Enzyme engineering .pdf
•
4 likes•1,609 views
This document discusses enzyme engineering and provides details on enzymes, enzyme engineering, and the objectives and methods of enzyme engineering. Enzyme engineering aims to design enzymes by changing amino acid sequences through recombinant DNA technology. The main objectives are to produce enzymes with improved properties for industrial applications, such as increased thermostability, substrate specificity, or activity in organic solvents. The two main methods for enzyme engineering are rational design, which uses structural knowledge to make targeted changes, and directed evolution, which mimics natural evolution in vitro through random mutagenesis and selection of improved enzymes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Industrial enzyme
This document discusses industrial enzymes and their production through microbial sources. It describes that enzymes can be produced from plants, animals, and microorganisms, but microbes are preferred for large-scale production due to their ability to be genetically manipulated and grown at low costs. The key steps in microbial production include identifying a suitable source microbe, inoculum preparation through screening and isolation, cultivation through solid-state or submerged fermentation, enzyme extraction from cells or culture, and purification using techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, or adsorbent gels.
Recombinant protein
The document discusses recombinant proteins, including their production through recombinant DNA technology. It describes how genes can be isolated and inserted into expression vectors, which are then transferred into host cells to produce the recombinant protein. Various methods are covered, including molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of recombinant proteins discussed include insulin, interferons, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies that are used for medical applications.
processing of recombinant proteins
it also include processing of recombinant proteins, extracellular and pericellular production of recombinant proteins
P bluescript
pBluescript is an example of a combination between plasmids and phages (phagemids).
Phagemids represent a hybrid type of class of vectors that serve to produce single-stranded DNA.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered DNA molecules that can clone and replicate large DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs contain essential yeast elements like a centromere and telomeres that allow them to behave like natural yeast chromosomes. YACs can clone very large inserts of up to 10 megabases of foreign DNA, making them useful for generating whole genome libraries.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Co integrated vector
In study of Ti plasmid based vector we study about co integrated vector and binary vector. Here i have tried to share basic about Co-integrated vector
Gene targeting and sequence tags
To modifying the structure of a specific gene.
Gene targeting vector introduced into the cell.
Vector modifies the normal chromosomal gene through homologous recombination.
Useful in treating some human genetic disorders – Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Treating human diseases by genetic approaches – Gene Therapy.
Gene Therapy – Replacing the defective gene by normal copy of the gene.
Expressed sequence tag/EST is a short partial sequence, typically 200-400 bp long, of a complimentary DNA/Cdna.
EST is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence.
Used to identify gene transcripts, and are instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination.
Approximately 74.2 million ESTs are available in public databases.
EST results from one-short sequencing of a cloned cDNA.
Low-quality fragments.
Length is approximately 500 to 800 nucleotides.
Recommended
Industrial enzyme
This document discusses industrial enzymes and their production through microbial sources. It describes that enzymes can be produced from plants, animals, and microorganisms, but microbes are preferred for large-scale production due to their ability to be genetically manipulated and grown at low costs. The key steps in microbial production include identifying a suitable source microbe, inoculum preparation through screening and isolation, cultivation through solid-state or submerged fermentation, enzyme extraction from cells or culture, and purification using techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, or adsorbent gels.
Recombinant protein
The document discusses recombinant proteins, including their production through recombinant DNA technology. It describes how genes can be isolated and inserted into expression vectors, which are then transferred into host cells to produce the recombinant protein. Various methods are covered, including molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of recombinant proteins discussed include insulin, interferons, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies that are used for medical applications.
processing of recombinant proteins
it also include processing of recombinant proteins, extracellular and pericellular production of recombinant proteins
P bluescript
pBluescript is an example of a combination between plasmids and phages (phagemids).
Phagemids represent a hybrid type of class of vectors that serve to produce single-stranded DNA.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered DNA molecules that can clone and replicate large DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs contain essential yeast elements like a centromere and telomeres that allow them to behave like natural yeast chromosomes. YACs can clone very large inserts of up to 10 megabases of foreign DNA, making them useful for generating whole genome libraries.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
Co integrated vector
In study of Ti plasmid based vector we study about co integrated vector and binary vector. Here i have tried to share basic about Co-integrated vector
Gene targeting and sequence tags
To modifying the structure of a specific gene.
Gene targeting vector introduced into the cell.
Vector modifies the normal chromosomal gene through homologous recombination.
Useful in treating some human genetic disorders – Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Treating human diseases by genetic approaches – Gene Therapy.
Gene Therapy – Replacing the defective gene by normal copy of the gene.
Expressed sequence tag/EST is a short partial sequence, typically 200-400 bp long, of a complimentary DNA/Cdna.
EST is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence.
Used to identify gene transcripts, and are instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination.
