Format
consistent with APA guidelines.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
Purpose Comment the Discussion (Which theory speaks to your advan.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose: Comment the Discussion (
Which theory speaks to your advanced nursing practice?)
Thing to Remember:
•
Answer this discussion with opinions/ideas creatively and clearly. Supports post using several outside, peer-reviewed sources.
•
1 References, f
ind resources that are 5 years or less
•
No errors with APA format 6 Edition
Discussion:
(
Which theory speaks to your advanced nursing practice?)
One of the theorists that speaks to my nursing practice is Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality otherwise known as transcultural nursing. The theory of transcultural nursing promotes understanding of both the universally held and common understandings of care among humans and the culture-specific caring beliefs and behaviors that define any particular caring context of interaction (Butts & Rich, 2018, p. 572). Culture is the specific pattern of behavior that distinguishes any society from others and gives meaning to human expressions of care (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2015). This theory is intended to view the patient as a whole being. As an APN, this theory will allow me to be considerate of my patient’s needs. In turn, they will feel respected and listened to and hopefully this will promote a long-lasting relationship.
Leininger discovered that inadequate knowledge of cultural factors represented a missing link in her ability to provide care (Nelson, 2006). As a future APN, I recognize the need and sometimes missing component of culture care nursing in our women’s health practice today. For example, in South Dakota we have a lot of Native American reservations. Since we see a number of Native American women, I think it would be beneficial for me to better understand their culture and beliefs related to healthcare in order to offer these women expert care.
Also, with Leininger’s transcultural nursing theory she believes seeing the patient as a whole and to appreciate that the patient represents a complex constellation of physical, emotional, psychological, spiritual, social, environmental, and economic factors that interact and contribute to the patient’s unique wholeness and influence their ability to participate in health promotion, health maintenance, and disease modifying activities (McFarland & Eipperle, 2008). As an APN, by viewing the patient as a whole and recognizing their diversities, I will provide better patient care in which caring will be the main focus and recognizing that their different beliefs and cultures play a part in their decision making to the different treatment options.
References
Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2018)
. Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice.
(3
rd
ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
McFarland, M. M., & Eipperle, M. K. (2008). Culture care theory: A proposed practice theory
guide for nurse practitioners in primary care settings.
Contemporary Nurse
, (1-2), 48.
McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2015).
Cultur.
Purpose In the first assignment, students are given a scenario ab.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose:
In the first assignment, students are given a scenario about Global Delivery Direct (GDD), a Norfolk, England medium-sized global delivery company that was started in 1968 by four college friends.
The purpose of this exercise is to see if you can identify the GDD leader in the potential candidates that will be hired to lead the new boutique services department.
Outcome Met by Completing This Assignment
use leadership theories, assessment tools, and an understanding of the role of ethics, values, and attitudes to evaluate and enhance personal leadership skills
Instructions:
Preparation for Writing the Assignment
Before you begin writing the report, you will read the following requirements that will help you meet the writing and APA requirements. Not reading this information will lead to a lower grade: Review “How to Analyze a Case Study” under Week 4 Content. You are expected to use the facts from the case scenario focusing on using this information to determine opportunities and solve problems.
In writing this assignment, you will read and follow these tasks:
Third person writing is required. Third person means that there are no words such as “I, me, my, we, or us” (first person writing), nor is there use of “you or your” (second person writing).
Contractions are not used in business writing, so you are expected NOT to use contraction in writing this assignment.
You are expected to paraphrase and are NOT to use direct quotes.
You are responsible for APA only for in-text citations and a reference list.
You are expected to use the facts from the case scenario paired with the weekly courses readings to develop the analysis and support the reasoning.
No more than three (3) external resources can be used in completing the assignment.
How to Set Up the Report
The final product will be between 4-6 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page.
Introduction
GDD’s Results
Candidate’s Results
GDD/ Candidates Comparison
Recommendation
I COPIED & PASTED THE CASE STUDY BELOW; PLUS ATTACHED A FILE COPY OF THE CASE STUDY AND INSTRUCTIONS...
