Ergonomics terms are explained in the document. Ergonomics, also called human factors, is concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system. It applies principles and methods to optimize human well-being and system performance. Human factors is similar but has its roots in psychology while ergonomics considers a broader range of sciences. Task analysis systematically documents and assesses risks of specific tasks. Administrative controls like policies and procedures aim to reduce exposure to work hazards.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the workplace. It defines ergonomics as adapting work to fit the individual in order to prevent injuries. Poor ergonomics can lead to MSDs, which are injuries or illnesses that affect the musculoskeletal system. MSDs are preventable if risks factors like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, vibrations and improper posture are addressed through ergonomic training and adjustments to workstations, equipment, and environment. The document provides examples of various MSDs and outlines strategies for reducing risks through ergonomic evaluations and improvements.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. It aims to prevent repetitive stress injuries by matching jobs, tools, and work environments to individual workers. The field originated during the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity as new technologies like assembly lines were introduced. Today, ergonomics is applied in various settings like offices, hospitals, and product design to reduce injuries, increase comfort, and improve overall worker health, safety, and performance. Proper ergonomic practices can help organizations through decreased costs from factors such as absenteeism and employee turnover.
OFFICE ERGONOMICS: WHAT, HOW & WHY. An Essential Reading For Office Workers.Abdul Shukor
This document provides an overview of office ergonomics presented by Associate Professor Abdul Shukor. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing national regulations on occupational safety and health hazards, office ergonomics, and practical countermeasures. It then discusses physical and environmental factors that can cause health issues and stress at the office, including sedentary lifestyles. Specific issues addressed include awkward postures, slippery floors, lighting, and improper chairs. The document emphasizes the risks of prolonged sitting and identifies back pain as a major risk. It provides tips for correct posture and suggests countermeasures like forming safety committees, identifying hazards, selecting solutions, and implementing workplace exercise programs.
This PowerPoint by Atlantic Training gives a general overview of proper industrial ergonomics, as well as how to prevent workplace musculoskeletal disorders.
The document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It defines ergonomics as the study of designing workplaces and tasks to fit workers' physical capabilities and prevent health issues. MSDs are injuries to muscles, tendons, etc. that support the body, and are often caused by repetitive motions or prolonged awkward postures at work. The document provides examples of MSDs and discusses common risk factors like force, repetition, posture, vibration. It gives guidelines to prevent MSDs through proper posture, arranging workstations and lifting techniques ergonomically.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and workplaces to fit the user. It focuses on making things comfortable and efficient by studying how work is done and how to improve it. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The key principles of ergonomics are to work in neutral postures, reduce excessive force/motion, keep items in easy reach, and maintain a comfortable work environment. Ergonomic injuries like repetitive stress injuries can be caused by repetitive or prolonged activities, awkward postures, vibration, and forceful exertions. Controls for ergonomic injuries include engineering solutions, administrative controls like job rotation, and promoting safe work practices.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. Poor ergonomics can cause musculoskeletal disorders like back strains from lifting incorrectly. Ergonomics aims to create workplaces that accommodate human limitations to prevent such injuries. Examples of ergonomic issues include improper posture, repetitive tasks, and eyestrain from monitors. Adjusting seating, taking breaks, and monitoring posture can help address ergonomic problems.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the workplace. It defines ergonomics as adapting work to fit the individual in order to prevent injuries. Poor ergonomics can lead to MSDs, which are injuries or illnesses that affect the musculoskeletal system. MSDs are preventable if risks factors like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, vibrations and improper posture are addressed through ergonomic training and adjustments to workstations, equipment, and environment. The document provides examples of various MSDs and outlines strategies for reducing risks through ergonomic evaluations and improvements.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. It aims to prevent repetitive stress injuries by matching jobs, tools, and work environments to individual workers. The field originated during the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity as new technologies like assembly lines were introduced. Today, ergonomics is applied in various settings like offices, hospitals, and product design to reduce injuries, increase comfort, and improve overall worker health, safety, and performance. Proper ergonomic practices can help organizations through decreased costs from factors such as absenteeism and employee turnover.
OFFICE ERGONOMICS: WHAT, HOW & WHY. An Essential Reading For Office Workers.Abdul Shukor
This document provides an overview of office ergonomics presented by Associate Professor Abdul Shukor. It begins by outlining the objectives of discussing national regulations on occupational safety and health hazards, office ergonomics, and practical countermeasures. It then discusses physical and environmental factors that can cause health issues and stress at the office, including sedentary lifestyles. Specific issues addressed include awkward postures, slippery floors, lighting, and improper chairs. The document emphasizes the risks of prolonged sitting and identifies back pain as a major risk. It provides tips for correct posture and suggests countermeasures like forming safety committees, identifying hazards, selecting solutions, and implementing workplace exercise programs.
This PowerPoint by Atlantic Training gives a general overview of proper industrial ergonomics, as well as how to prevent workplace musculoskeletal disorders.
The document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It defines ergonomics as the study of designing workplaces and tasks to fit workers' physical capabilities and prevent health issues. MSDs are injuries to muscles, tendons, etc. that support the body, and are often caused by repetitive motions or prolonged awkward postures at work. The document provides examples of MSDs and discusses common risk factors like force, repetition, posture, vibration. It gives guidelines to prevent MSDs through proper posture, arranging workstations and lifting techniques ergonomically.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and workplaces to fit the user. It focuses on making things comfortable and efficient by studying how work is done and how to improve it. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The key principles of ergonomics are to work in neutral postures, reduce excessive force/motion, keep items in easy reach, and maintain a comfortable work environment. Ergonomic injuries like repetitive stress injuries can be caused by repetitive or prolonged activities, awkward postures, vibration, and forceful exertions. Controls for ergonomic injuries include engineering solutions, administrative controls like job rotation, and promoting safe work practices.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. Poor ergonomics can cause musculoskeletal disorders like back strains from lifting incorrectly. Ergonomics aims to create workplaces that accommodate human limitations to prevent such injuries. Examples of ergonomic issues include improper posture, repetitive tasks, and eyestrain from monitors. Adjusting seating, taking breaks, and monitoring posture can help address ergonomic problems.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort. Common ergonomic injuries in the workplace include cumulative trauma disorders from repetitive motions and static postures. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce injuries, increase productivity and safety, and decrease fatigue and errors. Risk factors for injuries include force, repetition, awkward postures, static postures, and contact stress. Proper ergonomic practices include adjustable workstations, stretching, lifting techniques, and training to reduce risks.
Ergonomics refers to designing the workplace to fit the worker in order to prevent injury and illness, make the job easier, and increase comfort. There are two main categories of ergonomic factors - environmental factors like lighting, noise, and temperature, and physical stressors that place strain on the body like repetitive motions and awkward postures. Simple adjustments to a workstation like using a wrist rest, adjusting a chair or monitor height, and taking regular breaks can help reduce physical stress and prevent cumulative trauma disorders.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It defines ergonomics as fitting jobs to people by applying knowledge of human physical abilities and limitations to workplace and job design. MSDs are injuries to soft body tissues like muscles, nerves, tendons and joints that do not result from accidents. Common MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome and back injuries. The document outlines risk factors for MSDs like forceful exertions, awkward postures, vibration, temperature extremes and identifies engineering, administrative and work practice controls to reduce MSD risks. It emphasizes importance of correct posture, exercise, reporting issues and setting up ergonomic workstations to prevent MSDs.