Approximately 74.2 million ESTs are available in public databases.
EST results from one-short sequencing of a cloned cDNA.
Low-quality fragments.
Length is approximately 500 to 800 nucleotides.
Cloning strategies
This document discusses various strategies for gene cloning, including:
1. Extracting target DNA from organisms and purifying it for cloning.
2. Selecting a suitable cloning vector with specific properties.
3. Introducing the target DNA into host cells using transformation methods like calcium phosphate transfection, liposome transfection, electroporation, etc.
4. Screening and identifying recombinant clones using techniques like antibiotic resistance, colorimetric assays, and nucleic acid hybridization.
Site directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific changes to the DNA sequence of a gene by altering the nucleotide sequence. It allows researchers to study the impact of mutations by changing individual bases, deleting bases, or inserting new bases. There are different methods of site-directed mutagenesis including oligonucleotide-based methods and PCR-based methods. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in research, production of desired proteins, and development of engineered proteins for commercial uses like detergents.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l5. yeast cloning vectors (1)
Yeast cloning vectors allow DNA fragments to be replicated and expressed in yeast cells. There are several types of yeast vectors including integrating plasmids (YIps) that replicate by integrating into yeast chromosomes, episomal plasmids (YEps) that replicate independently but can also integrate, and replicating plasmids (YRps) that contain an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and replicate at low copy numbers. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered chromosomes containing telomeric, centromeric, and ARS sequences that can clone very large DNA fragments of up to 3000 kb.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell)
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Transgenic and knockout mice
Transgenic Mice -General Procedure -Steps involved -Gene Knockout -Knockout mouse -Knock-in Technology
VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
Application of animal biotechnology
This document discusses various applications of animal biotechnology. It outlines how transgenic animals can be used to improve biomass production, disease resistance, recombinant vaccine development, and production of pharmaceutical proteins. Specifically, it mentions that transgenic salmon can grow up to 6 times faster than wild salmon due to a growth hormone gene insertion. It also provides examples of using transgenic cattle and goats to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk for human disease treatments.
Colony hybridisation
This document summarizes the process of colony hybridization. Colony hybridization allows researchers to select bacterial colonies containing specific genes. The procedure involves lysing bacterial colonies on a nitrocellulose filter, denaturing the DNA, and hybridizing the DNA to a labeled probe for the target gene. Unbound probe is then washed away. Where the probe binds to colonies containing the target gene, dark spots will appear on an x-ray film placed over the filter, allowing identification of recombinant colonies containing the desired gene. Colony hybridization has applications in identifying recombinant bacteria, cytogenetics studies, disease diagnosis, fingerprinting, and screening bacterial colonies.
Viral vector
This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Animal viral based vectors
Viral vectors are efficient tools for gene delivery due to viruses' ability to transfer DNA into host cells. The document discusses several types of viral vectors, including adenoviral, adeno-associated, retroviral, lentiviral, and baculovirus vectors. It provides details on the structure and genome organization of different viruses used to create these vectors. The document also explains the process of generating recombinant viral vectors by removing unnecessary viral genes and inserting genes of interest. Viral vectors allow for transient or stable gene expression and are useful for both research and clinical applications such as gene therapy and vaccine development.
Design and preparation of media for fermentation
Requirements, nutrients and the media used for fermentation technology along with optimisation is explained with the help of research papers
Ri Plasmid
The Ri plasmid is a plasmid found in Agrobacterium rhizogenes bacteria that causes hairy root disease in plants. The plasmid contains genes that allow it to integrate portions of its DNA (T-DNA regions) into the plant genome. These integrated genes cause uncontrolled root growth and the formation of hairy roots. The Ri plasmid shares similarities with the Ti plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, including virulence genes that mediate the transfer of T-DNA into plant cells and opine synthesis genes. Integration of the T-DNA from the Ri plasmid alters plant hormone production and induces hairy root formation.
Recombinant protein
The document discusses recombinant proteins, including their production through recombinant DNA technology. It describes how genes can be isolated and inserted into expression vectors, which are then transferred into host cells to produce the recombinant protein. Various methods are covered, including molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of recombinant proteins discussed include insulin, interferons, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies that are used for medical applications.
Synthesis and cloning of c dna
This document provides information about synthesizing and cloning cDNA from mRNA. It describes how cDNA libraries are constructed by isolating mRNA, synthesizing cDNA via reverse transcription, treating cDNA ends, ligating the cDNA to vectors, and transforming the vectors into host cells. The key steps include mRNA purification, first and second strand cDNA synthesis, linker ligation, vector ligation, and transformation. cDNA libraries are useful for eukaryotic gene analysis as they contain only expressed genes without introns.
