The document discusses physical ergonomics, focusing on how human anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, and anthropometry relate to workplace design and health. Key areas include the impact of physical demands on the body, the study of movement and forces, as well as the measurement of human body dimensions for optimizing ergonomic solutions. Additionally, it highlights musculoskeletal disorders, their causes, and treatment options, emphasizing the importance of a well-designed physical environment.

1. Group 01 | Facility Design

2. What is
Physical Ergonomics?
“Physical ergonomics is about the human body's
responses to physical and physiological work demands.
Repetitive strain injuries from repetition, vibration, force,
and posture are the most common types of issues, and
thus have design implications.”

3. Physical Ergonomics is concerned with the impact of,
Anatomy
Anthropometry
Biomechanics
Physiology
Physical environment & Physical activity

4. What is
Anatomy?
“anatomy is the scientific study of the structure
of organisms including their systems, organs
and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of
the various parts, the materials from which they are
composed, their locations and their relationships with
other parts.”

5. Macroscopic Anatomy
(Study of large body structure)
Regional anatomy – All
Structures in one particular
region
Systematic anatomy - System
by system
Surface anatomy - Study of
internal body structure

6. Microscopic Anatomy
(Study of very small structures of the that cannot be seen with naked eye)
Cytology – Study of body
cells
Histology – Study of body
tissues

7. Applications of anatomy
Anatomical planes
Elbow extension against a resistance
Sagittal plane - is a plane parallel to
the sagittal suture. It divides the
body into left and right.
Horizontal plane - divides the body
into head and tail portions.
Frontal plane - divides the body into
back and front, or posterior and
anterior portions.

8. “Biomechanics has been defined as the study of the
movement of living things using the science of
mechanics. Necessary to study the body’s mechanical
characteristics & principles to understand its
movements”
What is
Biomechanics?

9. There are two major parts.
Kinematics Kinetics
examines the causes of motion, the
internal and external forces that cause
motion or cause a body to remain at
rest, and the interactions between these
forces. There are two branches of
kinetics; STATICS & DYNAMICS
Describes the motion of a body without
reference to the forces causing it.
Kinematics examines how, when, and
where a body moves. Movement may
be LINEAR, ANGULAR, or a combination
of the two (GENARAL).

10. Linear
The movement of a body in a straight line or along a straight pathway.
General
General motion is a combination of Angular and Linear motion.
Angular
When a body or part of a body moves in a circle or part of a circle about a point.
Kinematics

11. Statics
Statics refers to situations where the body or object remains at rest, or is moving
at a constant speed in a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium is a balanced state in
which there is no acceleration.
Dynamics
Dynamics deals with the changes in motion brought on by unbalanced forces.
Kinetics

12. Human applications
First class leaver
Elbow extension against a resistance
Second class leaver
Forces acting on leg

13. Human applications
Third class leaver
Elbow flexion

14. “Human physiology is the study of how the human
body functions. This includes the mechanical,
physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of
humans in good health, from organs to the cells of
which they are composed”
What is
Physiology?

15. Physiological systems of the body
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Nervous system
Musculoskeletal system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Urinary system

16. Circulatory system and
Ergonomics
The circulatory system comprises
the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins,
and capillaries).
Physical inactivity is a risk factor for
cardiovascular disease.
Sitting can be good for the circulatory
system.

17. Respiratory system and
ergonomics
The respiratory system consists of
the nose, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs. It
brings oxygen from the air and
excretes carbon dioxide and water back into
the air.

18. Nervous system and
ergonomics
The nervous system consists of the central
nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
and the peripheral nervous system.
The special senses consist
of vision, hearing, taste, and smell.
The eyes, ears, tongue, and nose gather
information about the body's environment.

19. Musculoskeletal system
and ergonomics
The musculoskeletal system consists of
the human skeleton and attached muscles. It
gives the body basic structure and the ability
for movement.

20. “Anthropometry refers measurements and proportions
of the human body. Anthropometry plays an important
role where, statistical data about the distribution of
body dimensions in the population are used to
optimize products.”
What is
Anthropometry?

