Networks with separate IP and optical transport networks suffer from an unnecessary resource overhead, as each network has its own control and management mechanisms. In addition to the extra resources needed to reach a given performance target, separation also makes networks more complex than they need to be. Like many other issues that operators face today, this causes costs to rise and lowers the ability to evolve with changing business environments.
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
Shared/unlicensed spectrum is important for 5G and is valuable for wide range of deployments from extreme bandwidth by aggregating spectrum, enhanced local broadband to Internet of Things verticals. 5G New Radio (NR) will natively support all different spectrum types and is designed to take advantage of new sharing paradigms. We are pioneering 5G shared spectrum today by building on LTE-U/LAA, LWA, CBRS/LSA and MulteFire.
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
The slides givews an overview of the Ericsson 5G training program for 2018, including fundamentals as well as technical overviews of 5G Core and 5G RAN.
Zyxel’s Fiber Access solution provides versatile fiber connectivity for service providers according to the deployment requirements. Service providers can highly optimize and integrate various FTTx applications with the freedom to deploy services easily on GPON, GEPON, Active Fiber solutions with OLT, ONU/ONT and active fiber gateways.
Shared/unlicensed spectrum is important for 5G and is valuable for wide range of deployments from extreme bandwidth by aggregating spectrum, enhanced local broadband to Internet of Things verticals. 5G New Radio (NR) will natively support all different spectrum types and is designed to take advantage of new sharing paradigms. We are pioneering 5G shared spectrum today by building on LTE-U/LAA, LWA, CBRS/LSA and MulteFire.
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
The slides givews an overview of the Ericsson 5G training program for 2018, including fundamentals as well as technical overviews of 5G Core and 5G RAN.
Beginners: Introduction to 5G Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices3G4G
A quick introduction to new 3GPP Release-17 feature called RedCap or Reduced Capability New Radio devices. This feature was earlier called NR-Light / NR-Lite and is sometimes referred to as Low Complexity NR devices.
This tutorial looks at why this is needed, how is it different from the existing 5G requirements for eMBB, URLLC & mMTC, and why can't 4G be used instead of 5G for this feature.
We will also look at some of the proposals for enhancement of RedCap that are being discussed for 5G-Advanced in 3GPP Release-18
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Mavenir: Why and How Private LTE & 5G Networks Are Rapidly Evolving for Enter...Mavenir
Dean Bubley, Founder of Disruptive Analysis and well known industry analyst, and Aniruddho Basu, Mavenir SVP/GM of Global Emerging Business, showcase the future of Private LTE & 5G Networks. Presentation from the "Why and How Private LTE & 5G Networks Are Rapidly Evolving for Enterprises" webinar.
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering and planning solutions,van den Dool Dick
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network software solutions to design, engineer & plan FTTH / FTTX networks cost optimized automatically. Shows the required input, design phase and output to Autocad etc.
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
This presentation summarizes 5G NR Release 17 projects that was completed in March 2022. It further enhances 5G foundation and expands into new devices, use cases, verticals.
LiFi - Technology, Industry, and Market Trends report by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
LiFi: Niche or mainstream technology?
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/led-report/product/lifi-technology-industry-and-market-trends.html
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
Enabling the rise of the smartphone: Chronicling the developmental history at...Qualcomm Research
Today’s smartphones are a marvel of modern technology — handheld devices with vast computing power, incredible multimedia and AI capabilities, and blazing fast data rates that support mobile browsing, social media interaction, and more. From humble beginnings as a cellphone focused purely on voice communication, the capability and functionality of modern smartphones have advanced tremendously. This presentation chronicles Qualcomm’s role in the rise of the smartphone from its initial beginnings to becoming the largest computing platform in the world. It includes:
- Key technology developments that led to today’s smartphones
- The role of Moore’s Law in driving new innovations and additional integration into mobile processors
- Qualcomm’s critical role in advancing the smartphone’s capabilities through groundbreaking innovations and key technology developments
This presentation covers how:
- The evolutionary roadmap for C-V2X towards 5G
will be key for safety and autonomous driving
- C-V2X provides a higher performance radio, reusing
upper layers defined by the automotive industry
- C-V2X is gaining momentum and broad ecosystem support
- Qualcomm is leading the way to 5G; accelerating
the future of autonomous vehicles
To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.
LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
Beginners: Introduction to 5G Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices3G4G
A quick introduction to new 3GPP Release-17 feature called RedCap or Reduced Capability New Radio devices. This feature was earlier called NR-Light / NR-Lite and is sometimes referred to as Low Complexity NR devices.
This tutorial looks at why this is needed, how is it different from the existing 5G requirements for eMBB, URLLC & mMTC, and why can't 4G be used instead of 5G for this feature.
We will also look at some of the proposals for enhancement of RedCap that are being discussed for 5G-Advanced in 3GPP Release-18
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Mavenir: Why and How Private LTE & 5G Networks Are Rapidly Evolving for Enter...Mavenir
Dean Bubley, Founder of Disruptive Analysis and well known industry analyst, and Aniruddho Basu, Mavenir SVP/GM of Global Emerging Business, showcase the future of Private LTE & 5G Networks. Presentation from the "Why and How Private LTE & 5G Networks Are Rapidly Evolving for Enterprises" webinar.
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering and planning solutions,van den Dool Dick
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network software solutions to design, engineer & plan FTTH / FTTX networks cost optimized automatically. Shows the required input, design phase and output to Autocad etc.