The document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at the workplace. It defines ergonomics as fitting the job to the worker rather than forcing the worker to fit the job. Common MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome and back strain caused by repetitive motions, awkward positions, and lack of breaks. The document recommends applying ergonomic principles such as using proper posture, taking breaks, and adjusting work tools, equipment, and workstations to reduce strain and prevent MSDs.
Most Common Workplace Ergonomic Issues and their CausesGeorge Chiang
In this presentation we'll talk about common symptoms of ergonomic issues at work you should be aware of, plus jobs that are most at risk of developing ergonomic issues.
Read full blog post: http://ergonomictrends.com/common-workplace-ergonomic-issues/
This document discusses ergonomics in the construction industry. It states that back injuries from improper lifting and positioning cost an average of $30,000 per case, and are a major cost for construction companies. It also notes that injury rates for construction workers are more than twice the general industry rate. The document outlines how ergonomics aims to reduce injuries by fitting the task to the worker rather than forcing adaptations. It discusses common injuries from repetitive motions and improper postures, and lists principles for safer tool use, workstation design, and materials handling to help prevent cumulative trauma disorders.
The document discusses office ergonomics and how to prevent cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by repetitive motions and prolonged poor posture at work. It defines ergonomics as adjusting the work environment to fit the worker in order to reduce stress and injuries. Common CTDs affecting the tendons, nerves, back and neck are described. Risk factors like repetition, awkward positions, excessive force and vibration are outlined. The document provides guidelines for proper workstation setup and suggests taking breaks to stretch and adjust posture to promote comfort and prevent injuries over time.
This document discusses human factors and ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as fitting jobs and workplaces to workers' needs by studying how to design tasks and make work easier. Poor ergonomics can increase risks of accidents, injuries, illness and costs. Assessments examine individuals, jobs, equipment, tools and environments to design safe, efficient work systems. Issues like back pain, musculoskeletal disorders and psychological stress are associated with poor ergonomics. The document provides examples of ergonomic considerations for offices, homes, kitchens, living rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, driving and checklists. Stretches are illustrated to perform at work and home to reduce risks.
This document discusses ergonomics and how to optimize work efficiency while considering human limitations. It defines ergonomics as the science focusing on adapting equipment, machines, and the environment. There are constant interactions between humans and their work, influenced by environmental and human factors. Lighting, noise, vibrations, and climatic conditions can impact workers and measures are discussed to mitigate their effects. Physical and mental strain from tasks are examined along with measures to prevent issues like static strain from prolonged muscle tension or dynamic strain from repetitive motions. Specific guidelines are provided for sitting, standing, lifting loads, and creating an ergonomic office workspace.
This document discusses ergonomic hazards and strategies for reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in warehouse settings. It notes that 21% of costly insurance claims were from slips and falls, while 17% were from non-routine lifting. Effective ergonomics programs include injury recordkeeping, medical management, training, job hazard analysis, and control selection/evaluation. Various risk factors for MSDs are identified, like forceful exertions, repetitive motions, overhead work, and heavy lifting. Solutions discussed include using lifts to reduce lifting heights/weights, lift-assisting devices, palletizing/wrapping machines, anti-fatigue floor mats, and job rotations. OSHA enforcement can involve general duty clause citations or
Awkward posture refers to positions of the body that deviate significantly from the neutral position while performing work activities. When you are in an awkward posture, muscles operate less efficiently and you expend more force to complete the task.
Ergonomics aims to fit the work environment to the employee by improving the match between them. This can provide improved comfort, reduced injuries, higher productivity and better job satisfaction. Ergonomics focuses on reducing risk factors like awkward posture, high repetition, excessive force, contact stresses, vibration and extreme temperatures. The goal is to design jobs that fit people by accounting for individual differences. The benefits include improved efficiency, quality and satisfaction, while risks involve increased errors and fatigue. Ergonomics draws from fields like engineering, medical sciences, biomechanics, mathematics and behavioral sciences.
Ergonomics is the discipline of arranging the work environment to fit the person. When properly applied in the work environment, ergonomics can reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue. Repetitive motion injuries are caused by excessive and repeated physical stress on parts of the body and can result in conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive strain injury. To help prevent such injuries, it is important to take regular breaks, adjust one's workstation properly, and avoid excessive tension in the body.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
This document summarizes an ergonomics project report. It defines ergonomics as the study of natural laws governing human work. The report discusses how ergonomics can enhance safety, reduce fatigue and stress, and improve employee morale and quality. It analyzes specific tasks at a car manufacturing plant and identifies ergonomic issues like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, and awkward postures. The report describes improvements made like adjustable workstations and material reorganization. It evaluates tasks using the REBA method to assess risk levels. Overall, the report shows how ergonomic changes can benefit workers through reduced injuries, illness, and costs while improving productivity.
Ergonomics is the study of work and aims to improve human health, safety, and performance through sound workplace principles. It encompasses fields like sociology, psychology, and anthropology. Environmental stressors like awkward postures, cold temperatures, repetition, and force can cause ergonomic symptoms like carpal tunnel syndrome. Physiology and psychology roles are important to understand employee capabilities and limitations. The process for protecting workers involves involving them, identifying hazards, providing training, encouraging early reporting of issues, implementing solutions, and evaluating progress.
This document discusses occupational risk factors for work-related injuries. It identifies six main risk factors: repetitiveness, forceful exertions, stressful postures, mechanical stress, temperature extremes, and vibration. Repetitive or forceful movements, awkward postures, sharp edges pressing on the body, very hot or cold temperatures, and whole-body vibration are all discussed as factors that can fatigue tissues and lead to cumulative trauma disorders if exposures are prolonged over time without adequate recovery periods. Maintaining neutral postures when possible and limiting repetitive or forceful exposures are recommended to reduce work-related musculoskeletal risks and injuries.
This document discusses various risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) including repetitiveness, forceful exertions, stressful postures, mechanical stress, temperature extremes, and vibration. It provides examples of how exceeding the body's limits through prolonged exposure to these risk factors can lead to fatigue, pain, and injury over time rather than immediately. The six general occupational risk factors are defined and examples are given of stressful postures for various body parts like the hands, wrists, shoulders, neck, and how tools can cause mechanical stress.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and tasks to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort. Common ergonomic injuries in the workplace include cumulative trauma disorders from repetitive motions and static postures. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce injuries, increase productivity and safety, and decrease fatigue and errors. Risk factors for injuries include force, repetition, awkward postures, static postures, and contact stress. Proper ergonomic practices include adjustable workstations, stretching, lifting techniques, and training to reduce risks.