Blue white screening
This document describes the blue-white screening technique for identifying recombinant bacteria. Blue-white screening relies on the activity of β-galactosidase, an enzyme in E. coli that cleaves lactose. Plasmid vectors used in cloning carry a fragment of the lacZ gene. When the plasmid inserts foreign DNA at the multiple cloning site, it disrupts lacZ and prevents complementation, so the bacteria cannot metabolize lactose and appear white on an indicator plate. If no DNA inserts or inserts elsewhere, complementation occurs and bacteria appear blue. The technique allows rapid identification of bacteria that took up recombinant plasmid.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
Industrial applications of enzymes
Enzymes are used as catalysts in many industrial applications where highly specific catalysts are needed. However, enzymes have limitations in the number of reactions they can catalyze and lack stability in some conditions. As a result, research aims to engineer new enzymes through rational design or directed evolution to create enzymes that catalyze novel reactions not found in nature. Some examples where enzymes are used industrially include food processing, brewing, dairy production, biofuels, detergents, and molecular biology.
Restriction endonucleases
This document discusses restriction enzymes, including their discovery, types, subunits, nomenclature, recognition sequences, properties, and applications. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types - Type I cut DNA randomly, Type II cut within or near their recognition sequences, and Type III cut nearby. They are used in gene cloning, protein expression, DNA manipulation, and studying DNA sequences.
Chemical method of transformation
Chemical method of transformation- calcium chloride mediated, Liposome mediated and PEG mediated transformation
Enzyme engineering by tamizh
This document summarizes enzyme engineering. Enzyme engineering is the process of designing enzymes by changing the amino acid sequence through recombinant DNA technology. This allows modifying enzyme properties for industrial and other applications, such as improved kinetics, thermostability or pH suitability. There are two main methods - rational design which uses structural knowledge to make specific changes, and directed evolution which mimics natural evolution in vitro through random mutagenesis and selection to evolve enzymes with desired properties.
Engineered enzymes and their applicationsppt.pptx
Engeenierd enzymes which are synthesized by humans and their application
Protein Engineering.pptx
Protein engineering is the process of designing new proteins or enzymes with desirable functions. It involves modifying amino acid sequences through methods like site-directed and random mutagenesis, as well as recombinant DNA technology. The goal is to produce proteins in large quantities, or create enzymes with improved properties like thermal stability, activity in non-aqueous solvents, or altered substrate binding. Protein engineering has applications in pharmaceuticals, food/detergent industries, environmental remediation, and other areas.
More Related Content
What's hot
Cloning strategies
This document discusses various strategies for gene cloning, including:
1. Extracting target DNA from organisms and purifying it for cloning.
2. Selecting a suitable cloning vector with specific properties.
3. Introducing the target DNA into host cells using transformation methods like calcium phosphate transfection, liposome transfection, electroporation, etc.
4. Screening and identifying recombinant clones using techniques like antibiotic resistance, colorimetric assays, and nucleic acid hybridization.
Site directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific changes to the DNA sequence of a gene by altering the nucleotide sequence. It allows researchers to study the impact of mutations by changing individual bases, deleting bases, or inserting new bases. There are different methods of site-directed mutagenesis including oligonucleotide-based methods and PCR-based methods. Site-directed mutagenesis has applications in research, production of desired proteins, and development of engineered proteins for commercial uses like detergents.
Lectut btn-202-ppt-l5. yeast cloning vectors (1)
Yeast cloning vectors allow DNA fragments to be replicated and expressed in yeast cells. There are several types of yeast vectors including integrating plasmids (YIps) that replicate by integrating into yeast chromosomes, episomal plasmids (YEps) that replicate independently but can also integrate, and replicating plasmids (YRps) that contain an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) and replicate at low copy numbers. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are engineered chromosomes containing telomeric, centromeric, and ARS sequences that can clone very large DNA fragments of up to 3000 kb.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell)
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Transgenic and knockout mice
Transgenic Mice -General Procedure -Steps involved -Gene Knockout -Knockout mouse -Knock-in Technology
VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
Application of animal biotechnology
This document discusses various applications of animal biotechnology. It outlines how transgenic animals can be used to improve biomass production, disease resistance, recombinant vaccine development, and production of pharmaceutical proteins. Specifically, it mentions that transgenic salmon can grow up to 6 times faster than wild salmon due to a growth hormone gene insertion. It also provides examples of using transgenic cattle and goats to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk for human disease treatments.
Colony hybridisation
This document summarizes the process of colony hybridization. Colony hybridization allows researchers to select bacterial colonies containing specific genes. The procedure involves lysing bacterial colonies on a nitrocellulose filter, denaturing the DNA, and hybridizing the DNA to a labeled probe for the target gene. Unbound probe is then washed away. Where the probe binds to colonies containing the target gene, dark spots will appear on an x-ray film placed over the filter, allowing identification of recombinant colonies containing the desired gene. Colony hybridization has applications in identifying recombinant bacteria, cytogenetics studies, disease diagnosis, fingerprinting, and screening bacterial colonies.