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
This presentation summarizes 5G NR Release 17 projects that was completed in March 2022. It further enhances 5G foundation and expands into new devices, use cases, verticals.
LiFi - Technology, Industry, and Market Trends report by Yole DéveloppementYole Developpement
LiFi: Niche or mainstream technology?
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/led-report/product/lifi-technology-industry-and-market-trends.html
Introducing our 5G Platform for the first movers in 5G, the first completely end-to-end solution that combines core and radio solutions in 5G to enable new opportunities and use cases
Enabling the rise of the smartphone: Chronicling the developmental history at...Qualcomm Research
Today’s smartphones are a marvel of modern technology — handheld devices with vast computing power, incredible multimedia and AI capabilities, and blazing fast data rates that support mobile browsing, social media interaction, and more. From humble beginnings as a cellphone focused purely on voice communication, the capability and functionality of modern smartphones have advanced tremendously. This presentation chronicles Qualcomm’s role in the rise of the smartphone from its initial beginnings to becoming the largest computing platform in the world. It includes:
- Key technology developments that led to today’s smartphones
- The role of Moore’s Law in driving new innovations and additional integration into mobile processors
- Qualcomm’s critical role in advancing the smartphone’s capabilities through groundbreaking innovations and key technology developments
This presentation covers how:
- The evolutionary roadmap for C-V2X towards 5G
will be key for safety and autonomous driving
- C-V2X provides a higher performance radio, reusing
upper layers defined by the automotive industry
- C-V2X is gaining momentum and broad ecosystem support
- Qualcomm is leading the way to 5G; accelerating
the future of autonomous vehicles
To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.
LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
The optical backbone evolution in the TLC operator infrastructuresOvidio Michelangeli
Starting from the current photonic infrastructures the paper illustrates the evolution of the backbone transport network in order to face the continuous bandwidth request for the coming multimedia services both in fixed and mobile services
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Design Considerations for Converged Optical Ethernet NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Transport networks have witnessed two significant trends over the past half decade or so. The first has been an explosion in the bandwidth that these networks can support and the distances over which they can support it. This is due to the advent of cost-effective wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense-WDM (DWDM), as well as a slew of technologies that extend transmission range, such as...more
Entendre els fonaments de la tecnologia i conèixer com ens impactarà el seu desplegament. Vam descobrir les diferents aplicacions que tindrà el 5G en el nostre dia a dia i el valor que aportarà
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Similar to IP-optical convergence: a complete solution (20)
Ericsson Technology Review: Versatile Video Coding explained – the future of ...Ericsson
Continuous innovation in 5G networks is creating new opportunities for video-enabled services for both consumers and industries, particularly in areas such as the Internet of Things and the automotive sector. These new services are expected to rely on continued video evolution toward 8K resolutions and beyond, and on new strict requirements such as low end-to-end latency for video delivery.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent developments in video compression technology and introduces Versatile Video Coding (VVC) – a significant improvement on existing video codecs that we think deserves to be widely deployed in the market. VVC has the potential both to enhance the user experience for existing video services and offer an appropriate performance level for new media services over 5G networks.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL REALITIES
The key role that connectivity plays in our personal and professional lives has never been more obvious than it is today. Thankfully, despite the sudden, dramatic changes in our behavior earlier this year, networks all around the world have proven to be highly resilient. At Ericsson, we’re committed to ensuring that the network platform continues to improve its ability to meet the full range of societal needs as well as supporting enterprises to stay competitive in the long term. We know that greater agility and speed will be essential.
This issue of our magazine includes several articles that explain Ericsson’s approach to future network development, including my annual technology trends article. The seven trends on this year’s list serve as a critical cornerstone in the development of a common Ericsson vision of what future networks will provide, and what sort of technology evolution will be required to get there.
ERIK EKUDDEN
Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Head of Group Function Technology
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
Ericsson Technology Review: Critical IoT connectivity: Ideal for time-critica...Ericsson
Critical Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity is an emerging concept in IoT development that enables more efficient and innovative services across a wide range of industries by reliably meeting time-critical communication needs. Mobile network operators (MNOs) are in the perfect position to enable these types of time-critical services due to their ability to leverage advanced 5G networks in a systematic and cost-effective way.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the benefits of Critical IoT connectivity in areas such as industrial control, mobility automation, remote control and real-time media. It also provides an overview of key network technologies and architectures. It concludes with several case studies based on two deployment scenarios – wide area and local area – that illustrate how well suited 5G spectrum assets are for Critical IoT use cases.
5G New Radio has already evolved in important ways since the 3GPP standardized Release 15 in late 2018. The significant enhancements in Releases 16 and 17 are certain to play a critical role in expanding both the availability and the applicability of 5G NR in both industry and public services in the near future.
This Ericsson Technology Review article summarizes the most notable new developments in releases 16 and 17, grouped into two categories: enhancements to existing features and features that address new verticals and deployment scenarios. This analysis and our insights about the future beyond Release 17 is an important component of our work to help mobile network operators and other stakeholders better understand and plan for the many new 5G NR opportunities that are on the horizon.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Ericsson Technology Review: Optimizing UICC modules for IoT applicationsEricsson
Commonly referred to as SIM cards, the universal integrated circuit cards (UICCs) used in all cellular devices today are in fact complex and powerful minicomputers capable of much more than most Internet of Things (IoT) applications require. Until a simpler and less costly alternative becomes available, action must be taken to ensure that the relatively high price of UICC modules does not hamper IoT growth.