Ergonomics refers to designing the workplace to fit the worker in order to prevent injury and illness, make the job easier, and increase comfort. There are two main categories of ergonomic factors - environmental factors like lighting, noise, and temperature, and physical stressors that place strain on the body like repetitive motions and awkward postures. Simple adjustments to a workstation like using a wrist rest, adjusting a chair or monitor height, and taking regular breaks can help reduce physical stress and prevent cumulative trauma disorders.
Ergonomics is the science of designing equipment and tasks to fit human capabilities. The document discusses the history and definition of ergonomics, provides examples of ergonomic standards and applications, and concludes with questions about ergonomics in the workplace and daily life. Standards aim to ensure safety and comfort, and are applied in areas like offices, vehicles, medicine, and manufacturing. Examples demonstrate ergonomic considerations for preventing injuries from repetitive tasks like those involved in using computers.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It defines ergonomics as fitting jobs to people by applying knowledge of human physical abilities and limitations to workplace and job design. MSDs are injuries to soft body tissues like muscles, nerves, tendons and joints that do not result from accidents. Common MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome and back injuries. The document outlines risk factors for MSDs like forceful exertions, awkward postures, vibration, temperature extremes and identifies engineering, administrative and work practice controls to reduce MSD risks. It emphasizes importance of correct posture, exercise, reporting issues and setting up ergonomic workstations to prevent MSDs.
The document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at the workplace. It defines ergonomics as fitting the job to the worker rather than forcing the worker to fit the job. Common MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome and back strain caused by repetitive motions, awkward positions, and lack of breaks. The document recommends applying ergonomic principles such as using proper posture, taking breaks, and adjusting work tools, equipment, and workstations to reduce strain and prevent MSDs.
Most Common Workplace Ergonomic Issues and their CausesGeorge Chiang
In this presentation we'll talk about common symptoms of ergonomic issues at work you should be aware of, plus jobs that are most at risk of developing ergonomic issues.
Read full blog post: http://ergonomictrends.com/common-workplace-ergonomic-issues/
This document discusses ergonomics in the construction industry. It states that back injuries from improper lifting and positioning cost an average of $30,000 per case, and are a major cost for construction companies. It also notes that injury rates for construction workers are more than twice the general industry rate. The document outlines how ergonomics aims to reduce injuries by fitting the task to the worker rather than forcing adaptations. It discusses common injuries from repetitive motions and improper postures, and lists principles for safer tool use, workstation design, and materials handling to help prevent cumulative trauma disorders.
The document discusses office ergonomics and how to prevent cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by repetitive motions and prolonged poor posture at work. It defines ergonomics as adjusting the work environment to fit the worker in order to reduce stress and injuries. Common CTDs affecting the tendons, nerves, back and neck are described. Risk factors like repetition, awkward positions, excessive force and vibration are outlined. The document provides guidelines for proper workstation setup and suggests taking breaks to stretch and adjust posture to promote comfort and prevent injuries over time.
This document discusses human factors and ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as fitting jobs and workplaces to workers' needs by studying how to design tasks and make work easier. Poor ergonomics can increase risks of accidents, injuries, illness and costs. Assessments examine individuals, jobs, equipment, tools and environments to design safe, efficient work systems. Issues like back pain, musculoskeletal disorders and psychological stress are associated with poor ergonomics. The document provides examples of ergonomic considerations for offices, homes, kitchens, living rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, driving and checklists. Stretches are illustrated to perform at work and home to reduce risks.
This document discusses ergonomics and how to optimize work efficiency while considering human limitations. It defines ergonomics as the science focusing on adapting equipment, machines, and the environment. There are constant interactions between humans and their work, influenced by environmental and human factors. Lighting, noise, vibrations, and climatic conditions can impact workers and measures are discussed to mitigate their effects. Physical and mental strain from tasks are examined along with measures to prevent issues like static strain from prolonged muscle tension or dynamic strain from repetitive motions. Specific guidelines are provided for sitting, standing, lifting loads, and creating an ergonomic office workspace.
This document discusses ergonomic hazards and strategies for reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in warehouse settings. It notes that 21% of costly insurance claims were from slips and falls, while 17% were from non-routine lifting. Effective ergonomics programs include injury recordkeeping, medical management, training, job hazard analysis, and control selection/evaluation. Various risk factors for MSDs are identified, like forceful exertions, repetitive motions, overhead work, and heavy lifting. Solutions discussed include using lifts to reduce lifting heights/weights, lift-assisting devices, palletizing/wrapping machines, anti-fatigue floor mats, and job rotations. OSHA enforcement can involve general duty clause citations or
Awkward posture refers to positions of the body that deviate significantly from the neutral position while performing work activities. When you are in an awkward posture, muscles operate less efficiently and you expend more force to complete the task.
Ergonomics aims to fit the work environment to the employee by improving the match between them. This can provide improved comfort, reduced injuries, higher productivity and better job satisfaction. Ergonomics focuses on reducing risk factors like awkward posture, high repetition, excessive force, contact stresses, vibration and extreme temperatures. The goal is to design jobs that fit people by accounting for individual differences. The benefits include improved efficiency, quality and satisfaction, while risks involve increased errors and fatigue. Ergonomics draws from fields like engineering, medical sciences, biomechanics, mathematics and behavioral sciences.
Ergonomics is the discipline of arranging the work environment to fit the person. When properly applied in the work environment, ergonomics can reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue. Repetitive motion injuries are caused by excessive and repeated physical stress on parts of the body and can result in conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive strain injury. To help prevent such injuries, it is important to take regular breaks, adjust one's workstation properly, and avoid excessive tension in the body.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
This document summarizes an ergonomics project report. It defines ergonomics as the study of natural laws governing human work. The report discusses how ergonomics can enhance safety, reduce fatigue and stress, and improve employee morale and quality. It analyzes specific tasks at a car manufacturing plant and identifies ergonomic issues like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, and awkward postures. The report describes improvements made like adjustable workstations and material reorganization. It evaluates tasks using the REBA method to assess risk levels. Overall, the report shows how ergonomic changes can benefit workers through reduced injuries, illness, and costs while improving productivity.
Ergonomics is the study of work and aims to improve human health, safety, and performance through sound workplace principles. It encompasses fields like sociology, psychology, and anthropology. Environmental stressors like awkward postures, cold temperatures, repetition, and force can cause ergonomic symptoms like carpal tunnel syndrome. Physiology and psychology roles are important to understand employee capabilities and limitations. The process for protecting workers involves involving them, identifying hazards, providing training, encouraging early reporting of issues, implementing solutions, and evaluating progress.
This document discusses occupational risk factors for work-related injuries. It identifies six main risk factors: repetitiveness, forceful exertions, stressful postures, mechanical stress, temperature extremes, and vibration. Repetitive or forceful movements, awkward postures, sharp edges pressing on the body, very hot or cold temperatures, and whole-body vibration are all discussed as factors that can fatigue tissues and lead to cumulative trauma disorders if exposures are prolonged over time without adequate recovery periods. Maintaining neutral postures when possible and limiting repetitive or forceful exposures are recommended to reduce work-related musculoskeletal risks and injuries.