Viral vector
This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Animal viral based vectors
Viral vectors are efficient tools for gene delivery due to viruses' ability to transfer DNA into host cells. The document discusses several types of viral vectors, including adenoviral, adeno-associated, retroviral, lentiviral, and baculovirus vectors. It provides details on the structure and genome organization of different viruses used to create these vectors. The document also explains the process of generating recombinant viral vectors by removing unnecessary viral genes and inserting genes of interest. Viral vectors allow for transient or stable gene expression and are useful for both research and clinical applications such as gene therapy and vaccine development.
Design and preparation of media for fermentation
Requirements, nutrients and the media used for fermentation technology along with optimisation is explained with the help of research papers
Ri Plasmid
The Ri plasmid is a plasmid found in Agrobacterium rhizogenes bacteria that causes hairy root disease in plants. The plasmid contains genes that allow it to integrate portions of its DNA (T-DNA regions) into the plant genome. These integrated genes cause uncontrolled root growth and the formation of hairy roots. The Ri plasmid shares similarities with the Ti plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, including virulence genes that mediate the transfer of T-DNA into plant cells and opine synthesis genes. Integration of the T-DNA from the Ri plasmid alters plant hormone production and induces hairy root formation.
Recombinant protein
The document discusses recombinant proteins, including their production through recombinant DNA technology. It describes how genes can be isolated and inserted into expression vectors, which are then transferred into host cells to produce the recombinant protein. Various methods are covered, including molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction. Examples of recombinant proteins discussed include insulin, interferons, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies that are used for medical applications.
Synthesis and cloning of c dna
This document provides information about synthesizing and cloning cDNA from mRNA. It describes how cDNA libraries are constructed by isolating mRNA, synthesizing cDNA via reverse transcription, treating cDNA ends, ligating the cDNA to vectors, and transforming the vectors into host cells. The key steps include mRNA purification, first and second strand cDNA synthesis, linker ligation, vector ligation, and transformation. cDNA libraries are useful for eukaryotic gene analysis as they contain only expressed genes without introns.
Blue white screening
This document describes the blue-white screening technique for identifying recombinant bacteria. Blue-white screening relies on the activity of β-galactosidase, an enzyme in E. coli that cleaves lactose. Plasmid vectors used in cloning carry a fragment of the lacZ gene. When the plasmid inserts foreign DNA at the multiple cloning site, it disrupts lacZ and prevents complementation, so the bacteria cannot metabolize lactose and appear white on an indicator plate. If no DNA inserts or inserts elsewhere, complementation occurs and bacteria appear blue. The technique allows rapid identification of bacteria that took up recombinant plasmid.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
Industrial applications of enzymes
Enzymes are used as catalysts in many industrial applications where highly specific catalysts are needed. However, enzymes have limitations in the number of reactions they can catalyze and lack stability in some conditions. As a result, research aims to engineer new enzymes through rational design or directed evolution to create enzymes that catalyze novel reactions not found in nature. Some examples where enzymes are used industrially include food processing, brewing, dairy production, biofuels, detergents, and molecular biology.
Restriction endonucleases
This document discusses restriction enzymes, including their discovery, types, subunits, nomenclature, recognition sequences, properties, and applications. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types - Type I cut DNA randomly, Type II cut within or near their recognition sequences, and Type III cut nearby. They are used in gene cloning, protein expression, DNA manipulation, and studying DNA sequences.
Chemical method of transformation
Chemical method of transformation- calcium chloride mediated, Liposome mediated and PEG mediated transformation
Enzyme engineering by tamizh
This document summarizes enzyme engineering. Enzyme engineering is the process of designing enzymes by changing the amino acid sequence through recombinant DNA technology. This allows modifying enzyme properties for industrial and other applications, such as improved kinetics, thermostability or pH suitability. There are two main methods - rational design which uses structural knowledge to make specific changes, and directed evolution which mimics natural evolution in vitro through random mutagenesis and selection to evolve enzymes with desired properties.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Enzyme engineering .pdf
Engineered enzymes and their applicationsppt.pptx
Engeenierd enzymes which are synthesized by humans and their application
Protein Engineering.pptx
Protein engineering is the process of designing new proteins or enzymes with desirable functions. It involves modifying amino acid sequences through methods like site-directed and random mutagenesis, as well as recombinant DNA technology. The goal is to produce proteins in large quantities, or create enzymes with improved properties like thermal stability, activity in non-aqueous solvents, or altered substrate binding. Protein engineering has applications in pharmaceuticals, food/detergent industries, environmental remediation, and other areas.
