Preliminary Outdoor Air Pollution Study

1. OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
STUDY
(NOIDA CITY)
Department of Environmental Engineering
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Gautam Buddha University

2. • While large-scale industrialization increases the production of material
goods and urbanization creates mega cities, the ill effects of these
activities are reflected in the form of various environmental problems.
• Air pollution occurs when there is presence in or introduction into the air
of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects. It is the
introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful
materials into the Earth's atmosphere.
• Among the different types of air pollutants (Solid, Liquid, Gases),
suspended particulate matter (SPM), especially Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM), is recognized as the most important in terms of
health effects.
2
INTRODUCTION

3. 3
Pollutant Sources Properties Effects
Sox Volcanoes & hot springs. Coal
combustion, ore refining,
chemical manufacturing.
S02 is a colorless gas
with a pungent,
irritating odor & taste.
Irritates the throat and
lungs, can damage a
person's respiratory
system.
Nox Bacterial processes, biological
growth and decay & forest fires.
Burning of fossil fuels.
Reddish-brown gas with
a pungent odor. Absorbs
light & leads to the
yellow-brown haze.
Can damage sensitive
lung tissue. Respiratory
diseases-emphysema or
bronchitis.
SPM Automobiles, soil dust,
woodstoves, power plants, etc.
Present in the
atmosphere both as
solid particles and liquid
droplets.
Causing shortness of
breath, Straining the
heart.
RSPM Contain dust from roads &
industries as well as particles
formed under combustion.
Has a 50 percent
penetration at 10
micron aerodynamic
diameter (IS 4169).
Can lodge in the trachea
(upper throat) or in the
bronchi.

4. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Author Year INFERENCES
Cropper, et al. 1997 Examined the dose-response relationship between a
rise in air pollution (in terms of total suspended
particulates) and an increase in mortality rates in
Delhi, India.
Cicek, et al. 2001 In addition to exerting a harmful effect on the human
being and his assets, SO2 causes damage to
vegetation. It can be transported to longer distance
and have a negative impact on biotic and abiotic
environment.
Lim Ling L. 2005 In most urban areas, emissions from traffic are a
major contributor of harmful pollutants such as Nox,
particulate matter (PM) & Sox.

5. 5
CPCB 2009 CPCB has been executing a nation-wide National Air
Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) programme of
ambient air quality monitoring. It consist of 329
operating stations covering 121 cities.
R. Ravi Krishna 2012 One of the most commonly used method to collect
PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 is the gravimetric method
using a high or low volume sampler which intercepts
the desired size PM on a filter medium.
Janhavi Nilekani
&
Rohini Pande
(EPW)
2015 Estimates from the WHO suggest that 13 of the 20
cities in the world with the worst fine particulate
(PM2.5) air pollution are in India, including Delhi, the
worst-ranked city.
Michael
Greenstone
(EPW)
2015 660 million people, over half of India’s population, live
in areas that exceed the Indian National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for fine particulate pollution.

6.  The principal objective of this study is to determine status of ambient air in
the Noida city.
 To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are
violated.
 To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing
preventive and corrective measures.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
6

7. • Sample must be representative in terms of time, location, and conditions
to be studied.
• Sample must be large enough for accurate analysis.
• The sampling rate must be such as to provide maximum efficiency of
collection.
• Continuous sampling is preferred.
• Pollutants must not be altered or modified during collection.
Number of stations
• Minimum number is three.
• Location should be finalized depending upon the wind speed & nearby
sources.
• More than three stations can also be established depending upon the area
of coverage.
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BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE
STUDY

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Selection of sampling location
• The sampling point should be as far as possible from any disturbing influence, such as
elbows, bends, transition pieces, baffles.
• The sampling point, wherever possible should be at a distance of 5-10 m. down-stream
from any obstruction and 3-5 m. up-stream from similar disturbance.
Particulate Monitoring
• Particulate monitoring is usually accomplished with manual measurements and
subsequent laboratory analysis.
• A particulate matter measurement uses gravimetric principles. Gravimetric analysis
refers to the quantitative chemical analysis of weighing a sample, usually of a separated
and dried precipitate.
• In this method, a filter-based high-volume sampler (a vacuum- type device that draws
air through a filter or absorbing substrate) retains atmospheric pollutants for future
laboratory weighing and chemical analysis.

9. 9
• Particles are trapped or collected on filters, and the filters are weighed to determine
the volume of the pollutant. The weight of the filter with collected pollutants minus
the weight of a clean filter gives the amount of particulate matter in a given volume
of air.
• Chemical analysis can be done by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic
fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively couple plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, and X-
ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.
Gaseous pollutant monitoring
• Gaseous pollutant monitoring can be accomplished using various measurement
principles.
• Some of the most common techniques to analyze gaseous pollutants include -
Spectrophotometry, Chemiluminescence, etc.
• The primary quality control measure is calibration.
• Calibration checks the accuracy of a measurement by establishing the relationship
between the output of a measurement process and a known input.