This document discusses various risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) including repetitiveness, forceful exertions, stressful postures, mechanical stress, temperature extremes, and vibration. It provides examples of how exceeding the body's limits through prolonged exposure to these risk factors can lead to fatigue, pain, and injury over time rather than immediately. The six general occupational risk factors are defined and examples are given of stressful postures for various body parts like the hands, wrists, shoulders, neck, and how tools can cause mechanical stress.
Ergonomics is the applied science of equipment design intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The goals of ergonomics in the workplace are to reduce the risk of cumulative trauma disorders, increase productivity, safety and quality of work, and decrease fatigue and errors. Risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders include force, repetition, awkward postures, static postures, contact stress, and age-related changes. Hazard prevention strategies include engineering controls, administrative controls, training, and personal protective equipment. Supervisor responsibilities include ensuring sufficient training on ergonomic issues.
This document provides an overview of an ergonomics awareness presentation for employees. The key points covered include:
- Defining ergonomics as fitting the job to the worker to prevent injuries. Common injuries are work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).
- Risk factors for WMSDs include awkward postures like bending over or squatting for long periods, high hand force, repetitive motions, and vibrations.
- Symptoms of WMSDs include discomfort, pain, numbness, and tingling. Early recognition and reporting of symptoms is important.
- Ergonomic principles can reduce risk factors, like changing workstations to reduce awkward postures and using tools to lessen hand force
The document discusses ergonomics and workplace safety. It provides examples of ergonomic hazards like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, vibration, and discusses how to conduct a job hazard analysis. It outlines components of an effective ergonomics program including injury tracking, training, controls, and medical management. Specific solutions implemented include lift assists, adjustable workstations, mechanical lifts, and redesigning tasks. Evaluating equipment and selecting appropriate assistive devices for different jobs is emphasized. Results found a 24% reduction in ergonomic injury rates after implementing solutions.
John Newquist drafted an ergonomics document in December 2015 thanking someone named John for improving his family's physical well-being by reducing repetitive stress injuries. The document discusses carpal tunnel syndrome costs and strategies for successful ergonomics programs, including injury tracking, job analysis, control selection and training. It provides examples of analyzing risk factors and selecting employees, and explores options for addressing issues like lifting, vibration, posture and prolonged static work.
Topik kedelapan perkuliahan Perancangan Sistem Kerja & Ergonomi adalah tentang Biomekanika
Bagian ketiga membahas mengenai gangguan otot rangka atau musculoskeletal disorder mencakup prevalensi, jenis-jenis WMSD, faktor resiko, cara mengidentifikasi dan cara pencegahan yang dilengkapi studi kasus
Sprains and strains are musculoskeletal disorders caused by excessive exertion on muscles, tendons or ligaments. They are commonly caused by activities like lifting, pushing, carrying, repetitive tasks or awkward postures. A sprain specifically involves a stretched or torn ligament while a strain is an overstretched muscle or tendon. Treatment involves RICE therapy - rest, ice, compression and elevation of the injured area. Prevention strategies include warming up, stretching, wearing proper footwear and exercising caution.
Ergonomics in Physiotherapy and WorkplaceSusan Jose
We discuss about various risk factors related to causing of cumulative trauma disorders and how to manage each risk factor using bio mechanical principles and physiotherapy knowledge.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, and spinal discs that can develop over time from repetitive or forceful manual tasks. MSDs account for over 30% of occupational injuries and place a significant burden on societies and economies. Common MSDs affecting the hands and wrists include carpal tunnel syndrome. Ergonomic prevention approaches include engineering solutions to reduce physical risk factors like force, repetition, awkward postures, as well as administrative controls like job rotation and exercises. Tools like RULA and REBA can help assess postures and prioritize jobs for improvement.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, and spinal discs that can develop over time from repetitive or forceful manual tasks. MSDs are a major cause of occupational injuries, accounting for over 30% of cases. They place a significant burden on individuals and economies, with total annual costs in the billions of dollars. Common work-related MSDs affect the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, and neck. Ergonomic prevention focuses on engineering solutions like workstation design, tools, and job methods to reduce physical risk factors associated with MSDs like force, repetition, posture, and vibration.
The document provides guidelines for assessing lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying tasks using tables developed by Liberty Mutual based on research conducted by Drs. Stover Snook and Vincent Ciriello. The tables provide population percentages for what percentage of workers can perform certain manual handling tasks based on measurements of weights, distances, heights and frequencies. The tables are intended to help identify risk factors for injury and inform cost-effective ergonomic solutions. Training is recommended for properly using the tables to conduct task analyses and measurements. [END SUMMARY]
Safe Patient Handling and lifting_ Murad Amro.pptxmuradamro41
This document discusses safe patient lifting and handling techniques. It begins by outlining the high risk of musculoskeletal injuries for healthcare workers from manual patient handling. It then discusses myths and facts about lifting, ergonomic principles, signs of musculoskeletal disorders, and proper techniques for lifting, transferring, repositioning, and using patient handling equipment. The goal is to educate on best practices to prevent worker injuries when moving and handling patients.
This document provides an outline for back injury prevention training. It discusses the basic structure and functions of the back, common back injuries, and risk factors. It covers proper lifting techniques, including neutral postures and the five factors to consider for safe lifting loads. Manual material handling is defined, and methods to control back stressors are presented.
The document provides a rehabilitation protocol for ACL reconstruction surgery. It outlines exercises and guidelines for various phases of recovery, from pre-operation to 6 months post-operation. The highest priority in the early postoperative phase is regaining full passive extension through various stretching exercises to prevent knee stiffness. Exercises gradually progress from range of motion and isometric contractions to strengthening exercises over 6 months to restore muscle strength and normal gait.
The document discusses ergonomics in construction and provides simple solutions to common ergonomic issues. It defines ergonomics as fitting the job to the employee rather than forcing the employee to fit the job. It then describes common ergonomic injuries in construction like cumulative trauma disorders and strains/sprains. The rest of the document provides examples of ergonomic issues in construction work and potential solutions through changes in tools, equipment, work processes and postures. It emphasizes the importance of stretching, taking breaks, job rotation and other measures to minimize ergonomic risk factors like force, repetition, awkward postures and static loading.
This document discusses the WorkCover Authority of NSW and its role in managing workplace safety, injury management, and workers' compensation. It oversees compliance with health and safety legislation. The document also covers supporting others in working safely, including resolving grievances, providing training, establishing standard operating procedures, and designating responsible persons. Manual handling procedures like lifting, bending, and carrying children safely are described. Infection control and exposure to biological hazards are also addressed.
IRJET- A Study to Compare Immediate Effect of Static Stretching and Cyclic St...IRJET Journal
This study compared the immediate effects of static stretching and cyclic stretching on hamstring tightness. 30 sedentary subjects were randomly assigned to either a static stretching or cyclic stretching group. Both groups performed their assigned stretching intervention and hamstring tightness was measured before and after using the 90-90 straight leg raise test. Both static and cyclic stretching significantly improved hamstring flexibility immediately after stretching. However, when comparing the two groups, there was no significant difference in the improvement of hamstring flexibility between static and cyclic stretching. Therefore, the study concluded that a single bout of either static or cyclic stretching can acutely improve hamstring flexibility to a similar degree in sedentary individuals.
