1. Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions in living cells.
2. They are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze such as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
3. Enzyme activity is affected by factors like pH, temperature, and inhibitors. Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors bind at the active site or other regions respectively.
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
briefly describe enzyme and coenzyme and its role in many orders. Consist of enzyme nomenclature, enzyme part: prosthetic group, metalions, cofactors, and secondary substrate. Describe inhibition action.
Enzymes mechanism of action, their specificity types, active center structure and action, inhibitor types, fisher and Koshlend theory are presented. Enzymes classification, a new class of enzymes discovered recently, detailed explanation of each class reaction types is presented as well
This power-point presentation will give a complete overview about enzymes, nomenclature of enzymes. Enzymes inhibition is also covered in this ppt. Along with some basin introduction to G- protein coupled receptors is also provided.
Biological catalysts.
Protein in nature.
Catalyze chemical reactions without being changed at the end of the reaction.
Enzymes can speed up the rate of biochemical reactions in the cells.
Chemical reactions that occur within a living organism are called metabolism.
Metabolic reaction starts with the substrate and ends with product.
The molecules that are affected by enzymes are called substrates.
(E. coli has 4288 proteins, 2656 of which are characterized, and 64% (1701) of the characterized as enzymes).
Introduction, Nomenclature of enzymes, Classification of enzymes on the basis of site of action, on the reaction of catalysis and Classification depends upon substrates on they which act, Specificity of Enzymes, Active Site of An Enzyme: 1. Lock-key model 2. Induce fit model, Factors Affecting Enzymes Reaction, Enzyme 1.Inhibition Competitive inhibition, 2. Non-Competitive inhibition, Isoenzymes, Allosteric Enzymes, Co-Factors, Turnover Number of An Enzyme, Pharmaceutical Importance Of Enzymes,
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Definition
Enzymes are protein catalysts for
biochemical reactions in living cells
They are among the most remarkable
biomolecules known because of their
extraordinary specificity and catalytic
power, which are far greater than those of
man-made catalysts.
3. Naming
The name enzyme (from Greek word "in yeast")
was not used until 1877,
but much earlier it was suspected that
biological catalysts
are involved in the fermentation of sugar
to form alcohol
(hence the earlier name "ferments").
4. Naming and Classification of
Enzymes
Many enzymes have been named by adding the
suffix -ase to the name of the substrate, i.e., the
molecule on which the enzyme exerts catalytic
action.
For example, urease catalyzes hydrolysis of
urea to ammonia and CO2, arginase catalyzes
the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and
urea, and phosphatase the hydrolysis of
phosphate esters.
5. Classification of enzymes
Oxido-reductases (oxidation-reduction
reaction).
Transferases (transfer of functional groups).
Hydrolases (hydrolysis reaction).
Lyases (addition to double bonds).
Isomerases (izomerization reactions).
Ligases (formation of bonds with ATP
cleavage).
6. The structure of enzymes
Protein part + Non- protein part
Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme
Function of apoenzyme:
It is responsible for the reaction
Function of cofactor:
It is responsible for the bonds formation between
enzyme and substrate
Transfer of functional groups
Takes plase in the formation of tertiary structure of
protein part
7. Cofactor
1. Prosthetic group (when cofactor is very
tightly bound to the apoenzyme and has
small size )
2. Metal ion
3. Coenzyme(organic molecule derived
from the B vitamin which participate
directly in enzymatic reactions)
8. Prosthetic group
1. Heme group of cytochromes
2. Biothin group of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
9. Metal ions
Fe - cytochrome oxidase, catalase
Cu - cytochrome oxidase, catalase
Zn - alcohol dehydrogenase
Mg - hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase
K, Mg - pyruvate kinase
Na, K – ATP-ase
12. The Michaelis-Menten Equation
In 1913 a general theory of enzyme action and kinetics
was developed by Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten.
1. Point А.
2. Point В.
3. Point С.
13. Mechanism of enzyme reaction
1. Formation of enzyme – substrate
complex
E + S → ES
2. Conversion of the substrate to the
product
ES→ EP
3. Release of the product from the enzyme
EP → E+P
14. The Free Energy of
Activation
Before a chemical reaction can take place, the
reactants must become activated.
This needs a certain amount of energy which is
termed the energy of activation.
It is defined as the minimum amount of energy
which is required of a molecule to take part in a
reaction.
15. The Free Energy of
Activation
For example,decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide without a catalyst has an energy
activation about 18 000. When the enzyme
catalase is added, it is less than 2000.
16. The Free Energy of
Activation
The rate of the reaction is proportional to
the energy of activation:
Greater the energy of activation
Slower will be the reaction
While if the energy of activation is less,
The reaction will be faster
18. Effect of pH on Enzymatic
Activity
Most enzymes have a characteristic pH at
which their activity is maximal (pH-
optimum);
above or below this pH the activity
declines. Although the pH-activity profiles
of many enzymes are bell-shaped, they may
be very considerably in form.
20. Effect of Temperature on
Enzymatic Reactions
.The rate of enzyme catalysed reaction generally
increases with temperature range in which the
enzyme is stable. The rate of most enzymatic
reactions doubles for each 100 C rise in
temperature. This is true only up to about 500 C.
Above this temperature, we observe heat
inactivation of enzymes.
The optimum temperature of an enzyme is that
temperature at which the greatest amount of
substrate is changed in unit time.
24. Usage competitive inhibition in
medicine
The antibacterial effects of sulfanilamides
are also explained by their close
resemblance to para-amino-benzoic acid
which is a part of folic acid, an essential
normal constituent of bacterial cells. The
sulfanilamides inhibit the formation of folic
acid by bacterial cells and thus the bacterial
multiplication is prevented and they soon
die.
25. Non-competitive Inhibition
In this case, there is no structural
resemblance between the inhibitor and the
substrate. The inhibitor does not combine
with the enzyme at its active site but
combines at some other site.
E + S = ES
E + + I +I =ESI
ES S = ESI (INACTIVE COMPLEX)
27. Irreversible Inhibition
The inhibitor is covalently linked to the
enzyme.
The example:
Action of nerve gas poisons on
acetylcholinesterase,an enzyme that has an
important role in the transmission of nerve
impulse.
28. Isoenzymes
These are the enzymes from the same
organism which catalyse the same reaction
but are chemically and physically distinct
from each other.
29. Lactate dehydrogenase
It occurs in 5 possible forms in the blood
serum:
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5
30. Structure of LDH
Each contains 4 polypeptide chains which
are of 2 types: A and B which are usually
called M (muscle) and H (heart).
LDH1 –H H H H
LDH2 – H H H M
LDH3 – H H M M
LDH4 – H M M M
LDH5 – M M M M
31. Clinical importance of LDH
Acute myocardial infarction
LDH1 and LDH2
Acute liver damage
LDH4 and LDH5
32. Creatine kinase
It has 3 isoenzymes:
CK1
CK2
CK3
Clinical importance:
When patient have acute myocardial infarction
CK appears in the blood 4 to 8 hours after onset of
infarction and reaches a peak in activity after 24
hours.
33. Enzyme-Activity Units
The most widely used unit of enzyme activity is
international unit defined as that amount which
causes transformation of 1.0 mkmol of substrate
per minute at 25°C under
The specific activity is the number of enzyme units
per milligram of protein.
34. Enzyme-Activity Units
The molar or molecular activity, is the
number of substrate molecules transformed
per minute by a single enzyme molecule
The katal (abbreviated kat), defined as the
amount of enzyme that transforms 1 mol
of substrate per 1 sec.