The document discusses environmental monitoring methods including ground-based sampling and measurements, model-based monitoring, and satellite-based monitoring. It describes several techniques for monitoring different types of air and water pollution such as electrochemical analysis, absorption spectroscopy, and biological monitoring. Specific methods are outlined for monitoring nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone. Ground-based, direct monitoring techniques are contrasted with mathematical modeling approaches.

1. Satellite & Ground Based
Environment Monitoring
Part-I
1
By Arup Das
Asstt. Prof.
Deptt. Of Zoology, USTM
9101878176 / arupn8@gmail.com

2. Atmosphere
What is Environment?
WATER
ENVIRONMENT
LAND

3. Environmental Monitoring Activities
• Environmental Pollution Monitoring
(Air, Noise, Water, Soil etc)
• Environmental Planning & Management
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Environmental Audit of Industrial Units
• Initial Environmental Examination• Initial Environmental Examination
• Stack Emission Monitoring
• Plume Dispersion Modeling
• Effluent Laboratory Testing
• Forest Mapping
• Natural & manmade hazards monitoring & mapping

4. Environment Monitoring Methods
 GroundGround--based Sampling and Measurementsbased Sampling and Measurements
 ModelModel--based Monitoringbased Monitoring
 Satellite based MonitoringSatellite based Monitoring
4

5. Pollution HarboringPollution Harboring
PollutionPollution
AirAir WaterWater LandLand
5
AirAir WaterWater LandLand
Noise Pollution: production of
unwanted sounds that
are annoying, distracting
or damaging to one’s
hearing.

8. Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate
matter, or biological materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or
damages the natural environment into the atmosphere

9. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUESASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
• Direct Monitoring
• Mathematical Modeling
9

10. Direct Monitoring TechniquesDirect Monitoring Techniques
Electrochemical analysis
Absorption spectroscopy
ICP emission spectroscopy
Ion chromatography
10
Liquid chromatography.
Gas chromatography.
Mass Spectrometry
Biological Monitoring of pollutants.

11. Monitoring NOMonitoring NO22
• Chemiluminescence Method
• Christie Arsenite Method
• Diffusion Tube Method
• Differential Optical Absorption
11
• Differential Optical Absorption
• Spectroscopy Method

12. Method:
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air are
determined by photometrically measuring the light intensity, at
wavelenghts greater than 600 nm, resulting from the
chemiluminescent reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with ozone (o3). NO2 is
first quantitatively reduced to NO by a converter.
Nitrogen dioxide NONitrogen dioxide NO22
ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence MethodMethod
12
The NO, which commonly exist in association with NO2, passes through
the converter unchanged, resulting in a total nitrogen oxide (NOx)
concentration of NO plus NO2.
A Portion of the ambient air is also reacted with O3 without having
passes through the converter, and the NO concentration is measured.
This value is subtracted from the NOx concentration yielding the
concentration of NO2. The analyzer actually measures the NO
concentration of air. This is determined by measuring the light emitted
when NO is reacted with O3 (The O3 generated within the Instrument).

13. • Chemiluminescence's Method
• Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Method
• Infra-red Absorption Method and
OzoneOzone is also measured by these methodsis also measured by these methods
13
• Electrochemical Cell Method.

14. Beta-Gauge Method
Particulate matter is collected on high efficiency glass fiber
filter tape, through which the sample air is drawn. The
filter tape runs between a radioactive source (emitting B -
radiation ) and a detection device. The mass of particulate
is estimated from the observed absorption of B – radiation.
Particulates Matter
14
Smoke Shade Reflections Method
Particulate matter is collected by drawing air through a
filter. The concentration is then inferred from the light
reflectance of the darkened filter.
The method is not strictly a measure of total suspended
particulates. It actually measures ‘ smoke’ and indicate
elemental carbon content of air.

15. Particulate matter is collected by drawing air through
a filter. The mass concentration of TSP in the ambient
air is computed as the total mass of collected particles
divided by the volume of air sample, and is expressed
in micrograms per cubic meter.
Total Suspended Particulates
Hi-Volume Sample Method
15
in micrograms per cubic meter.
TSP= (Wf-Wi)106 =ug/m3
V
V = Qact x (24Hours) 60 min/hr
Qact = Initial flow rate= Final flow rate
2
Sampling Period: The Sampling Period is 24 hours.
Interference : Interference can occur from gases

16. BASIC COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
 FILTER HOLDER
 DIGITAL TIMER
PROGRAMMER/FLOW
CONTROLLER
 BLOWER MOTOR
 FLOW METER
High Volume SamplerHigh Volume Sampler
16

17. Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Toxic to all humans and animals.
CO binds to hemoglobin in place of oxygen
Affinity for CO ~ 200x higher than for O2 which
result in:
CO is Colorless, odorless gas. Formed when carbon fuel is not burned
completely. Contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone
17
result in:
• risk of heart attacks
• brain damage, unconsciousness etc.
SourcesSources
• The major source of atmospheric CO is the spark ignition
combustion engine especially under idling and deceleration
conditions.
• Smaller contributions from all other processes involving the
combustion of organic matter (in power stations, industry, waste
incineration).

18. Sulfur Dioxide (SOSulfur Dioxide (SO22))
Characteristics:Characteristics:
A colorless gas with a strong, suffocating odor.
Health effects:Health effects:
Throat and lung irritation, swelling and accumulation of fluid in throat
and lungs or nasal bleeding.
18
Contributes:Contributes:
It is a major component of acid rain, acidic aerosol or acidic fog
Major Sources:Major Sources:
It comes from the burning of coal and oil, Coal-burning stoves
Power plants, Industries, Refineries and Vehicles

19. Nitrogen Oxides (NONitrogen Oxides (NOxx))
CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: A poisonous, reddish-brown to dark brown gas with an
irritating odor
Health Effects:Health Effects: Nose and throat irritation, coughing, choking, headache,
nausea, stomach or chest pains and lung inflammation such as bronchitis or
pneumonia.
Contributes:Contributes: Play a major role in the formation of ozone, PM, haze
and acid rain, Important component of photochemical smog, Forms
19
and acid rain, Important component of photochemical smog, Forms
from combustion at high temperatures
Major SourcesMajor Sources
Mobile – Automobiles, Stationary – Power plants, home heaters, gas
stoves, Formation reduced by low-temperature combustion

20. OzoneOzone
Where can it be found?Where can it be found?
• Stratosphere - protects us from UV rays of the sun
“good” ozone
• Troposphere - ground-level ozone - the air we
breathe - “bad” ozone
Sources:Sources:
20
Sources:Sources:
Most of the O3 in the troposphere is formed
indirectly by the action of sunlight on nitrogen
dioxide
• Air emissions from industry
• Motor vehicle exhaust
• Gasoline vapors
• Chemical solvents

21. End of Part-I
21