This Ericsson Technology Review article presents two mid-term approaches. The first is to make use of techniques that reduce the complexity of using UICCs in IoT applications, while the second is to use the UICCs’ excess capacity for additional value generation. Those who wish to exploit the potential of the UICCs to better support IoT applications have the opportunity to use them as cryptographic storage, to run higher-layer protocol stacks and/or as supervisory entities, for example.
Mobile data traffic volumes are expected to increase by a factor of four by 2025, and 45 percent of that traffic will be carried by 5G networks. To deliver on customer expectations in this rapidly changing environment, communication service providers must overcome challenges in three key areas: building sufficient capacity, resolving operational inefficiencies through automation and artificial intelligence, and improving service differentiation. This issue of ETR magazine provides insights about how to tackle all three.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G BSS: Evolving BSS to fit the 5G economyEricsson
The 5G network evolution has opened up an abundance of new business opportunities for communication service providers (CSPs) in verticals such as industrial automation, security, health care and automotive. In order to successfully capitalize on them, CSPs must have business support systems (BSS) that are evolved to manage complex value chains and support new business models. Optimized information models and a high degree of automation are required to handle huge numbers of devices through open interfaces.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains how 5G-evolved BSS can help CSPs transform themselves from traditional network developers to service enablers for 5G and the Internet of Things, and ultimately to service creators with the ability to collaborate beyond telecoms and establish lucrative digital value systems.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G migration strategy from EPS to 5G systemEricsson
For many operators, the introduction of the 5G System (5GS) to provide wide-area services in existing Evolved Packet System (EPS) deployments is a necessary step toward creating a full-service, future-proof 5GS in the longer term. The creation of a combined 4G-5G network requires careful planning and a holistic strategy, as the introduction of 5GS has significant impacts across all network domains, including the RAN, packet core, user data and policies, and services, as well as affecting devices and backend systems.
This Ericsson Technology Review article provides an overview of all the aspects that operators need to consider when putting together a robust EPS-to-5GS migration strategy and provides guidance about how they can adapt the transition to address their particular needs per domain.
Ericsson Technology Review: Creating the next-generation edge-cloud ecosystemEricsson
The surge in data volume that will come from the massive number of devices enabled by 5G has made edge computing more important than ever before. Beyond its abilities to reduce network traffic and improve user experience, edge computing will also play a critical role in enabling use cases for ultra-reliable low-latency communication in industrial manufacturing and a variety of other sectors.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the topic of how to deliver distributed edge computing solutions that can host different kinds of platforms and applications and provide a high level of flexibility for application developers. Rather than building a new application ecosystem and platform, we strongly recommend reusing industrialized and proven capabilities, utilizing the momentum created with Cloud Native Computing Foundation, and ensuring backward compatibility.
The rise of the innovation platform
Society and industry are transforming at an unprecedented rate. At the same time, the network platform is emerging as an innovation platform with the potential to offer all the connectivity, processing, storage and security needed by current and future applications. In my 2019 trends article, featured in this issue of Ericsson Technology Review, I share my view of the future network platform in relation to six key technology trends.
This issue of the magazine also addresses critical topics such as trust enablement, the extension of computing resources all the way to the edge of the mobile network, the growing impact of the cloud in the telco domain, overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, and the need for end-to-end connectivity. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about how to overcome the challenges ahead and take full advantage of new opportunities.
Ericsson Technology Review: Spotlight on the Internet of ThingsEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a fundamental cornerstone in the digitalization of both industry and society as a whole. It represents a huge opportunity not only in economic terms, but also from a global challenges perspective – making it easier for governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to address pressing food, energy, water and climate related issues.
5G and the IoT are closely intertwined. One of the biggest innovations within 5G is support for the IoT in all its forms, both by addressing mission criticality as well as making it possible to connect low-cost, long-battery-life sensors.
With this in mind, we decided to create a special issue of Ericsson Technology Review solely focused on IoT opportunities and challenges. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about the IoT-related opportunities available to your organization, along with ideas about how we can overcome the challenges ahead.
Ericsson Technology Review: Driving transformation in the automotive and road...Ericsson
A variety of automotive and transport services that require cellular connectivity are already in commercial operation today, and many more are yet to come. Among other things, these services will improve road safety and traffic efficiency, saving lives and helping to reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change. At Ericsson, we believe that the best way to address the growing connectivity needs of this industry sector is through a common network solution, as opposed to taking a single-segment silo approach.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how the ongoing rollout of 5G provides a cost-efficient and feature-rich foundation for a horizontal multiservice network that can meet the connectivity needs of the automotive and transport ecosystem. It also outlines the key challenges and presents potential solutions.
This presentation explains the importance of SD-WAN technology as part of the Enterprise digital transformation strategy. It goes over the first wave of SD-WAN in a single vendor deployment, with Do-it-yourself (DIY) as the preferred model. Then continues with the importance of orchestration in the second wave of SD-WAN deployments in a multi-vendor ecosystem, turning to SD-WAN Managed Services as the preferred model. It ends up with some examples of use cases and the Verizon customer case. More information on Ericsson Dynamic orchestration - http://m.eric.sn/6rsZ30psKLu
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G-TSN integration meets networking requirements ...Ericsson
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based technology for converged networks of Industry 4.0. Understanding the importance and relevance of TSN features, as well as the capabilities that allow 5G to achieve wireless deterministic and time-sensitive communication, is essential to industrial automation in the future.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how TSN is an enabler of Industry 4.0, and that together with 5G URLLC capabilities, the two key technologies can be combined and integrated to provide deterministic connectivity end to end. It also discusses TSN standards and the value of the TSN toolbox for next generation industrial automation networks.