This document discusses infection control and illness prevention in early childhood education and care services. It covers several key areas:
1) Cleaning is important for personal hygiene, washing hands, cleaning surfaces and equipment, and body fluid spills to prevent the spread of germs.
2) Teaching includes educating staff, children, and families about good hygiene practices through information, posters, and notices.
3) Exclusion policies require that sick staff, children, and visitors stay home until they are well to avoid infecting others. Immunization is also important.
4) Planning incorporates good facility layout, separating high-risk areas, sufficient staffing for proper hygiene, and routine cleaning of
Ergonomics have become a concern within the workplace as improper or poor ergonomics can cause repetitive strain injuries, resulting in lost productivity, worker’s compensation claims and other liabilities for an organization.
Today, American companies spend approximately $30 billion annually on Repetitive Stress Injuries and Cumulative Trauma Disorders. These injuries could be prevented or lessened in severity through ergonomics health and wellness training.
I created this Ergonomics PowerPoint to share with others to enhance training. Feel free to share it with others.
This document discusses several topics related to happiness, careers, and personal development. It provides advice on avoiding career avoidance, practicing photography to enhance happiness, betting on yourself, and being careful who you take advice from. Biological factors of happiness are also examined, including the roles of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones like oxytocin, and physical health. Empathy and understanding other perspectives are emphasized as well.
Online training provides a flexible way for employees to develop skills anytime from anywhere. It allows companies to train large numbers of employees simultaneously while reducing travel costs compared to in-person sessions. Online courses can be completed at an individual's own pace and revisited as needed for review.
Innovation in Construction-Case study.docxSelf-employed
This document summarizes the 15-minute city concept and the conspiracy theories that have emerged around it. The concept proposes designing neighborhoods so residents have access to daily needs within a 15-minute walk or bike ride, to reduce car dependency and promote sustainability. However, some have falsely claimed it is a plot by governments to restrict personal freedoms and control citizens. While many cities have embraced the concept, protests have occurred in response to misinformation portraying it as leading to "climate lockdowns" or neighborhoods like concentration camps. Experts say the fears are unfounded and the concept aims to provide more transportation choices, not eliminate car use.
The document discusses phrases that should be avoided in one's vocabulary as they can undermine confidence and imply lack of control. These include absolute terms like "always" and "never", phrases like "I have to" that suggest being forced into things, "should" which implies guilt, "just" which makes one seem unsure, "but" for doubting decisions, and "can't" which has defeatist connotations. The document recommends replacing these phrases with more positive language that conveys personal agency, confidence in decisions, and a growth mindset.
What all remote workers need to know and do by Jayadeva de SilvaSelf-employed
This document discusses the psychological effects of working from home such as loneliness, anxiety, stress, and depression. It provides 7 tips for improving mental health as a remote worker: 1) Create a routine and stick to a schedule, 2) Upgrade your home office space, 3) Get up and move with exercise, 4) Spend time in nature, 5) Work around other humans in co-working spaces, 6) Make time for social connections, and 7) Learn to set boundaries and say no. Following these tips can help remote workers protect their mental health and avoid issues that often arise from isolation.
" How the wrong person gets selected" by Jayadeva de SilvaSelf-employed
The document discusses challenges in recruitment and selection processes. It notes that hiring the wrong person or failing to hire the right person are both grave mistakes. Common interview pitfalls include lack of preparation, asking inappropriate questions, misinterpreting body language, and poor time management. An effective interview should determine if a candidate can do the job, will do the job, and will fit in. The document also discusses trends in attracting and retaining talent during uncertain times, such as companies becoming social safety nets and professionals rethinking their careers and job purposes.
Managerial issues of hrd jayadeva de silvaSelf-employed
The document discusses the key training needs and skills required in the modern workplace. It highlights how digital skills, communication skills, cognitive skills, emotional skills, adaptability, resilience, motivation, influence, critical thinking and problem solving are increasingly important for employees. The effects of globalization and the pandemic have accelerated the need for these soft skills. Strategic planning and management are also needed to ensure effective human resource development.
This document discusses creative thinking and human resource development. It focuses on developing creative thinking skills in employees to help organizations innovate and solve problems. Creative thinking training can help employees approach problems from new perspectives and generate novel solutions, which benefits both individuals and their organizations.
When women communicate with each other, they maintain direct eye contact and position their bodies facing each other, a practice called anchoring gaze that developed from the need for mothers to directly engage with babies. In contrast, men traditionally sit side by side when talking and look away when making eye contact, as was useful when hunting together on grasslands. However, effective cross-gender communication requires being face to face when a woman wants something from a man, and side by side when a man wants something from a woman.
Mark was an experienced and skilled finance consultant stuck in an underpaid job he hated, with long hours, lots of responsibility, and a low wage. Despite constantly studying and attending interviews, he could never get a better job and was rejected many times without clear reasons. With help from Humantalents Group, they discovered Mark lacked sales and negotiation skills to persuade recruiters of his qualifications. They taught Mark to focus interviews on how he could solve the company's problems rather than talking about himself. After two interviews applying this new approach, Mark received two job offers and was able to choose which company and opportunity was the best fit. Learning the right skills helped Mark determine his own worth and success rather than relying on others to recognize his
Cash flow quadrant and 4 types of mindsetsSelf-employed
1) The document discusses Robert Kiyosaki's Cashflow Quadrant model which divides people into four categories based on their approach to money - employees (E), self-employed (S), business owners (B), and investors (I).
2) Employees and self-employed individuals earn money through exchanging their time for money and pay the highest taxes. Business owners and investors earn money through assets that generate cashflow even when they are not working and pay the lowest taxes.
3) Each category has a different mindset - employees value security, self-employed value control and independence, business owners value delegation and systems, and investors value education and using other people's money to acquire assets that generate passive income
Few ideas to enhance effectiveness of online teachingSelf-employed
The document provides 17 tips for enhancing the effectiveness of online teaching. Some key tips include:
1. Record lectures as videos rather than streaming them live so students can watch on their own time if unable to attend live.
2. Show your face in lecture videos as research shows this keeps students more engaged than slideshows alone.
3. Keep videos short, under 15 minutes, for easier downloading and to avoid losing student attention.
4. Use existing open access resources to avoid students having access problems and save yourself time troubleshooting issues.
5. Provide specific instructions when suggesting media resources and label them clearly by difficulty or importance.
This document appears to be the transcript of a keynote address delivered at the orientation program for undergraduate students of Aquinas University College on June 28, 2014. The speech discusses the importance of making conscious efforts to improve oneself through activities like rehearsing for exams, improving handwriting, and giving wings to one's hopes. It encourages students to visit the speaker's Facebook and SlideShare pages for more speeches and presentations.
Chemical fertilizers are synthesized inorganic materials that provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but may contain harmful acids. Organic fertilizers rely on microorganisms to release nutrients from natural remains and byproducts but provide nutrients in unequal proportions. While chemical fertilizers equally provide all essential nutrients, organic fertilizers vary in nutrient levels and their slow release does not always meet plant demands. Chemical fertilizers also have higher acid content that can harm soil bacteria, whereas organic fertilizers support bacterial growth. Though organic fertilizers were historically more common, chemical fertilizers saw explosive growth after World War II due to improved productivity but concerns over sustainability have increased organic fertilizer usage.