EACH BULLET POINT OF THIS CASE STUDY NEEDS TO BE ANSWERED.
CASE STUDY AND BULLET POINTS:
Andrew Rockfish and the co- owners have been looking for a competitive edge in the North American market that will translate well to the other divisions. A recent meeting of the owners resulted in the decision to target business organizations with custom services. This decision stems from recent feedback from customers that revealed that for GDD to anticipate the needs of their clients, suppliers and service vendors, the Company needed to decrease the turnaround time in delivery and the mailing of small packages and letters. Rockfish has decided to offer “boutique” services to its business customers. Catering to businesses will allow GDD to provide personal services that Fed Ex and UPS cannot offer. Customizing the services will allow GDD to increase prices while creating a new niche.
Purpose Discussion Thing to RememberAnswer this discussion w.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose: Discussion
Thing to Remember:
Answer this discussion with opinions/ideas creatively and clearly. Supports post using several outside, peer-reviewed sources.
1 References, try to find resources that are 5 years or less
No errors with APA format.
---------------
Discussion: Opinion Leaders
This page automatically marks posts as read as you scroll.
Adjust automatic marking as read setting
I chose to further my education in hopes of providing better patient care and education. I want to be seen as an influence and a primary healthcare provider. My goal is to provide specialized, high-leveled care to patients with different backgrounds.
An opinion leader is someone who has strong influence within a work place, giving of their time and experience, and creates strategies to help change an initiative. An opinion leader earns their role after much experience and expertise. Others look to them for advice and new information (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, & O’Grady, 2014).
When problems arise in a work environment, employees will look towards opinion leaders and others who will lead them through the stressors and crises. In order to be successful as an opinion leader, staff must be committed to serving the organization and devote time for teaching. Patient and staff safety should always be at the forefront. Not one person knows all the answers, but once we live through various experiences our abilities and competence improve and widen (Kai Tiaki, 2014).
Communication skills can improve opinion leaders abilities. It is important that communication allows everyone’s voice to be heard, in an open, non-combative manner. In order for piers and other staff to have a positive trusting relationship with the opinion leader, they must feel as though they are being heard and also guided in difficult situations (Pollard & Wild, 2014).
By the end of the summer, I am hoping my schedule allows me to become a preceptor for new graduates. I view that role as being an opinion leader for an individual, which would progress to a small group. I would love the opportunity to mold new fellows with everything I have learned so far as a postpartum nurse. When a newer nurse comes to me for advice, I want them to feel safe. My goal is never to talk down to someone making him or her feel inadequate for coming to me for help in the first place. If I do not know how to solve the issue I have been made aware of, I seek guidance from another senior nurse. I feel as though a good opinion leader wants others to seek their guidance instead of possibly making a mistake.
References
Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., & O’Grady, E. T. (2014).
Advanced
practice nursing: An integrative approach
(5
th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Kai Tiaki. (2014) Nursing New Zealand.
What nursing leaders are saying, 20(6),
12-13.
doi: edsgcl.375815611
Pollard, C., Wild, C. (2014) Nursing leadership competencies: low-fidelity
simulation as a teaching strate.
Publisher TableWrite a project to display the Publishers table f.docxbfingarjcmc
Publisher Table
Write a project to display the Publishers table from the
Contacts.mdf database from the provided Student Datafiles
(in assignment dropbox). The Publishers table has the
following fields: PubID (key), Name, Company Name,
Address, City, State, Zip, Tele, Fax. Allow the user to select
the publisher name from a sorted drop-down list; display
the rest of the fields in labels.
.
Purpose A Comment to Discussion Team DynamicsThing to Remember.docxbfingarjcmc
Purpose: A Comment to Discussion: Team Dynamics
Thing to Remember:
Answer this discussion with opinions/ideas creatively and clearly. Supports post using several outside, peer-reviewed sources.
1 References, find resources that are 5 years or less
No errors with APA format 6th edition
Discussion: Team Dynamics
As healthcare providers, we should aim to provide safe and quality care to patients while working with other members of the interdisciplinary team. However, teamwork is not always easy. I would like to explicate some of the characteristics of the interdisciplinary team that can prove to be beneficial to teamwork, as well as those that can hinder the teamwork process.