Enzymology
Meta-genomics is the application of modern genomics techniques to the study of communities of microbial organisms directly in their natural environments, bypassing the need for isolation and lab cultivation of individual species”
4 . Brief introduction to protein engineering.pptx
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structures using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve desired functions. It aims to develop useful proteins for applications in medicine, industry, and agriculture. Key techniques include rational design, site-directed mutagenesis to introduce specific amino acid changes, and chemical modification to alter functional groups or replace parts of proteins. The goal is to create proteins with increased stability, catalytic efficiency, and other improved properties for uses such as cancer treatment, producing therapeutic proteins, and applications in the food and detergent industries.
Directed evolution
This document discusses directed evolution, which mimics natural selection to evolve proteins or nucleic acids towards a defined goal. It does not create new organisms and focuses on specific molecular properties. The process involves randomly mutating a gene of interest, generating a library of variants, screening or selecting for desired properties, and repeating rounds of mutation and selection until the goal is achieved. Directed evolution was first used in the 1970s and has since advanced protein engineering techniques. It provides a way to customize protein reactions and improve properties like yield, substrate specificity, and stability.
Seminar sandy
Protein engineering is the modification of proteins using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve a desired function. It involves disciplines like molecular biology, protein chemistry, and structural biology. The objectives are to create superior enzymes for industrial use, produce biological compounds in large quantities, and develop more potent pharmaceuticals. Key methods are genetic modification techniques like mutagenesis and gene cloning to alter stability and activity, as well as chemical modifications like PEGylation to increase enzyme half-life. Significant progress has been made in engineering proteins like insulin, interferon, and antibodies for improved properties.
Protein Engineering.pptx Biotechnology class
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to produce desirable functions. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for specific applications, produce enzymes and biological compounds in large quantities, and create compounds superior to natural ones. Protein engineering aims to alter properties like kinetic properties, thermostability, pH and temperature tolerance, substrate specificity, and molecular weight to optimize enzymes for industrial uses. Key methods for protein engineering include mutagenesis, gene modification using oligonucleotides or de novo gene synthesis, and chemical modification like PEG conjugation. Several proteins have been successfully engineered including insulin and cytochrome c.
Artificial enzymes presentation.pptx
An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that mimics one or more functions of an enzyme.
Molecules are designed and modified to achieve some desirable features of enzymes.
Protein engineering has been developed to design and synthesize molecules with the attributes of enzymes for non-natural reactions.
They have a molecular weight of less than 2000 Dalton.
They have the ability to stabilize at a higher temperature.
They are also known as synzymes or enzyme mimics.
Protein engineering saurav
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to improve function for use in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for specific chemical production, produce enzymes in large quantities, and produce superior biological compounds. Protein engineering aims to alter properties like kinetic properties, thermostability, stability in nonaqueous solvents, substrate specificity, and cofactor requirements to meet industrial needs. Common methods for protein engineering include mutagenesis, selection, and recombinant DNA technology.
Metabolic engineering ppt
This document discusses metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering modifies cellular properties through recombinant DNA technology to alter metabolic pathways for production of chemicals, fuels, pharmaceuticals and medicine. It requires overexpression or downregulation of proteins in pathways so cells produce new products. The first step is understanding the host cell environment for genetic modifications, and the effect of modifications on growth should be examined. Genetic manipulation may negatively impact metabolic burden. Metabolic engineering is used to produce various compounds through methods like eliminating competing pathways, expressing foreign enzymes, and optimizing cofactors like NAD+/NADH.
proteinengineering-saurav-110510012515-phpapp02 (1).pdf
This seminar discusses protein engineering, which modifies protein structure using recombinant DNA or chemical treatment. The objectives are to create superior enzymes for industrial chemical production and drugs. Proteins must be robust, stable under industrial conditions, and efficiently use non-natural substrates. Protein engineering aims to alter properties like kinetics, thermostability, pH and substrate optimization. It involves studying protein structures, using mutagenesis, selection and recombinant DNA to achieve desired functions.
Metabolic engineering
This document discusses metabolic engineering and summarizes key points about manipulating metabolic pathways in organisms. Metabolic engineering involves genetically modifying organisms to modulate their metabolism and produce desired products. It can be done by directly manipulating genes encoding enzymes in pathways or indirectly altering regulatory pathways. The document outlines several approaches to metabolic engineering, including overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes, inhibiting competing pathways, and expressing heterologous genes from other organisms. It also summarizes applications of metabolic engineering for producing amino acids, antibiotics, and manipulating plant metabolism to create foods with improved nutrients or biofuel properties.