10. Sampling Stations:
10

11. 11
METHODS OF MONITORING
The methods prescribed for the gas SO2:
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD (CPCB Recommended)
• In this method Sulphur dioxide from air is absorbed in a solution of potassium
tetrachloromercurate (TCM).
• The complex is made to react with pararosaniline and formaldehyde to form
the intensely colored pararosaniline methylsulphonic acid. The absorbance of
the solution is measured by means of a suitable spectrophotometer.
Reagents
Sulphamic Acid, Formaldehyde, Stock Iodine Solution, Starch Indicator Solution,
Stock Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, Sodium Thiosulphate Titrant, Purified
Pararosaniline Stock Solution

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• Concentration of Sulphite Solution
• The Concentration of SO2 in μg/cu-m in the sample is calculated as follows:

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Advantages of West- Gaeke Method
• Low Sox concentrations can be calculated.
• A dichlorosulphitomercurate complex, which resists oxidation by the oxygen in
the air.
• Stable to strong oxidants such as ozone and oxides of nitrogen.
• It is not subjected to interference from acidic or basic gases or solids.
• It is a reference method.
Limitations of West- Gaeke Method
• The fairly rapid fading of the developed color.
• Interference of oxides of nitrogen and ozone—concentrations of interfering
oxidants should be less than that of SO2, i.e., up to about 2 ppm.
• Large amount of heavy metal may interfere in the chemical process.
• Modifications are required in the calibration curves if high Nitrogen oxide is
present.
OTHER METHODS: Hydrogen Peroxide Method (sensitive to pH of the solutions) &
UV Fluorescence (Automated Method).

14. 14
The methods prescribed for the gase NO2:
JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD (CPCB Recommended)
• Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is collected by bubbling air through a
solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium arsenite.
• The concentration of nitrite ion (NO2) produced during sampling is
determined colorimetrically by reacting the nitrite ion with phosphoric acid,
sulfanilamide, and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA)
and measuring the absorbance of the highly colored azodye at 540 n m.
Reagents: Sodium Arsenite, Sulfanilamide, N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine Di-
hydrochloride (NEDA), Hydrogen Peroxide, Phosphoric Acid

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NO2 Concentration in Air Sample - Calculate as μg of NO2 per cubic meter of air as
follows:
Advantages of JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD:
• Potential interference from sulfur dioxide (SO2) is eliminated by converting any SO2
to sulfate with hydrogen peroxide during analysis.
• Negative Interference of CO2 can be avoided.
• This method is relatively inexpensive to measure the concentration of NO2
prescribed in the national standards.
• It is a reference Method.

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Limitations of JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD:
• This method has some deficiencies, including a variable collection efficiency for
nitrogen dioxide.
• Long duration sampling is required.
• Correction factors to be applied for various deficiencies.
• Absorption efficiency is lower (65 percent).
OTHER METHODS: TGS-ANSA Method by US EPA (not recommended by CPCB) and the
other method is chemiluminescence method (Automated method).

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The methods prescribed for SPM & PM (10) :
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD (CPCB RECOMMENDED):
• Particles with aerodynamic diameters less than the cut-point of the inlet are
collected by the filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the difference
in filter weights prior to and after sampling.
• The concentration of suspended particulate matter in the designated size range is
calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled.
• Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and through a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in)
filter at flow rate which is typically 1132 L/min (40 ft3 /min).
FILTERS: The choice of filter type results from a compromise among the following
filter attributes:
(i) mechanical stability (ii) chemical stability (iii) particle sampling efficiency
(iv) flow resistance (v) clogging level (vi) blank values (vii) artifact formation
(viii) cost and availability.

18. 18
The most appropriate filter media for high volume sampling are cellulose fiber, glass
fiber, quartz fiber, Teflon coated glass fiber, and Teflon membrane. None of these
materials is perfect for all purposes.

19. 19

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Advantages of Gravimetric Method:
• A wide range of particulate matter concentration can be calculated 1 to 150 µg/m3.
• It is simple and inexpensive.
• It is an absolute method; it involves direct measurement without any form of
calibration being required.
• Gravimetric methods provides very little room for instrumental error and does not
require a series of standards for calculation of an unknown.
Limitations of Gravimetric Method:
• Filter clogging can happen.
• Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid & organic vapors can be absorbed on the
filter medium along with the suspended particles thereby causing positive biases.
• Filter conditioning environments can result in different mass measurements as a
function of relative humidity (RH).
• Particle loss during transport occurs when filters are heavily loaded with large dry
aerosols.
OTHER METHODS:
Beta attenuation monitoring- employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid
particles extracted from air flow. Krypton Gas is required.

21. 21
EXCECUTION PLAN FOR THE STUDY
Preparation of the
Reagents
Fresh Reagents, if
required
Sample Collection
Drawing of
Calibration Curves
Chemical Analysis
&
Concentration Calculation
Comparing Results with the
CPCP Standards and
Recommendations

22. • Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB):
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES

23. 23

24. 24
Air pollution data from World Health Organization (NOIDA CITY)
PM10 133
PM2.5 58
PM10 Pollution Level: Very High