I feel the most important aspect of teamwork is proper communication. Without communication, information cannot be conveyed to other members of the team. According to Lavoie-Tremblay et al. (2014) “team building requires considerable attention to interpersonal and communication skills” (p. 23). Members of the team must also share respect for one another and act in a professional manner through team interactions. Also, I think it is important for each team member to know the role they play within the team. In a study where a Learning Collaborative Program was initiated to help providers learn how to work in a team, they discovered the “teams needed opportunities to first learn about each other’s scope of practice and skill sets, develop a common language for communication, and understand how their scope of practice can be leveraged to improve team functioning and patient care” (Kotecha et al., 2015, p. 228).
There is always another side to every story. There are some conditions that make teamwork in healthcare very difficult. Teamwork can be even more complicated when healthcare providers must make ethical decisions. The members of the interdisciplinary team have different personalities and perspectives that can affect teamwork. Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, and O’Grady (2014) postulate that “these differing positions can lead to creative and collaborative decision making or to a breakdown in communication and lack of problem solving” (p. 329). Other aspects identified by Lavoie-Tremblay et al. (2014) that can impact teamwork are psychological demands (of the job), social support (from colleagues and superiors), effort-reward balance, and healthcare providers’ experience with patients (p. 19). These aspects can impact teamwork in a positive or negative way.
References
Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., & O'Grady, E. T. (2014).
Advanced practice
nursing: An integrative approach
(5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Kotecha, J., Han, H., Green, M., Roberts, S., Brown, J. B., Harris, S. B., & ... Birtwhistle, R.
(2015). Influence of a quality improvement learning collaborative program on team
functioning in primary healthcare.
Families, Systems & Health, 33
, 222-230. doi:10.1037/ .
Public Writing EssayUsing the topic you selected in Week Three’s B.docxbfingarjcmc
Public Writing Essay
Using the topic you selected in Week Three’s Business Writing Essay assignment, construct an essay that discusses a public issue or concern. For this assignment choose one of the following:
Write an opinion/editorials article for your local newspaper
Write a speech that could be delivered in a public forum
The essay should use standard writing practices such as subheads, bullets, charts and figures.
The essay
Must be five to seven double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to
APA
style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of essay
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three appropriate sources for the intended public audience, including at least one government source, and one industry-specific source. These sources may or may not be the same as the sources you used to create your Annotated Bibliography for the Week Two assignment.
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement that clearly states why the issue identified should be considered a public concern.
Must contain at least three fully-developed body paragraphs must clearly support the thesis statement with relevant supporting points and critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that restates the essay’s main points and reaffirms your thesis.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Week Three’s Business Writing Essay assignment
Business Report: Poor Employee Performance
Employees form a very important part of the organization because they directly contribute towards the performance of the organization (Weightman, 2008). The employees of New World
Solution
s Ltd (NWSL) have been found to be performing poorly because they rarely meet the objectives that have set for them. For this reason, the company is facing problems in the market because its competitiveness is very low. It has been unable to meet its targets and this is having a negative impact on its general performance. Keeping in mind that the employees are the driving force of any organization, their poor performance implies that the organization cannot perform as expected. It is, therefore, necessary for corrective measures to be put in place to ensure that employees are able to perform as expected of them by the organization as well as other stakeholders.
The performance of employees is greatly affected by motivation and this implies that the organization should find out the different reasons as to why employees are not motivated and solve the
problem
. It is important for NWSL to take a look at the situation and reveal the different factors that are affecting the situation. This will reveal the problem and.
PUNISHMENT BY PREVENTION OF REMOVAL OF AN AVERSIVE CONDITIONPREV.docxbfingarjcmc
PUNISHMENT BY PREVENTION OF REMOVAL OF AN AVERSIVE CONDITION
PREVENTION OF THE PRESENTATION OF A REINFORCER VS. REMOVAL OF A REINFORCER
THE FOUR BASIC BEHAVIORAL CONTINGENCIES AND THEIR PREVENTION
USING PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCIES
2 - answers per question with a minimum of 100 words each
Must use citations and have references
Need by Friday Morning 9:00 am Central time
.