Protein engineering
Protein engineering is a branch of biotechnology that modifies protein structure using genetic engineering techniques. The goals of protein engineering include developing proteins with useful functions for medicine, industry, and agriculture by making targeted changes to amino acids based on a protein's 3D structure. Common methods for protein engineering include site-directed mutagenesis and evolutionary methods involving random mutagenesis and selection. Proteome analysis studies all the proteins expressed by a genome at a given time using techniques like protein isolation, separation by SDS-PAGE or IEF, and identification through mass spectrometry.
Protein engineering
This document discusses protein engineering and methods to improve protein stability. It begins by defining protein engineering as modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve desirable functions. The objectives of protein engineering are outlined, such as creating superior enzymes for industrial use. Methods of protein engineering discussed include mutagenesis and gene modification techniques. Strategies to increase protein stability through additions like disulfide bonds or changes to amino acids are also presented. The document provides examples of protein engineering applications in medicine, industry and agriculture.
Directed Enzyme Evolution
Directed enzyme evolution is a technique that mimics natural selection to engineer proteins. It involves introducing random mutations into genes and screening proteins for modified activity. The key steps are selecting a gene, creating a library of mutant genes through error-prone PCR or other mutagenesis methods, expressing the proteins, and selecting variants with improved properties. Examples where directed evolution has been applied include improving the activity of enzymes used in producing the antibiotic cephalosporin and in the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin. The goal is to leverage natural selection to develop enzymes with desired industrial applications like increased stability, activity, or substrate specificity.
Protein Engineering.pptx
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve a desired function. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for producing specific chemicals, produce enzymes in large quantities, and produce biological compounds superior to natural ones. Key properties that can be engineered include kinetic properties, thermostability, stability in nonaqueous solvents, substrate specificity, cofactor requirements, optimum pH, molecular weight, and subunit structure. Common protein engineering methods are mutagenesis, selection, and using recombinant DNA technology.
Applications of enzymes_in_pharmaceutica
Enzymes are specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. They have four main uses: analytical, to detect substances like glucose; manipulative, to improve enzyme properties; therapeutic, as supplements or drugs to treat conditions; and industrial, in production of drugs and other compounds. Pharmaceutical enzymes are administered in small doses to avoid side effects, but they can still cause minor to severe side effects depending on the individual and enzyme. Overall, enzymes have many valuable applications in medicine due to their catalytic activity.
Directed Evolution
This document provides an outline for a presentation on directed evolution. It discusses the process of directed evolution, which involves randomly introducing mutations at the genetic level followed by selection of variants with desired protein characteristics. The document also covers types of mutations, naturally evolutionary processes like random mutagenesis and gene recombination that directed evolution mimics, library size, selection and screening strategies, applications, and advantages of directed evolution over rational design.
Objectives Of Protein Engineerihg BY Akash Das
This PPT is all about Objectives of protein Engineerihg
Contact: 9051573288 , ad572886@gmail.com
Akash Das BMRIT 2nd Year
strain improvement.pdf
This document discusses techniques for strain improvement in microbiology. It describes the ideal characteristics of microbial strains, the purpose of strain improvement, and three main approaches: mutant selection through chemical or radiation mutagenesis, recombination through techniques like transformation and conjugation, and recombinant DNA technology. Novel technologies discussed include metabolic engineering and genome shuffling. Applications include production of medicines, enzymes, and other products.
Similar to Enzyme engineering .pdf (20)
4 . Brief introduction to protein engineering.pptx
4 . Brief introduction to protein engineering.pptx
proteinengineering-saurav-110510012515-phpapp02 (1).pdf
proteinengineering-saurav-110510012515-phpapp02 (1).pdf
More from AnukrittiMehra
Apoptosis- p53 The guardian of the cell involved in Intrinsic Pathway of Apop...
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. A presentation was given on apoptosis by Anukritti Mehra, a student in the MSc. Biotechnology program at an unknown university. The presentation provided an overview of apoptosis and was presented by Anukritti Mehra with a student roll number of BT 2204.
Transposons is.pptx
This document discusses chromatin and transposable genetic elements. It defines chromatin as a combination of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division in eukaryotes. It is located in the cell nucleus and functions to compact DNA. The document also defines transposable elements as mobile genetic sequences that can move within and between genomes. It describes different types of transposable elements found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, such as insertion sequences, transposons, Ty elements, SINEs, and LINEs. These elements can cause genetic changes by inserting into genes or regulatory sequences.
chromatinstructure-180422081959 2.pdf
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins. It exists in two forms: euchromatin, which is loosely coiled and transcriptionally active, and heterochromatin, which is tightly packed and generally inactive. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which further coil to form a 30nm fiber. The 30nm fiber then loops and folds at increasing levels of compaction to ultimately form condensed metaphase chromosomes.