21. Dimension, In
Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th
1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6
Female 58.9 63.2 67.4
2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0
Female 54.4 58.6 62.7
3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0
Female 47.7 51.6 55.9
4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9
Female 36.9 39.8 42.8
5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7
Female 25.3 27.6 29.9
13.Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9
Female 8.4 9.5 11.7
Anthropometric data

22. Anthropometric data
Dimension, In
Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th
6. Height, sitting Male 33.1 35.7 38.1
Female 30.9 33.5 35.7
7. Eye height, sitting Male 28.6 30.9 33.2
Female 26.6 28.9 30.9
8. Elbow rest height, Male 7.5 9.6 11.6
sitting Female 7.1 9.2 11.1
9. Thigh clearance Male 4.5 5.7 7.
height Female 4.2 5.4 6.9
10.Knee height, sitting Male 19.4 21.4 23.3
Female 17.8 19.6 21.5
11.Buttock-knee Male 21.3 23.4 25.3
distance, sitting Female 20.4 22.4 24.6
12.Popliteal height, Male 15.4 17.4 19.2
sitting Female 14.0 15.7 17.4

23. Design guidelines
Acceptable/Unacceptable work positions

24. Design guidelines
Effects of design on posture

25. Design guidelines
Reach work/envelops

26. Design guidelines
Optimal work zone

27. Measuring instruments
3D body scanner
to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan.

28. Measuring instruments
Baropodographic devices
Generated data in form of 2D image or a 2D image time series of the
pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. From these data
other variables may be calculated

29. Measuring instruments
Neuroimaging devices
Direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or
imaging techniques such as MRI, which can be used on living persons.

30. “Physical activity works within the environment
designed accordingly.
Ergonomics is so much more than just how we sit by
the computer.
The surrounding environment affects the work more
than you think.”
What is
Physical environment
& Physical activity?

31. There are five major parts.
Light
Sound
Vibration
Air
Temperature

32. Light
Infections can cause to eyes by external exercises
Dry eyes
Head ache
‘Vulture’ neck
Things to think
Distance to the eye
Screen settings
Light settings
Solutions to Improve
Ceiling lights, usage of daylight
Wear Glasses
Good Ventilation

33. Sound
What affects?
Traffic noise
Machine, work noises
Health Affects?
Degraded hearing
Sleep Disorder
Ringing in the ears
How to prevent?
Hearing protectors
Fabrics
Materials

34. Vibration
Hand and Arm
Drilling machine, chainsaw
Total Body
Truck, bus
Sea Sickness
To Prevent
Use back support
Damping in the seat

35. Air
Harming Particles
Exotic substances
Dust
How to Prevent
Nasal protectors
Inhalers

36. Temperature
36.2’C
Heat comes by
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation
How to Prevent
Knowledge
Hydration
Adaption of behavior

37. “Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs are injuries and
disorders that affect the human body’s movement or
musculoskeletal system.”
What is
Musculoskeletal
Disorders?

38. There are two categories of risk factors lead to MSD.
Ergonomic risk factors
Force, Repetition, Posture
Individual risk factors
Poor work, Practices, Poor fitness, Poor health habits
Common MSDs include: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tendonitis, Ligament Sprain, Tension Neck
Syndrome . . .

39. The Cause of
Musculoskeletal
Disorders
When a person is exposed to MSD risk
factors, they begin to fatigue. When fatigue
outruns their body’s recovery system, they
develop a musculoskeletal imbalance. Over
time, as fatigue continues to outrun
recovery and the musculoskeletal imbalance
persists, a musculoskeletal disorder
develops.

40. Treatments for
Musculoskeletal
Disorders
Injections with anesthetic or anti-
inflammatory medications in or around the
painful sites
Exercise that includes muscle strengthening
and stretching
Physical or occupational therapy
Relaxation/biofeedback techniques

41. Group 01 | Facility Design

42. Group 01 | Facility Design
Group 01
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