Ericsson Technology Review: Meeting 5G latency requirements with inactive stateEricsson
Low latency communication and minimal battery consumption are key requirements of many 5G and IoT use cases, including smart transport and critical control of remote devices. Thanks to Ericsson’s 4G/5G research activities and lessons learned from legacy networks, we have identified solutions that address both of these requirements by reducing the amount of signaling required during state transitions, and shared our discoveries with the 3GPP.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the why and how behind the new Radio Resource Control (RRC) state model in the standalone version of the 5G New Radio standard, which features a new, Ericsson-developed state called inactive. On top of overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, the new state also increases overall system capacity by decreasing the processing effort in the network.
Ericsson Technology Review: Cloud-native application design in the telecom do...Ericsson
Cloud-native application design is set to become standard practice in the telecom industry in the near future due to the major efficiency gains it can provide, particularly in terms of speeding up software upgrades and releases. At Ericsson, we have been actively exploring the potential of cloud-native computing in the telecom industry since we joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) a few years ago.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the opportunities that CNCF technology has enabled, as well as unveiling key aspects of our application development framework, which is designed to help navigate the transition to a cloud-native approach. It also discusses the challenges that the large-scale reuse of open-source technology can raise, along with key strategies for how to mitigate them.
Ericsson Technology Review: Service exposure: a critical capability in a 5G w...Ericsson
To meet the requirements of use cases in areas such as the Internet of Things, AR/VR, Industry 4.0 and the automotive sector, operators need to be able to provide computing resources across the whole telco domain – all the way to the edge of the mobile network. Service exposure and APIs will play a key role in creating solutions that are both effective and cost efficient.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent advances in the service exposure area that have resulted from the move toward 5G and the adoption of cloud-native principles, as well as the combination of Service-based Architecture, microservices and container technologies. It includes examples that illustrate how service exposure can be deployed in a multitude of locations, each with a different set of requirements that drive modularity and configurability needs.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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2. IP-optical convergence:
a complete solution
The shift to software-defined networking (SDN) architecture for transport networks has given
a new lease on life to the IP-over-optical solution that has been around for nearly two decades.
Converging the IP and optical network layers to centralize network control is an excellent way to
increase service velocity and lower total cost of ownership (TCO) for network operators.
changes have occurred. For example,
IProuterproductsarenowofferedwith
DWDM interfaces for aggregation and
metro networks, which reduces the
number of fibers needed to deliver
a given traffic volume. This kind of
approach has generally been referred
to as IPoDWDM – meaning DWDM
interfaces integrated into the router
line cards. As well as reducing network
complexity, this approach reduces the
need for network components such
as shelves, which in turn makes opex
reductionspossible.
Another approach to converging IP
and optical has been used on the mul-
tilayer control plane. Developments in
this area conducted by standards orga-
nizations such as IETF have resulted in
the GMPLS protocol suite1
. The proto-
cols in this suite enable automated pro-
visioningforservicesthatuseresources
be. Like many other issues that opera-
tors face today, this causes costs to rise
and lowers the ability to evolve with
changingbusinessenvironments.
The challenge – which is not entirely
new – is to bring these two transport
networkstogether.Lookingbacktothe
late 1990s, when the volumes of IP traf-
fic started to rise significantly, dense
wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM)technologyraisedthecapabil-
ity of fiber optic communications close
to their full potential. At this point, the
telecoms industry identified the need
for a way to combine IP and optical
transporttechnologies.
Protocol layering was one of the first
converged approaches that had the
right balance of traffic control, multi-
service support, payload efficiency and
low operational complexity. As a result
of this early work, several equipment
STEFAN DAHLFORT AND DIEGO CAVIGLIA
BOX A Terms and abbreviations
ASIC application-specific integrated
circuit
BGP-LS Border Gateway Protocol Link State
CPE customer premises equipment
CFP 100Gbps small form-factor
pluggable
CLI command-line interface
DWDM dense wavelength division
multiplexing
EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
EON elastic optical networks
FCAPS fault, configuration, accounting,
performance, security
FEC forward error correction
FW forwarding
GMPLS generalized multi-protocol label
switching
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IPoDWDM IP over DWDM
LH long-haul
ML multilayer
MP-BGP multi-protocol BGP
MPLS multi-protocol Label Switching
Mpx muxponder
NE network element
NMS network management system
OF OpenFlow
OM Operation and Maintenance
OLA optical line amplifier
OTN optical transport network
PCE path computation element
PCEP PCE protocol
PDEF protocol definition language
ROADM reconfigurable optical add/drop
multiplexer
SDN software-defined networking
SFP+ smallform-factorpluggableforupto
10Gbps
SR Segment Routing
TCO total cost of ownership
TDM time division multiplexing
TNC transport network controller
Tpx transponder
VPN virtual private network
VM virtual machine
WSON wavelength-switched optical
network
XFP 10Gbps small form-factor pluggable
The current SDN movement in the
telecoms industry offers a much-
needed solution to attain the high
levels of automation that modern
networks demand – for both IP
and optical systems. In parallel,
and to some extent related to
this, service providers are moving
away from the independent
operation of IP and optical
transport toward a converged
approach, with joint operation.
The problem with separate IP and opti-
cal transport networks is the unnec-
essary resource overhead it creates.