Public Writing EssayUsing the topic you selected in Week Three.docxbfingarjcmc
Public Writing Essay
Using the topic you selected in Week Three’s Business Writing Essay assignment, construct an essay that discusses a public issue or concern. For this assignment choose one of the following:
Write an opinion/editorials article for your local newspaper
Write a speech that could be delivered in a public forum
The essay should use standard writing practices such as subheads, bullets, charts and figures.
The essay
Must be five to seven double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of essay
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three appropriate sources for the intended public audience, including at least one government source, and one industry-specific source. These sources may or may not be the same as the sources you used to create your Annotated Bibliography for the Week Two assignment.
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement that clearly states why the issue identified should be considered a public concern.
Must contain at least three fully-developed body paragraphs must clearly support the thesis statement with relevant supporting points and critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that restates the essay’s main points and reaffirms your thesis.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
PsychologistsTheories Studies Research Methods H.docx
1. Psychologists
Theories
Studies
Research Methods
Home
›
Developmental Psychology
›
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
by
Saul McLeod
published
2008
, updated
2013
Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of
psychosocial development comprising eight stages from infancy
to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a
psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative
outcome for personality development.
Erikson's ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along
with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and
topography of personality. However, whereas
2. Freud
was an id psychologist, Erikson was an ego psychologist. He
emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that
can take place within the ego itself, whereas Freud emphasized
the conflict between the
id and the superego
.
According to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully
resolves crises that are distinctly social in nature. These involve
establishing a sense of trust in others, developing a sense of
identity in society, and helping the next generation prepare for
the future.
Erikson extends on Freudian thoughts by focusing on the
adaptive and creative characteristic of the ego, and expanding
the notion of the stages of
personality development
to include the entire lifespan.
Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that
personality develops in a predetermined order, and builds upon
each previous stage. This is called the epigenic principle.
The outcome of this 'maturation timetable' is a wide and
integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together
within the autonomous individual. However, instead of focusing
on sexual development (like Freud), he was interested in how
children socialize and how this affects their sense of
self
.
Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight
distinct stages, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years
and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson
3. suggests that there is still plenty of room for continued growth
and development throughout one’s life. Erikson puts a great
deal of emphasis on the adolescent period, feeling it was a
crucial stage for developing a person’s identity.
Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of
development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a
psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs
of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of
society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage
results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic
virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego
can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced
ability to complete further stages and therefore a more
unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however,
can be resolved successfully at a later time.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
Is the world a safe place or is it full of unpredictable events and
accidents waiting to happen? Erikson's first psychosocial crisis
occurs during the first year or so of life (like Freud's oral stage
of psychosexual development). The crisis is one of trust vs.
mistrust.
During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in
which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty the
infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and
4. consistency of care.
If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and
reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with
them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure
even when threatened.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of
hope
. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that
as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people
will be there are a source of support. Failing to acquire the
virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear.
For example, if the care has been harsh or inconsistent,
unpredictable and unreliable, then the infant will develop a
sense of mistrust and will not have confidence in the world
around them or in their abilities to influence events.
This infant will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to
other relationships. It may result in anxiety, heightened
insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around
them.
Consistent with Erikson's views on the importance of trust,
research by
Bowlby
and
Ainsworth
has outlined how the quality of the early experience of
attachment
can affect relationships with others in later life.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile.
Between the ages of 18 months and three, children begin to
assert their independence, by walking away from their mother,
5. picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what
they like to wear, to eat, etc.
The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and
abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with
toys, etc. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of
independence and autonomy. Erikson states it is critical that
parents allow their children to explore the limits of their
abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of
failure.
For example, rather than put on a child's clothes a supportive
parent should have the patience to allow the child to try until
they succeed or ask for assistance. So, the parents need to
encourage the child to becoming more independent whilst at the
same time protecting the child so that constant failure is
avoided.