New Zealand largely controlled the pandemic through decisive and timely actions including closing borders, containing superspreader events with a strict lockdown, fixing the public health system, clearly communicating with citizens to gain widespread cooperation, prioritizing lives over economic concerns, and listening to epidemiological experts. While some credit New Zealand's geographic isolation, even isolated places like the UK struggled due to factors like large passenger airport volumes. If other leaders understood epidemiology better instead of spreading misinformation, they could have learned from New Zealand's successful approach as well as failures in other countries.
The document summarizes Peter F. Drucker's book "The Essential Drucker: The Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker's Essential Writings on Management". It was written by Peter F. Drucker himself and contains his key ideas on management over 60 years. Some of his main concepts discussed are that management is about enabling human performance and joint work through goals, values and structure, while leadership is doing the right things. Drucker also emphasized that organizations must focus on marketing and innovation to create customers, and executives must look outside the organization to understand true reality.
You can change your habits by understanding what triggers them and replacing bad habits with better ones. While circumstances are outside your control, your reactions and behaviors are not. Habits are formed from a trigger, mindset, and action. By changing your mindset and replacing the action, you can break old habits and form new ones. For example, the author was triggered each morning to feel groggy and drink coffee, but changed his mindset to believe in an alternative and replaced coffee with smoothies, breaking his coffee addiction habit.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
2. •Ergonomics:
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific
discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements
of a system, and the profession that applies
theory, principles, data and methods to design
in order to optimize human well-being and
overall system performance.
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3. • Human factors :
H uman factors is considered to be
synonymous with ergonomics, however it is
essentially an American term, having its
scientific roots grounded in psychology,
whereas ergonomics which, as a
science/practice, was formalized after WW2
in Britain, considers a very broad range of
sciences (e.g. anatomy, psychology,
physiology, industrial medicine, design,
architecture, illumination engineering, etc.)
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4. • Task Analysis:
An systematic approach for documenting and
assessing the risks associated with a specific
task or job.
• Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) involves
looking at a job as a series of main or key tasks
or objectives and then breaking these key tasks
or objectives down into sub-tasks and sub-task
actions.
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5. • Administrative Control:
Work practices, work methods, policies and
procedures established by the employer with
the goal of reducing exposure to a work-
related risk / hazard. Ear plugs are an
administrative control to reduce the risk of
hearing loss.
• Some administrative controls designed to
reduce the risk of WMSDs include: scheduling
more rest breaks, job rotation schemes, worker
training, etc.
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6. • Anti-fatigue mats:
Shock absorbing mats
made of rubber, foam,
visco-elastic material, or a
combination of these.
The mats are placed on
hard floor surfaces
(metal, concrete, etc.) in
areas where people stand
for prolonged periods or
repeatedly walk a short
distance back and forth.
The mats help to reduce
fatigue and discomfort
associated with standing
/ walking on hard
surfaces.
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7. • Anthropometry:
The study and measurement of human physical
dimensions. It is a branch of the human
sciences that deals with the measurements of
body size, shape, strength and working capacity.
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8. • Awkward Posture:
Any fixed or
constrained body
position that
overloads muscles,
tendons, or joints.
Generally, the more
a joint deviates from
the neutral position
the more the
posture is
considered to be
'awkward' and the
greater the risk of
injury.
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9. • Biomechanics:
The study of the effects of
internal and external forces
on the human body both in
movement and at rest.
• Models calculate the levels of
force (compression and
shear) and torque that the
joints, tendons, muscles, and
ligaments are required to
withstand and/or generate.
• The calculated forces and/or
torques are compared to
recognized limits to evaluate
the acceptability of a task,
activity, etc.
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10. • Bursitis:
Bursae are lubricating, fluid filled pads that
separate tendons from bones in some joints of
the body (e.g. shoulder).
• Bursitis is the result of the inflammation of a
bursae. The inflammation may be caused by
repetitive and/or forceful exertions at the joint.
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11. • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS):
A specific medical diagnosis for one type
of WMSD.
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a disorder of the hand
and wrist that is caused by the compression of
the median nerve where the nerve passes from
the forearm, through the carpal tunnel in the
wrist and into the hand.
• Symptoms can include tingling and numbness in
the hand, and loss of dexterity and strength in the
hand.
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12. • Circadian Rhythms :
Cyclic changes in physiological variables, or biological rhythms, can vary in
terms of their period (time to complete one cycle).
• A large number of biological rhythms have a period that is close to 24h,
and these are referred to as circadian rhythms.
• Literally, circadian means “about a day”.
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13. • Contact Stress:
Exposure of a body part to a hard or sharp
surface/edge from a workstation or a hand tool,
e.g. leaning forearms against the sharp edge of a
desk/table.
• Contact stress has been associated with the
development of some WMSDs.
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14. • Control/Display Relationship:
This refers to the degree to which relationships between
controls and displays are consistent with our expectations.
• We all have expectations concerning the movement of a
control and its expected effect on a display/device (e.g.
when we turn a volume knob to the right we expect the
volume to increase, if we turn a knob to the right we expect
a pointer in the related gauge to increase (move up / move
to the right)).
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15. • Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD):
A term, typically used in the United States, used to describe
work-related injuries to the muscles, tendons, or nerves.
• Term implies that the injury is the result of a build up of
trauma over a period of time which may or may not be the
case.
• WMSDs is the term preferred by Ergonomists.
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16. • Cycle:
A time interval during which a regularly
recurring sequence of events is completed.
• It an be the time to complete a task with
many elements or the time to complete a
single operation in a repetitive task
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17. • Deviation:
A term used to describe the movement of a body part
away from the neutral position of that joint or limb.
• Typically used to describe wrist positions.
• Ulnar deviation is the movement of the wrist away from
neutral, towards the little finger.
• Radial deviation is the movement of the wrist away from
neutral, towards the thumb.
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18. • Duration:
Duration mean different things under different
circumstances.
• Typically, duration will refer to the length of time a
person performs a task, or is exposed to a specific risk
factor, without a period of rest. It may, however, be
used to describe the amount of time during a shift a
task is performed (e.g. 4 hours per shift).
• Duration may also be measured in seconds or minutes
when describing the amount of time a person will exert
a forceful effort (e.g. when gripping a tool or
performing a pinch grip).
• Generally speaking, the longer the duration of
exposure to a risk factor the greater the likelihood of a
negative outcome.
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19. • Dynamic muscle work:
Use of muscles to generate force such that the length of the
muscle changes during the activity, resulting in motion
around a joint.
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20. • Endurance :
Endurance is the ability to continue to work, or in the
static case, to continue to maintain a posture or position.
• It is the maximal amount of time a person can perform
useful work and it is related to the amount of effort being
exerted (i.e. amount of muscular or aerobic / anaerobic
effort).