Basically,eachnetworkhasitsowncon-
trol and management mechanisms,
whichnotonlyincreasesthenumberof
resources needed to reach a given per-
formance target, but also makes net-
works more complex than they need to
2
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
Bringing it all together
3. inseveralnetworklayers,andisthefirst
standard control plane for wavelength-
switchedopticalnetworks(WSONs).
Since then, network operators have
introduced reconfigurable optical add/
drop multiplexers (ROADMs). These
components simplify the operation of
large numbers of DWDM channels and
reduce the number of signal regenera-
torsneededinmetroandcorenetworks.
To date, however, there have been
only a few deployed networks in which
control plane integration of IP rout-
ers and optical transport systems has
been implemented using DWDM and
ROADMs.Onereasonisthetypicalorga-
nizational division of IP and optical
operations. Add to this the fact that IP
routershavelimitedsupportforGMPLS
andthatdataplane(DWDMlayer)inter-
working has presented a significant
challenge. The result is low-level adop-
tionofthetechnology.
Today, the optical industry is trend-
ingtowardusingindependent100Gbps
coherent DWDM ASICs. These chips
simplify data plane interoperability (at
the DWDM layer) among the different
network element vendors – a factor of
paramount importance when it comes
tocombinedcontrol.
Closingthegap
While some steps have been made
to integrate the two transport net-
works, a fully integrated solution that
includeslogicalintegrationofallplanes
– data, control, and management – is
still needed. This article outlines such
a solution, referred to as IP-optical
convergence.
Taxonomy
BoththeIPandDWDMlayersaremulti-
domain technologies that include
variousplanes.Eachplanecanbeimple-
mented using one of several architec-
ture variants. This organization is
illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, where
Figure 1 shows the overall taxonomy,
andFigure 2detailsthedataplane.
Dataplane
In the 1980s, coherent receivers and
coherent technology were the focus of
muchstudy.Unfortunately,thetechnol-
ogynevertookoffduetothecomplexity
of polarization and phase stabilization.
Some 30 years later, however, these
initial problems have been overcome
by advanced digital signal processing,
allowing coherent technology to open
upnewwaysofutilizingthebandwidth
ofopticalfibers.
When combined with technolo-
gies such as flexible grid allocation2
,
multi-rate transmitters/receivers – as
part of elastic optical networks (EON)2
– and super-channels3
, coherent tech-
nology allows optical transmission sys-
tems to cope with increasing capacity
demand without costly upgrades to the
physicalfibernetwork.
IP and DWDMIP and DWDM
Data planeData plane Control planeControl plane Manage planeManage plane
PlanningPlanning
Data plane objects are
divided between IP and optical:
• DWDM for 10km,
100km long-haul, and 100km metro
• ROADM
IP and optical control plane
interworking:
• Peer-to-peer
• Overlay (such as UNI)
• All SDN
• Mixed
IP and optical can
be managed for FCAPS
IP and optical are planned
FIGURE 1 IP-optical taxonomy overall
Data planeData plane
DWDM
(if on IP)
DWDM
(if on IP)
XFP
SFP+
XFP
SFP+
CFPCFP Long haulLong haul
ROADMROADM
Tpx/Mpx
shelf
Tpx/Mpx
shelf
• Single NE: single management/
configuration interface, single
address, reporting and managing
via node, shelf, card or port
coordinates
• ROADM includes for example
filters and amplifier compensators
Could be single NE
Notes:Notes:
100Gbps100Gbps 100Gbps100Gbps10Gbps10Gbps
FIGURE 2 Data plane taxonomy
3
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
4. However, this integrated approach has
several disadvantages, including the
fact that long-haul optics are bulky,
power-hungry and temperature-sensi-
tive,whichimpactstherouterlinecard
densityandcapabilities.
Furthermore,amultitudeofdifferent
routerlinecardsareneededtocaterfor
many kinds of optics such as 10G, 100G
and400Gcoveringdistancesfrom10km
to over 2000km. To overcome the cost
of developing a range of different line
cards, pluggable optical modules can
be used instead. These modules come
inseveralvariantstocaterforthediffer-
entdataratesanddistances.Adrawback
of this solution, however, is that it typi-
callyoffersadvancedopticalcapabilities
laterthanispossiblewithsolutionsinte-
gratedonthelinecards.
Another level of complication is
added by the pace of evolution: packet-
forwarding hardware and fiber-optics
hardwaremaynotdevelopinasynchro-
nized manner, and so a combined card
maynotbeabletotakeadvantageofthe
mostup-to-datetechnology.
So the questions that need to be
answeredare:whenisitdesirableornec-
essary to keep operations and perhaps
ownership of IP and optical transport
separate, and when should operation
beintegrated?
From a pragmatic and a technical
point of view, the best solution would
be to integrate optics on the router line
card if doing so does not negatively
impactIProutercostorsizecapabilities,
and then use a separate optical trans-
port shelf/box for all other cases. Such
an additional box may be needed any-
way to host optical amplifiers, such as
erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA),
or Raman amplifiers for improved
reach,aswellasforDWDMmux/demux
andROADMcomponents.
For joint operation, the existence of
two boxes should not be an issue as the
separate optical transport box can be
seen as an extension of the IP router
backplane.
Figure 3illustratesbothapproaches,
where option 1 is the separated
approach and option 2 the integrated
one. The illustration shows the opti-
cal components without placing any
assumptiononhowtheyareassembled
inanactualnetworkelement.