Histone core.pdf
Histones are highly alkaline proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes and chromatin. There are two main types of histones - core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) and linker histones (H1, H5). Core histones assemble into an octamer that DNA wraps around to form the nucleosome. Linker histones sit on top of the nucleosome and help compact DNA further. Histones can undergo modifications like methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation that affect how tightly DNA is packaged and gene expression. They play a key role in compacting DNA and regulating chromatin structure and transcription.
Transposons is.pptx
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It functions to compact DNA into chromosomes. Chromatin is made up of nucleosomes, which consist of DNA wound around histone proteins. Nucleosomes can further condense to form chromatin fibers. During cell division, chromatin condenses even further to form chromosomes. Chromatin is involved in processes like DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. There are two main types: euchromatin, which decondenses during interphase, and heterochromatin, which remains condensed. Transposable elements are DNA sequences that can change positions within a genome. They are found in both prokaryotes and eukary
PCR types.pdf
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR), its history, the basic steps and components involved. PCR is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling. It allows for exponential amplification of DNA, enabling small amounts of genetic material to be analyzed. The document outlines the key aspects of setting up a PCR reaction and factors important for optimal results such as primer design, annealing temperature and polymerase used. Several types of PCR are also described briefly, including real-time PCR, asymmetric PCR and nested PCR.
trnspsns-170820132104.pdf
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s while studying maize. Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within genomes. There are two classes - Class 1 retrotransposons copy themselves via an RNA intermediate while Class 2 DNA transposons cut and paste themselves directly. Transposons make up a large percentage of many genomes and can cause mutations but also contribute to genome evolution and diversity.
Transposons is.pptx
Transposable elements are mobile genetic elements that can move within genomes. They are found universally in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. There are two classes - those that directly cut and paste DNA, and retrotransposons that use an RNA intermediate and reverse transcriptase. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in corn in the 1940s-1950s, showing the Ac autonomous element controls movement of the non-autonomous Ds element, causing color patterns in kernels. Transposable elements can impact genes by inserting into or near them, and have played an important role in genome evolution.
cellmediatedimmunity-181225200148.pdf
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells responding to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. When antigens are presented to helper T cells by antigen-presenting cells, it activates the helper T cells and various immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity defends against infections by viruses, fungi, and some bacteria through T cell-mediated responses rather than antibodies.
1 ppt copy.pptx
This document provides an introduction to foodborne pathogens written by Anima Verma, an MSc student of Biotechnology. It discusses various bacterial, viral and toxic infections that can be transmitted through food, including Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, E. coli, Hepatitis A, and toxins produced by algae. It emphasizes the importance of proper hygiene, cooking, storage and handling of food to prevent contamination and transmission of foodborne illnesses.
Presentationof.pptx
The document discusses various methods for culturing microorganisms, including isolating them from samples, obtaining pure cultures, and determining their properties and antibiotic sensitivities. It describes several techniques for inoculating microbes into culture media, such as pipetting, loop inoculation, streaking, stabbing, swabbing, pouring plates, and spreading. These include methods for both liquid and solid media and for culturing aerobically or anaerobically.
Collagen -Structure and Function
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and provides structure and strength to connective tissues. There are many types of collagen with Type I, II, III, IV being most prevalent. Collagen forms fibrils and fibers through a unique triple helical structure stabilized by cross-linking. Genetic defects in collagen synthesis can lead to disorders of the skin, bones, blood vessels and other tissues. Common collagen-related diseases include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Alport syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Collagen has many industrial and medical uses including in food products, cosmetics, and reconstructive surgeries.
NMR spectroscopy
Krishna Tripathi presented on NMR spectroscopy. The presentation covered the basic principles of NMR, including spin quantum number, resonance frequency, chemical shifts, and factors that influence chemical shifts. It also discussed instrumentation, relaxation processes, coupling constants, and applications of NMR including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and electron nuclear double resonance. The presentation provided an overview of the key concepts and applications of NMR spectroscopy.
metabolismoflipoproteins-170224153001 2.pdf
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in blood plasma. There are five major classes of lipoproteins - chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), and free fatty acid-albumin. They differ in their lipid and protein composition and function to transport lipids between tissues and the liver. Genetic defects in lipoprotein metabolism can result in various hyperlipoproteinemias or hypolipoproteinemias.
sequencingofprotein-151207051238-lva1-app6891.pdf
The document discusses protein sequencing techniques. It begins with an introduction to proteins and protein sequencing. The history of protein sequencing is then outlined, including early work by Edman and Sanger. Methods for determining amino acid composition through hydrolysis, separation, and analysis are described. The mechanisms of Sanger's method using dinitrophenyl reagents and Edman degradation using phenylisothiocyanate are explained. Applications and limitations of protein sequencing are mentioned, along with relevant institutes in India and abroad. The conclusion restates that protein sequencing provides information on structure and function by determining amino acid sequence.