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21. • Energy Expenditure:
The amount of energy (power) used by the body at any point
of time ... at work or at rest.
• It is usually expressed in terms of kilocalories per minute
(kcal/min) or in terms of the amount of oxygen used (litres of
O2).
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22. • Fatigue :
Fatigue is a loss of work
capacity resulting from
preceding work.
• It is usually associated
with a loss of efficiency
and reduced capability.
• Fatigue is both a physical
and a psychological state.
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23. • Force:
Force can either be applied by the body (i.e. through
muscular effort) or to the body.
• When doing 'work' the body uses muscles to generate force
to allow for movement of body segments, to resist the
'force' of objects being lifted / carried, or to apply force to
an object to move it.
• When your muscles contract
they also generate 'reaction‘
forces in the body at the joints
(e.g. shoulder, vertebrae, etc.).
• Force can also refer to the amount
of force that is applied to the body
from an external source.
• When using a pair of pliers the handles of the pliers press
into the palm of the hand. When resting the forearm on the
edge of the desk the desk exerts force on the muscles,
nerves, and blood vessels in the forearm.
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24. • Frequency:
Frequency, in ergonomics terms, refers to how
often we repeat / do something.
• The 'units' of interest for frequency will vary
depending on the task being looked at. For many
repetitive type tasks we are interested in looking
at frequency in terms of the number of repetition
/ actions per minute.
• In the case of an office worker we may be
interested in knowing how many times per hour
the worker gets up out of their chair. Or, we may
want to know how many times a shift a certain
action or task is performed
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25. • Glare :
There are two sorts of glare
• – discomfort glare and disability glare.
• The mechanisms of both are unknown, but the
conditions under which discomfort glare occurs
and the ways in which disability glare can affect
performance are well known.
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26. • Discomfort glare : When a portion of the visual field has a much
higher luminance than its surround, a feeling of discomfort around
the eyes and brow may occur.
• This increases with an increase in the luminance of the glare source,
and with an increase in the angular size of the glare source at the
eye, and decreases with an increase in the luminance of the
background and with an increase in the angular position of the
source relative to the line of sight
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27. • Disability glare : An extraneous light source can affect visual
performance.
• The problem with disability glare is that it reduces contrast, causing
a washing out – the whole scene looks grey.
• Like discomfort, the disability glare is often reduced by increasing
the light level.
• Think about a car’s headlights on full during the day; there’s lots
more light, and as a result, the car’s headlights are less of a problem.
10/8/2015 27Jayadeva de Silva
28. • Grasp / Grip:
The way we grip objects makes a big difference in how much effort
we must use to hold and manipulate the object. There are two main
types of grasps of interest. The power grasp / grip is one where we
can wrap our fingers and thumb around the object as when picking
up a suitcase handle or grasping a hammer. The other type of grasp
is a pinch grasp / grip. There are in fact a number of different types
of pinch grips. The one we most commonly think about is the one
where we pick up / hold something by pinching it between the
thumb and fingers (e.g. when picking up a pen from a flat surface).
Other types of pinch grips are used:
• when holding / using a pen,
• when picking up a flat surface between the
• thumb and the out stretched fingers,
• when just wrapping the fingers around the edge of a flat surface and
pinching it against the palm and base of the fingers, and
• when picking up something with a wide 'pinch' grip (i.e. fingers and
thumb spread wide apart as in picking up the end of an apple juice
can).
10/8/2015 28Jayadeva de Silva
30. • Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS):
HAVS, also known as Raynaud's Phenomenon and
Vibration White Finger, is a chronic disorder that can
develop when the hand is subjected to repeated and
prolonged exposure to vibration, often resulting in
irreversible damage to the blood vessels, nerves and
muscles.
• Symptoms include tingling or numbness in fingers;
painful spasms of the hand' blanching of one or more
fingers; and eventual loss of sensation and control in the
fingers and hands.
10/8/2015 30Jayadeva de Silva
31. • Interaction of risk factors:
The risk factors for many types of injuries and
accidents are not separate and singular.
• Typically there are a number of risk factors that can
contribute to an injury or accident and it is common
for these risk factors to interact to greatly increase the
likelihood of the injury or accident.
• When exposed to more than one risk factor for any
negative outcome the final risk to the worker will be
much higher than might be found by just adding the
level of risk for all factors together.
• For instance, one study found that the odds of
developing a WMSD were 6 times greater if a job was
highly repetitive, 3 times greater if a job required the
exertion of high grip forces, but 29 times greater if the
job had both high repetition and high force
requirements.
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32. • Job enlargement :
Job enlargement is the name given to the process
of extending the work cycle by adding related
tasks to the job description.
• An example might be to involve the workers in
cleaning, and maintaining their own plant, and
perhaps also to obtain their own materials from a
central store, thereby doing tasks that were once
done by service departments.
• Like job rotation, job enlargement introduces
variety.
10/8/2015 32Jayadeva de Silva
33. • Job enrichment :
This is the process of providing workers with
greater responsibility for their work output.
• It can be accomplished by perhaps having
them do their own QC and making them
responsible for basic maintenance.
• It is also important to recognize achievement
and to give due recognition of a job well done.
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34. • Job rotation :
Job rotation is where workers perform a
variety of different, not necessarily related
jobs during their work day / shift.
• A good job rotation scheme will be designed
to allow each worker to be exposed to a
variety of physical and mental demands
during the shift.
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35. • Job Satisfaction:
A multi-dimensional psychophysical measure
that compares a person's opinions about job
requirements to individual goals for
meaningful work
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36. • L5/S1:
The joint between the 5th lumbar (L5) and 1st
sacral (S1) vertebrae of the spinal column.
Many low-back disc injuries occur at this joint.
10/8/2015 36Jayadeva de Silva
37. • Ligaments:
Fibrous structures that connect bones to
bones, providing support while allowing
flexibility and movement
10/8/2015 37Jayadeva de Silva
39. • Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC):
The maximum force a muscle can generate,
voluntarily, during a static contraction.
• Job tasks may be classified according to what
percentage of the workers MVC (%MVC) is
required to perform a task.
• The higher the %MVC the greater the risk of
fatigue and/or injury.
10/8/2015 39Jayadeva de Silva
40. • Median Nerve:
A large / main nerve that runs from the shoulder,
through the arm and forearm into the hand.
• The median nerve passes from the forearm to the
hand, via the wrist through the carpal tunnel.
• This nerve supplies the sensation of temperature,
touch and pain to the thumb and first three fingers
of the hand. It also supplies various small muscles
for the fingers and thumb. (See Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome).
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41. • Monotony:
A lack of variety, sameness; sometimes applied
to highly repetitive tasks that require little
decision making and that might be done better
by machines.
• Also applies to tasks that require prolonged
monitoring of computer and other process
control systems
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42. • Neutral Position:
The body position which minimizes stresses on
the body.
• Typically the neutral posture will be near the
mid-range of any joint’s range of motion.
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43. • NIOSH:
The US based National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
• The researchers at NIOSH have developed and
revised a well-accepted method for assessing
lifting and handling tasks (i.e. the NIOSH
Equation
10/8/2015 43Jayadeva de Silva
44. • Oxygen Consumption:
The rate at which the body's tissues and cells
use oxygen; measured as the amount of
oxygen entering the body minus the amount
leaving.