On top of the optical transmis-
sion layer, time division multiplexing
(TDM) offers a networking tool for han-
dling traffic and the OTN framework4
offers multiplexing and framing capa-
bilities.OTNframingisactivelyusedin
transport systems as it offers increased
reach – through forward error correc-
tion(FEC)andOM.Dependingontheir
need for additional traffic handling
capabilities, operators can use OTN
switchinginadditiontowhatisoffered
by IP/MPLS; this approach balances the
need for handling capabilities against
additionalnetworkcomplexity.
Inadditiontotheseoperationalbene-
fits,IP-opticalconvergenceputsDWDM
optics directly onto router line cards.
From a technical point of view, this
integrated approach is advantageous,
asit:
removestheneedforinterconnects
betweenIProutersandopticaltransport
equipment–reducingsystem
complexity,butwithmarginaldecrease
inTCO;
reducestheoverallequipmentfootprint
andpowerconsumptionasgrayoptical
interconnectlinksareomitted;
lowersthenumberofsystem
components,whichreducestheeffort
requiredatinstallation,tomaintainthe
inventory,andtoprovidespare
componentsmanagement;
simplifiesintegrationintermsofsystem
software,controlandmanagement,as
thephysicalpiecesallresideonasingle
linecard.
Short
reach
Short
reach
Router line card: gray
IP
Transp
shelf ROADM OLA
Transponder: DWDM line card
Fabric
adapter
Network
processor
MAC/
PHY
Gray
optics
DWDM
Optics
Framer DSP
and FEC
Gray
optics
FIGURE 3
Option 1: separated IP router and DWDM optics
Router line card: DWDM long-haul
IP ROADM OLA
Fabric
adapter
Network
processor
MAC/
PHY
DWDM
Optics
Framer DSP
and FEC
Option 2: DWDM and optics integrated on router line cards
4
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
Bringing it all together
5. Controlplane
There are several ways to implement
the control plane in a converged archi-
tecture. It can be implemented as a
pure GMPLS with all the control plane
functions, signaling and routing dis-
tributed in the network. Alternatively,
the control plane can be implemented
as a centralized implementation with
centralized PCE5
, with no routing or
signalinginthenetwork.Therearesev-
eral alternative architectures between
these two extremes, as summarized in
Figure 4.
An IETF initiative, Segment Routing
(SR)6
, offers some advantages, includ-
ing operational simplification and
improvedscalability.
For a converged IP-optical control
plane in the core network, SR together
with SDN is a good solution, while for
the aggregation/metro network a sin-
gle SDN controller with standard
OpenFlowforthesouthboundinterface
isprobablybest.
Aperfectfit
By leveraging source routing and tun-
neling,SRimprovesnetworkscalability
andprovidesasetoftoolstoimplement
traffic engineering without requiring
anychangestotheMPLSdataplane.
Using SR, the ingress node basically
steers a packet through a controlled set
ofinstructions,calledsegments,bypre-
pendingthepacketwithanSRheader.
A segment can be a topological or a
service-based instruction. It can use
semantics that are local to an SR node
or use global semantics that are appli-
cable within an SR domain. Applying
SRguaranteesthatpacketsfollowapre-
determined path through any network
topology and that a given service chain
is applied while at the same time main-
taining the per-flow state at the ingress
nodeoftheSRdomain.
ThebeautyoftheSRarchitecturelies
in the fact that it can be applied to the
MPLS data plane directly without mak-
ing changes to the forwarding plane,
and requires only a minor extension to
theexistinglink-stateroutingprotocols.
As shown and summarized in
Figure 5, the centralized intelligence
ofSDNwithitsmultilayerML-PCEcapa-
bilities together with SR protocols and
architecture are the best fit for con-
verged core networks, together
FIGURE 4 Control plane taxonomy
Control planeControl plane
Overlay
(UNI)
Overlay
(UNI)
Overlay agent
(UNI)
Overlay agent
(UNI)
Virtual
node
Virtual
node
2 controllers
(if API)
2 controllers
(if API)
Single
controller
Single
controller
MRN/
MLN
MRN/
MLN
Distributed +
Distributed
Distributed +
Distributed
SR + SDNSR + SDN All SDNAll SDNDistrivuted +
SDN
Distrivuted +
SDN
Traditional
IP + UNI +
WSON
Traditional single
IGP domain
MRN/MLN
Traditional
IP + UNI + opto
SDN with
UNI agent
Traditional
IP + opto domain
is shown as an
IP node to
IP protocols
SR + opto SDN +
common orchestrator
and MLPCE
Two controllers
one for IP and
one for opto EWI
to be defined
SBI OF/proprietary
Single integrated
controller
for both IP and
opto SBI
OF/proprietary
IP/MPLS CP +
opto CP
API application programming interface
CP control plane
EWI east-west interface
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol
MLN multilayer network
MRN multi-region network
MLPCE multilayer path computation engine
OF OpenFlow
SBI southbound interface
SDN software-defined networking
SR Segment Routing
UNI User Network Interface
WSON wavelength switched optical network
L3L3L3L3
BGP-LSBGP-LS
OF/proprietaryOF/proprietary
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
Core
TNC
Core
TNC
FIGURE 5 SR and SDN in core networks
BOX B Terms and abbreviations (Figure 4)
Packetnetwork
ThepacketnetworkisanIP/MPLS
networkrunningIGPprotocolsand
enabledforsegmentrouting
Source-routedpathisdownloadedto
ingressnodeofthepacket-networkvia
PCEP
Edgerouterisconfoguredtopushaset
oftablescorrespondingtothe
downloadedpath
Packetrecoverycanbeachievedwith
bothpre-plannedprotectionandIP/
MPLSIGPrestoration
Opticalnetwork
SDNnetworkwithnocontrolplaneon
nodes
Dynamicresourceprovisioningtoreflect
packetnetworkselectedpathsandvice
versa
Opticalrecoveryisachievedviaonthefly
restoration
SingletransportSDNcontroller
Multilayerpathcomputationelement
(ML-PCE)andtrafficengineeringpolicy
5
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
6. simulated, the impact is assessed and
appropriate actions are taken to assure
that the set performance targets are
stillachievable.Figure 6illustratesthe
overall network planning cycle from
initialdeploymenttomaintenance.