A delicate balance is required from the parent. They must try
not to do everything for the child but if the child fails at a
particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and
accidents (particularly when toilet training). The aim has to be
“self control without a loss of self-esteem” (Gross, 1992).
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of
will
.
If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their
increased independence, they become more confident and secure
in their own ability to survive in the world.
If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the
opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate
in their ability to survive, and may then become overly
dependent upon others,
lack self-esteem
, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
Around age three and continuing to age five, children assert
6. themselves more frequently. These are particularly lively, rapid-
developing years in a child’s life. According to Bee (1992) it is
a “time of vigor of action and of behaviors that the parents may
see as aggressive".
During this period the primary feature involves the child
regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to
this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to
explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.
Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate
activities with others. If given this opportunity, children
develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to
lead others and make decisions.
Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through
criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may
feel like a nuisance to others and will therefore remain
followers, lacking in self-initiative.
The child takes initiatives which the parents will often try to
stop in order to protect the child. The child will often overstep
the mark in his forcefulness and the danger is that the parents
will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives too
much.
It is at this stage that the child will begin to ask many questions
as his thirst for knowledge grows. If the parents treat the child’s
questions as trivial, a nuisance or embarrassing or other aspects
of their behavior as threatening then the child may have feelings
of guilt for “being a nuisance”.
Too much guilt can make the child slow to interact with others
and may inhibit their creativity. Some guilt is, of course,
necessary, otherwise the child would not know how to exercise
self control or have a conscience.
A healthy balance between initiative and guilt is important.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of
purpose
.
4. Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
7. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development. The stage occurs during
childhood between the ages of five and twelve.
Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and
write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to
take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child
specific skills.
It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain greater
significance and will become a major source of the child’s self
esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by
demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society,
and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative,
they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability
to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is
restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel
inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach
his or her potential.
If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is
demanding (e.g. being athletic) then they may develop a sense
of inferiority. Some failure may be necessary so that the child
can develop some modesty. Yet again, a balance between
competence and modesty is necessary. Success in this stage will
lead to the virtue of
competence
.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
The fifth stage is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs
during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage
adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity,
through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs and
goals.
The adolescent mind is essentially a mind or moratorium, a
8. psychosocial stage between childhood and adulthood, and
between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be
developed by the adult (Erikson, 1963, p. 245)
During adolescence the transition from childhood to adulthood
is most important. Children are becoming more independent,
and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships,
families, housing, etc. The individual wants to belong to a
society and fit in.
This is a major stage in development where the child has to
learn the
roles
he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the
adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out
exactly who he or she is. Erikson suggests that two identities
are involved: the sexual and the occupational.
According to Bee (1992), what should happen at the end of this
stage is “a reintegrated sense of self, of what one wants to do or
be, and of one’s appropriate sex role”. During this stage the
body image of the adolescent changes.
Erikson claims that the adolescent may feel uncomfortable
about their body for a while until they can adapt and “grow
into” the changes. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of
fidelity
.
Fidelity involves being able to commit one's self to others on
the basis of accepting others, even when there may be
ideological differences.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form
their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations.
Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don’t
know what I want to be when I grow up") can lead to role
confusion. Role confusion involves the individual not being
sure about themselves or their place in society.
In response to role confusion or
identity crisis
9. an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles
(e.g. work, education or political activities). Also pressuring
someone into an identity can result in rebellion in the form of
establishing a negative identity, and in addition to this feeling
of unhappiness.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Occurring in young adulthood (ages 18 to 40 yrs), we begin to
share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore
relationships leading toward longer term commitments with
someone other than a family member.
Successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable
relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care
within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment
and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and
sometimes depression. Success in this stage will lead to the
virtue of
love
.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
During middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs), we establish our
careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own
families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger
picture.
We give back to society through raising our children, being
productive at work, and becoming involved in community
activities and organizations.
By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and
feel unproductive. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of
care
.
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
10. As we grow older (65+ yrs) and become senior citizens, we tend
to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired
person. It is during this time that we contemplate our
accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see
ourselves as leading a successful life.
Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel
guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life
goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair,
often leading to depression and hopelessness.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of
wisdom
. Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a
sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death
without fear.
Critical Evaluation
Erikson’s theory has good face validity. Many people find that
they can relate to his theories about various stagesof the life
cycle through their own experiences.
However, Erikson is rather vague about the causes of
development. What kinds of experiences must people have in
order to successfully resolve various psychosocial conflicts and
move from one stage to another? The theory does not have a
universal mechanism for crisis resolution.
Indeed, Erikson (1964) acknowledges his theory is more a
descriptive overview of human social and emotional
development that does not adequately explain how or why this
development occurs. For example, Erikson does not explicitly
explain how the outcome of one psychosocial stage influences
personality at a later stage.
However, Eriskon stressed his work was a ‘tool to think with
11. rather than a factual analysis’. Its purpose then is to provide
aframework within which development can be considered rather
than testable theory.
One of the strengths of Erikson's theory is its ability to tie
together important psychosocial development across the entire
lifespan.
Although
support
for Erikson's stages of personality development exists
(McAdams, 1999),
critics
of his theory provide evidence suggesting a lack of discrete
stages of personality development (McCrae & Costa, 1997).
View the complete article as a PDF document
How to cite this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2013). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
References and Further Reading
Bee, H. L. (1992).
The developing child
. London: HarperCollins.
Erikson, E. H. (1950).
Childhood and society
. New York: Norton.
Erickson, E. (1958).
Young man Luther: A study in psychoanalysis and history
. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (Ed.). (1963).
Youth: Change and challenge
. Basic books.
Erikson, E. H. (1964).
12. Insight and responsibility
. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968).
Identity: Youth and crisis
. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H., Paul, I. H., Heider, F., & Gardner, R. W.
(1959).
Psychological issues (Vol. 1)
. International Universities Press.
Gross, R. D., & Humphreys, P. (1992).
Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour
. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Freud, S. (1923).
The ego and the id
. SE, 19: 1-66.
McAdams, D. P. (2001).
The psychology of life stories
.
Review of General Psychology
, 5(2), 100.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1997).
Personality trait structure as a human universal
.
American Psychologist, 52(5)
, 509.
Article Content
Introduction
Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
13. Critical evaluation
References
Further Information
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Erikson - why was he important?
Article on Psychosocial Stages
Erikson vs. Maslow
Submit by 2359 Saturday of Week 3.
Name:
Date:
Overview: Life Review Interview
This assignment provides the opportunity to develop one-to-one
interactions with an elder who resides in the community. The
focus is to develop and refine skills in communication and to
examine successful aging through the lived experiences of an
elder.
Completing this assignment will enable you to conduct a Life
Review with an older adult, understand the significance of the
individual’s life story, identify possible legacies and their
importance to the older adult, and describe the degree of ego
14. integrity reached by the older adult. You will also reflect upon
the process of conducting a Life Review.
Only your initial reflection statements about the interview
process must be submitted during Week 3.
Contact the older adult the day before the interview to remind
him/her about it and to answer any questions about the process
that may have arisen. Be sure to review the guidelines and
guiding questions before the interview session. Be prompt and
professional.
All information of a sensitive nature that is shared with you
must be kept confidential unless your have the older adult’s
permission to share it with others. The Interview Consent Form
offers assurance and informs the older adult that the information
is kept within the bounds of the course faculty and, where
appropriate, with peers in the class. In all written work and
discussions, the older adult must be identified by initials only to
protect privacy.
This document includes guidelines to help you prepare for and
conduct the interview, but you are
not required to submit answers to the interview questions.
Only your initial reflection statements in Part C must be
submitted during Week 3.
Performance Objectives:
Apply gerontologic nursing principles and standards in nursing
practice across the continuum of elder care.
Use current evidence and theories in care of older adults.
Conduct a personal interview with an older adult for the
purpose of documenting Life Review.
Rubric
15. Use this rubric to guide your work on the assignment, “Life
Review Interview.”