• Physical workload is assessed by measuring
oxygen consumption in litres of O2 per minute.
10/8/2015 44Jayadeva de Silva
45. • Percentile:
Used to express the variability of any given measure.
• Percentiles represent percentages of a sample with a value
of x or less.
• For instance, a 90th percentile measurement will mean that
90 percent of the population are below that level and 10%
of the population are above that level.
• This term is often used when talking about the size and
variability of people (Anthropometry).
10/8/2015 45Jayadeva de Silva
46. • Pinch Grip:
A type of grip that requires an object to be picked up
between the thumb and one or more fingers or the
fingers and the palm or the finger tips and the base of
the fingers.
• A pinch grip does not allow the hand to fully encircle
the object being handled.
10/8/2015 46Jayadeva de Silva
47. • Posture:
The general position of the whole body (e.g.
standing, sitting, kneeling) or, more specifically,
the position of any body part / joint with
respect to adjacent body parts or the joint's
full range of motion.
10/8/2015 47Jayadeva de Silva
48. • Power Grip:
A grip allowing the four fingers and thumb to
encircle the object.
• This grip will generally maximize power on the
part of the worker.
10/8/2015 48Jayadeva de Silva
49. • Pronation:
The action of rotating the forearm so that the
hand is palm down.
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50. • Psychophysics:
Deals with the relationship between human
sensation and their physical stimuli.
• The psychophysical approach used in the
study of manual material handling
(MMH) tasks requires the worker to adjust the
weight, force or frequency in a handling
situation until they feel it represents the
maximum acceptable weight or force.
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51. • Psychosocial Risk Factors:
Various factors can impact a person from both
the psychological and social point-of-view.
• Some of these factors include work organization,
job design, shift schedule design, work load,
feedback, job stress, co-worker relationships,
relationships with supervisors, etc.
• When one or more of these factors is seen as
negative by a person then the person's health
and well-being can suffer and the rate of
accidents, injuries and other work-related
disorders can increase
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52. • Radial Deviation:
Radial deviation describes a movement of the
wrist.
• Radial deviation occurs when a person moves /
bends the wrist / hand sideways towards the
thumb.
• When in this posture the person's maximum grip
strength is reduced by as much as 20%.
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53. • Radial Nerve:
A large / main nerve that runs from the shoulder, through the arm,
ending in the forearm.
• This nerve has a number of branches. Two small, superficial branches
of this nerve pass into the hand, outside of the carpal tunnel, and
supply the sensation to some of the skin on the back of the hand and
fingers.
• This is the nerve you compress when you hit your funny bone!
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54. • Range of Motion:
The limits of movement defined at a joint or
landmark of the body.
• Stresses on the connective tissues at a joint
increase as the joint moves towards the limit
of its range of motion.
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55. • Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE):
Rate of Perceived Exertion is a method for subjectively
assessing the amount of effort a worker is exerting.
• Typically, RPE is measured using a scale (e.g. the Borg
Scale) where the worker ranks their effort from very,
very easy (0/1) to very, very hard (7-10).
• Some research suggests that for muscular and aerobic
activities the ranking on an RPE scale roughly
approximates the %MVC or percentage of maximum
aerobic capacity
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56. • Recovery Time:
Work periods when task demands are light or
when rest breaks are scheduled, permitting a
person to recover from heavy effort work such
as prolonged fixed postures
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57. • Repetition:
The number of similar exertions or actions /
tasks performed in a specified amount of
time.
• Repetition may be measures in terms of
minutes, hours or work day (e.g. 3 per minute,
25 per hour, 30 times per shift).
• SeeFrequency also
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58. • Risk Factor:
Something that increases the likelihood of a negative or
unwanted outcome. For instance, smoking is a risk
factor for lung cancer and exposure to jobs that involve
high force exertions with awkward postures is a risk
factor for developing a WMSD.
• However, the presence of or exposure to any specific
risk factor does not necessarily lead to any one negative
or unwanted outcome.
• The probability of the negative out come is increased
but it is not, usually, assured. The likelihood of a
negative outcome is greatly increased if a worker is
exposed to more than one risk factor at the same time.
• The 'risk' associated with any specific risk factor depends
on the magnitude, frequency, and duration of the
exposure.
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59. • RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) :
A procedure to assess the exposure of people to
postures, forces and muscle activities known to
contribute to upper limb disorders.
• The RULA technique uses observations of postures
adopted by the upper limb, neck, back and legs.
• Values are recorded by comparison with assessment
charts along with values for muscle use and loads.
• The total scores then indicate if any action is
recommended
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60. • Sprain:
An injury to ligaments where the tough
ligament tissue is stretched, partially or, on
occasion, completely torn.
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61. • Strain:
An injury to the fibres of a muscle or tendon
where the small fibres are stretched, partially
or, on occasion, completely torn.
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62. • Static Exertion:
Static exertions refer to physical exertions
(gripping, holding a posture) in which the
same position or posture is held throughout
the exertion (also referred to as "static
loading").
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63. • Stress:
A non-specific physiological and psychological
response to situations, events, persons,
environments, etc.
• Situations that are perceived as either
negative or positive will elicit the same
response.
• However, prolonged exposure to negative
stressors without any ability to resolve the
situation may have a negative affect on a
person's health and well-being.
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64. • Supination:
The action of rotating the forearm outward so
that the hand is palm up.
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65. Jayadeva deSilva
Jayadeva de Silva obtained Master’s degree in Science from Russian Friendship University Moscow and
Diploma in Personnel Management from National Institute of Business Management (SriLanka). He is a fellow
of both the Institute of Personnel Management and Institute of Training & development. He is also
professionally qualified in training systems & curriculum design with an ILO fellowship.A strong advocate of
Human Talents Development, Jayadeva is the principal consultant of humantalents unlimited, a professional
practice that provides training & consultancy in human resources management, development and industrial
relations (IR).
Jayadeva has carried out several HRD & IR consultancy projects and has facilitated numerous management
development programs/strategic planning workshops; He has been trained in many modern management and
leadership concepts. Jayadeva has contributed articles (over 50) and authored the trend setting book ‘Human
Talents Management’.
He founded humantalents International and HRSriLanka virtual learning Groups.Jayadeva de Silva has
functioned as Group Manager (Human Resources Development) of Hayleys Group of Companies a multi-
billion-rupee public listed Group; and Group Director–Human Resources of Brown & Co. a large diversified
company.
He also serves as a resource person for professional and Post graduate courses primarily in the areas of HRM
& HRD at Post graduate Institute, University of Peradeniya, NSBM University.SriLanka Institute of Training and
Development, Oxford College of Business. He is a past president of HRDGateway, an International organization
of over 15,000 HR Professionals worldwide. He is featured in the millennium registry of SriLankan personalities
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He can be contacted as follows
E mail djayadeva@gmail.com
Tel 011 2562449
077 7272295
Web https://www.facebook.com/Humantalents
www.slideshare.com/Jayadeva
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