Thebestwaytoplanaconvergednet-
workisadoptamultilayerapproachand
retrievedatafromthemanagementsys-
tem,fromthecontroller,orfromboth.
The result of the planning activity
can then be used to purchase any addi-
tionalequipmentneededsuchasunits,
nodes or cards, or to initiate a cycle of
networkoptimization.
Usecasesandbenefits
The main issue with dual operation
of IP and optical transport systems is
thatitcreatesanunnecessaryoverhead
in both time and resources. To a great
extent,opticaltransportlayerresources
– wavelength and spectrum – are pro-
visioned when transport bandwidth
is lacking. So, with the trigger in the
packet layer, operators can save a lot of
timebyautomatingprovisioningofthe
optical transport layer. In other words,
what is needed is an implementation
forsingle-step,multilayerprovisioning.
Usecase:timetomarket
An operator needs to provision a busi-
ness Layer 2/Layer 3 VPN service on IP
Edge on customer premises equipment
(CPE). To enable rapid provisioning in
this scenario, multilayer operation is
a requirement – separate provisioning
for each layer of the transport network
wouldsimplytaketoolong.
Usecase:planning
Multilayerplanningcansaveresources
in terms of deployed equipment, time
andexpertise.Tomaximizeequipment
savings, the path computation algo-
rithm of the planning tool should be
thesameastheoneusedbythenetwork
controller.Planningtendstobecarried
out offline using updated snapshots of
thenetwork,withcyclesrangingfroma
coupleofmonthstoseveralyears.
Usecase:optimization
Optimization is similar to planning
but is carried out online. As the net-
work evolves and becomes more com-
plex, multilayer resource optimization
can make intelligent use of resources.
withBorderGatewayProtocolwithlink-
state extensions (BGP-LS) to upload the
network and path status into the trans-
portnetworkcontroller(TNC).
Managementplane
Historically, only a few basic manage-
ment features have been included in
the IP layer, leaving the command-line
interface (CLI) to perform the major-
ity of these tasks. On the other hand,
the lower layers L0-L2 have a long his-
tory of using evolved management sys-
tems. Despite the introduction of SDN
technology as a primary way to provi-
sionandconfigurepathsandservicesin
convergednetworks,fortrueconverged
networking, a comprehensive network
management system (NMS) is still
needed. Such a management system is
akeyelementofthenetworkandshould
becapableofdealingwithallaspectsof
it–includingthecontrolplane–andbe
abletoruninrealtimewithhighlevels
ofautomationanddynamicity.
Theoperationandmaintenancefunc-
tions carried out by an NMS should, for
example, include the application of
securitymeasures,configurationtasks,
software management, performance
management, fault management
(including the control plane protection
and restoration functions performed
bytheSDNcontroller),faultcorrelation
andinventory,aswellasprovidingdata
for business-related functions such as
analyticsandbilling(BSS).
A management system that can pro-
vide a consolidated view of a network
simplifies the many types of network
operations. As such, an NMS needs to
bescalabletosupporthigh-capacitynet-
works; it needs to be highly capable to
handle complex multilayer connectiv-
ity; and it needs to be able to support
multi-vendorenvironments.
A unified NMS should provide full
network evolution support for both
existing OM features as well as new
features such as integration of multi-
standard small cells, and support for
Wi-Fi, 4GIP networks, SDN and cloud
environments.Itprovidesasingleinter-
facetonetworkelementsandmakesrel-
evant network data available through
northbound interfaces. A unified NMS
can help operators to reach set net-
work-performancetargetsandimprove
productivitybyenablingincreasedcov-
erage, more widespread automation,
highernetworkavailabilityandbysup-
porting best-in-class usability. Such
highqualityandefficientOMnotonly
reducesTCOofnetworkequipmentbut
alsohelpsimproveoperatorperception
withexistingandpotentialsubscribers.
Planning
Planning is a fundamental part of
efficient networking. It is a cyclical
process that starts with network moni-
toring:trafficmatricesand/oreventsare
Planning from
scratch
Planning from
scratch
Traffic matrixTraffic matrix
Network
topology
Network
topology
Network purchasing
and commissioning
Network purchasing
and commissioning
New traffic matrix
failure simulation
New traffic matrix
failure simulation
New network
configuration
New network
configuration
Network
comissioning
Network
comissioning
Network
snapshot
Network
snapshot
Network is up
and running
Network is up
and running
What if and
new planning
What if and
new planning
Network
purchasing
Network
purchasing
FIGURE 6 Planning cycle
6
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
Bringing it all together
7. Optimization is performed through a
specific application that sits on top of
the network controller, allowing the
carriertospecifypolicyandmetrics.