Levels of Achievement
Criteria
Novice
Competent
Proficient
Week 3 Assignment 2 Reflection upon interview. Write 3
reflective statements
Weight 75.00%
0 %
0 to 1 reflective statement or statements are not reflective of
student's thoughts/feelings
50 %
2 reflective statements are submitted
100 %
3 statements are submitted that reflect the student's thoughts
and feelings (not the interview subject's)
APA Format is used. Correct spelling, puntuation and grammar
are used
Weight 25.00%
0 %
more than 2 errors
50 %
1-2 errors
100 %
No errors
A. Preparing for the interview:
Be able to explain the purpose and length of the visits (The
interview should not exceed two hours. If you are unable to
complete the interview in two hours, then schedule another
meeting).
If you have not done so, ask the elder to sign the Interview
Consent Form. (It is helpful to take two copies so that you can
16. leave a copy with the elder.)
Reflect upon how you can incorporate therapeutic
communication skills in your interview.
Review the Interview Guide. The elder does have the right to
refuse to answer any question – please honor that right.
B. Conducting the interview:
These questions can serve as a guide during the interview. You
are not required to submit the answers to the questions, so you
will not be graded upon completion of this section.
Brief Biography
Age:
Gender:
Race/Ethnicity:
Distinguishing characteristics of the individual:
Childhood
1.
What was life like for you as a child?
2.
What were your parents like? What were their strengths and
weaknesses?
3.
Did you have any brothers or sisters? If so, tell me what each
was like.
4.
Did someone close to you die when you were growing up?
5.
Do you ever remember being very sick?
17. 6.
Was religion a large part of your life?
Adolescence
1.
What things stand out in your memory about being a teenager?
2.
Who were the important people for you (parents, brothers,
sisters, friends, teachers, those you were especially close to,
those you admired, those you wanted to be like)? Tell me about
them.
3.
Did you go to school? What was its meaning to you?
4.
Did you work during those years?
5.
What were the pleasant things about your adolescence?
6.
What was the most unpleasant thing about your adolescence?
Family and Home
1.
What was the atmosphere in your home?
2.
Who were you closest to in your family?
3.
18. Who in your family were you most like? In what way?
Adulthood
1.
Now I’d like to talk to you about your life as an adult, from
when you were in your 20s up to today. Tell me of the most
important events that happened in your adulthood.
2.
What was life like for you in your 20s and 30s?
3.
Tell me about your work. Did you enjoy work? Did you earn
an adequate living
4.
Did you marry?
If [No], why not?
If [Yes], on the whole, would you say you had a happy
or an unhappy marriage?
Were you married more than once?
5.
What were some of the main difficulties you encountered during
your adult years?
a.
Did someone close to you die? Go away?
b.
Were you ever sick? Have an accident?
c.
Did you move often? Change jobs?
d.
19. Did you ever feel alone? Abandoned?
e.
Did you ever feel needy?
Summary Questions
1.
On the whole, what kind of life do you think you have had?
2.
What would you say have been the three main satisfactions in
your life? Why were they satisfying?
3.
Everyone has had disappointments. What have been the main
disappointments in your
life?
4.
What was the hardest thing you had to face in your life? Please
describe it.
5.
What was the happiest period of your life? What about it made
it the happiest period?
6.
What was the proudest moment in your life?
20. 7.
How do you think you have made out in life – better or worse
than what you hoped for?
8.
Let’s talk a little about you as you are now. What are the best
things about the age you are now?
9.
What are the worst things about being the age you are now?
10.
What are the most important things to you in your life today?
11.
What do you hope will happen to you as you grow older?
12.
What do you fear will happen to you as you grow older?
13.
Have you enjoyed participating in this review of your life?
C. Reflective statements:
Record three different/separate reflective statements about the
interview as soon as possible after its completion. You will
21. expand upon your reflection in your final paper during Week 4.
Only record your personal reflections. How did you feel about
the conversation? Did it cause you to think about how you or
your loved ones are aging? Any changes you might want to
make in your lifestyle? Parts of the interview that were
particularly significant or upsetting to you? These are some
examples of reflective statements, however you may have others
as well.