biosynthesisof-190408140232.pdf
This document discusses the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It explains that purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert simple precursors into the complex purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The salvage pathway recovers bases and nucleotides formed during RNA and DNA degradation. The document provides detailed steps for purine biosynthesis and synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP. It also briefly discusses pyrimidine biosynthesis and inhibitors of purine synthesis.
microbiology.pdf
This document provides an introduction to foodborne pathogens and diseases. It discusses several bacterial pathogens that produce toxins causing illness, including Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium botulinum. It also covers several foodborne infections caused by ingesting pathogenic microbes such as Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and E. coli. Other sections discuss toxic infections caused by enterotoxins, naturally occurring toxicants like Lathyrism, and the epidemiology and economic costs of foodborne diseases in India.
Bacterial culture.pptx
The document discusses various methods for culturing microorganisms, including isolating them from samples, obtaining pure cultures, and determining their properties and antibiotic sensitivities. It describes several techniques for inoculating microbes, such as pipetting, loop inoculation, streaking, stabbing, swabbing, pouring plates, and spreading, with each suited to different purposes like increasing numbers, isolating pure cultures, or studying growth and motility. Anaerobic cultivation methods like using anaerobic jars or candle jars are also mentioned.
Enzyme classification
The document describes IntEnz, an integrated relational enzyme database maintained by EBI. It provides information on the history and development of enzyme classification systems, an overview of the content and features of IntEnz, including browsing and searching enzyme entries which contain the official enzyme nomenclature from NC-IUBMB along with other linked data. IntEnz data can be accessed and downloaded in several formats.
More from AnukrittiMehra (19)
Apoptosis- p53 The guardian of the cell involved in Intrinsic Pathway of Apop...
Apoptosis- p53 The guardian of the cell involved in Intrinsic Pathway of Apop...
Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. 11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Enzyme engineering .pdf
- 1. ENZYME ENGINEERING PRESENTED BY: K.TAMILMUHILAN, I M.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY, ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY.
- 2. CONTENT Enzymes Enzyme Engineering Introduction Objective Steps Involved Types and methods
- 3. ENZYMES Enzymes create chemical reaction in body. They actually speed up the rate of a chemical reaction to support life. The enzymes in your body perform very important tasks. Building muscles Destroying toxins Breaking down food particles during digestion An enzymes shape is tied to its function. Heat, disease or harsh chemical conditions can damage enzymes and change their shapes. When this happens, enzyme cannot work anymore.
- 4. ENZYME ENGINEERING Enzyme engineering is the process of designing enzyme by changing the sequence of amino acids through recombinant DNA technology. These products will be useful as chemical , pharmaceutical, fuel, food or agricultural additives. Since enzymes are proteins, enzyme engineering is a part of the larger activity of protein engineering. Enzyme engineering utilizes r-DNA technology to introduce the desired changes in amino acid sequences of enzymes
- 5. OBJECTIVES OF ENZYME ENGINEERING The chief objective of enzyme engineering is to produce an enzyme that is more useful for industrial and other applications. The various properties of an enzyme that may be modified to achieve this objective are as follows :- Improved kinetic properties. Elimination of allosteric regulation. Enhanced substrate and reaction specificity. Increased thermo stability. Alteration in optimal pH. Suitability for use in organic solvents. Increased/decreased optimal temperature.
- 6. Steps involved in Enzyme Engineering
- 8. METHODS: There are two general strategies for enzyme engineering: Rational design Directed evolution
- 9. RATIONAL DESIGN It is the earlier approach to enzyme engineering and still is widely used. In rational design, scientist uses detailed knowledge of structure and function of a protein to make desired changes. In general, it has a advantage of being inexpensive and technically easy. However, the major drawback is that a detailed structural knowledge of enzyme is often unavailable. Even when available, it can be very difficult to predict the effects of various mutations since structural information most often provide a static picture of enzyme structure. Two methods in rational design Overlap extension Whole plasmid single round PCR
- 11. DIRECTED EVOLUTION: Also termed In vitro evolution Directed molecular evolution Acceleration evolution Directed evolution(DE) encompasses several molecular techniques that mimic the process of Darwinian evolution in vitro, by combining random mutagenesis or recombinant Technology. It does not uses structural data of enzyme, other than its functional properties and its corresponding DNA sequence. DE is sometimes referred to irrational or semi-rational design.
- 12. Directed evolution Mimick recombination: DNA shuffling With restriction enzymes: 1. Digest family of related genes 2. DNA ligase to join fragments 3. Chimeric genes
- 13. THANK YOU😉