Usecase:protection/restoration
Applyingmultilayerprotection/restora-
tion removes the need to duplicate pro-
tection resources across several layers,
andeliminatestheconflictsthatariseas
aresultofprotection/restorationmech-
anisms working individually in the dif-
ferentlayers.
Overall resource availability can be
further improved by combining pro-
tection in the IP/MPLS layer – which
can be engineered for fast protection
– with restoration in the optical layer
(which is better suited for this task due
to slower ROADM switching times and
longer optical amplifier settling times
asaresultoftransients).
Usecase:calendar
Dynamic time-sharing of resources
may be of interest for, say, data-center
interconnects. These links need to sup-
portscheduledlarge-volumedatatrans-
fers but do not require permanently
assignedresources.
Convergedarchitecture
The IP-optical convergence solution
offers significant operational gains as
it permits the different layers of a net-
work to operate in a single step. This in
turnleadstoimprovedservice,reduced
time to market and optimized utiliza-
tionofresources.
The technical considerations of each
of the planes addressed in this article
aresummarizedbelow:
Dataplane
An integrated approach – optics on
router line cards – brings benefits in
termsoffewersystemcomponentsand
simplifiedsystemmanagement.
Some optical transport components
suchasROADMsandopticalamplifiers
require an additional shelf; placing the
opticalportonthesameshelfimproves
flexibilityandsupportsthecaseforsep-
arated – yet still automated and cen-
trallymanaged–optics.
Controlplane
Centralized control brings benefits in
terms of better utilization of resources
and simplified operation. The SDN
approach, combined with SR for the IP/
PMPLS layer, improves scalability and
simplifiesoperation.Well-definedappli-
cation interfaces to the controller are a
significant factor in the automation of
application resource requests – such as
theresourcestosetupaVPNwithadata
centerinterconnect.
Managementplane
A unified management system capable
of handling all the IP and transport lay-
ers and equipment end-to-end is key to
anefficientconvergednetwork.Overall,
as such networks are typically multi-
vendor, it is important that the unified
management system has support for
multi-vendorenvironments,multilayer
andmulti-domainscenarios.
The complete IP-optical convergence
solution with its architecture and key
componentsisillustratedinFigure 7.
Overall, a converged architecture
makes the most of the current indus-
try shift toward SDN, driven by a need
for lower costs, faster services, shorter
time to market as well as reduced oper-
ationalcomplexity.
Commerciallyavailablecuttingedge
IP-opticalconvergenceofferingsencom-
passemergingprotocolsuitessuchasSR
andbest-of-breedarchitecture,without
forgettingtheneedformoretraditional
tools such as planners and manage-
ment systems. The converged solution
described here has the right mix of rev-
olutionaryandtraditionalapproaches.
Such an integrated approach offers a
viablemigrationpathfromtheinstalled
base, as well as being an attractive pro-
posal for meeting the IP and transport
network requirements for the foresee-
ablefuture.
L3L3
VMVM
FWFW FWFW FWFW
VMVM VMVM
L3L3
BGP-LSBGP-LS
OF/ProprietaryOF/Proprietary
Network manager Cloud manager
PCEFPCEF
MobileMobile
ResidentalResidental
EnterpriseEnterprise
BGP-MPBGP-MP
BGP-MPBGP-MP
OpenFlow
(PK-opto)
OpenFlow
(PK-opto)
Open
Flow
Open
Flow
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
PCEP/SR
Core
TNC
Core
TNC
CMC
BDNc
CMC
BDNc
Metro
TMC
Metro
TMC
FIGURE 7 IP-optical convergence reference architecture
7
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
8. Diego Caviglia
joined Ericsson in 2005
with the Ericsson Marconi
acquisition. He is a senior
specialist at Design Unit
Broadband and IP Technology (DUIB-T)
following a long career as strategic
product manager in product line
optical. His main area of expertise lies
in control planes for transport systems
and transport networking in general.
He is now working on software-defined
networking for transport networks. He
holds an M.Sc. (1996) in electronic
engineering from the University of
Genoa, Italy.
Stefan Dahlfort
joined Ericsson in 2007
as project manager and
later unit manager for
FTTx research (2010-
2013). He led Ericsson’s research in the
area of broadband access and
transport in Silicon Valley, and has been
head of IP and Transport Technology in
Stockholm since 2013. He holds an
M.Sc. (1995) and Ph.D. (2003) in
optical networking from the Royal
Institute of Technology (KTH) in
Stockholm, Sweden.
1. IETF, 2004, RFC 3954, available at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3954.txt
2. Ming Xia, R. Proietti, Stefan Dahlfort, and S. J. B. Yoo: Split spectrum: a multi-
channel approach to elastic optical networking, Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue
28, pp. 29143-29148 (2012), available at: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/
viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-20-28-29143seq=0
3. Ericsson, October 2013, Ericsson Review, Overcoming the challenges of very
high-speed optical transmission, available at: http://www.ericsson.com/res/
thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2013/er-terabit-optical.pdf
4. ITU, Recommendation ITU-T G.709, Interfaces for the optical transport network,
(02/12), available at: http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.709/
5. IETF, 2006, RFC 4655: A Path Computation Element (PCE)- Based Architecture,
available at: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4655
6. IETF, October 2013, Internet Draft, Segment Routing Architecture, available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-filsfils-rtgwg-segment-routing-01
References
Bringing it all together
8
ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014
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ERICSSON REVIEW • MAY 28, 2014