Environmental Impact Assessment Of Rusafa water project in Iraq

Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific
Research University of Technology
Building and Construction Engineering
Department
Project Submitted To The
Building and Construction Engineering Department
University of Technology
In a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of
Higher Diploma in Environmental Impact Assessment
Engineering
BY
Saja Hashim Salim Al-Sudany
Supervised By
Dr. Sedik A.K. Al-Hiyaly
1437 2016
Environmental Impact Assessment of
Rusafa Water Project

COMMITTEE CERTIFICATION
We certify that the preparation of this project entitled (Environmental
Impact Assessment of Rusafa Water Project) and as Examining
Committee examined the student (Saja Hashim Salim Al-Sudany), in
its content and in what is connected with it and in our opinion it meets
the standard of the requirements for the degree of higher diploma of
Environmental Impact Assessment Engineering sciences.
Signature:
Ass. Prof. Dr. Sedik A. K. Al-Hiyaly
(Supervisor)
Date: / /2016
Signature:
Ass. Prof. Dr. Tariq Abed Hussain
(Member)
Date: / /2016
Signature:
Ass. Prof. Dr. Faris H. Al-Ani
(Chairman)
Date: / /2016
Signature:
Prof. Dr. Riyad Hassan Al-Anbari
The Head of
Building and Construction Engineering Department
Date: / /2016

Supervisor Certification
I certify that this thesis titled :" Environmental Impact Assessment
of Rusafa Water Project" as prepared under my supervision on the
department of Construction and Building Engineering – University of
Technology as a partial fulfiment of the requirements for the degree of
higher diploma in Environmental Impact Assessment Engineering.
Dr. Sedik A.K. Al-Hiyaly
Title Assistant Prof.
Date Sep. 2016
In view of available recommendations, forward this thesis for
discussion by scientific committee.
Assisst. Professor Dr. Faris H. Al-Ani
Head of sanitary and Environment Branch
Department of Construction and Building Engineering
Date: Sep. 2016

‫االنبياء‬ ‫ة‬‫سور‬
‫ايه‬60

I
Dedication
Every challenge work needs self-efforts as well
as guidance of elders especially those who were
very close to our heart
my humble effort I dedicate to my sweet and
loving
Father and Mother
Whose affection, love. Encouragement and
prays of day and night makes me able to get
such success and honor
Along with all hard working and respected to
Dr. Sedik A. Al-Hiyaly

II
Acknowledgment
"In the name of ALLAH the most gracious, the most merciful"
It may not be enough to contain the words of thanks giving…To
ALLAH…for the strength and hope that keep me believing that this work
would be possible.
I wish to express my deep gratitude to my super advisor Dr. Sedik
A.K. Al-Hiyaly for his valuable time, guidance and encouragement
invaluable remarks and fruitful discussion throughout the preparation of my
thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to Dr.Riad H.H.Al-Anbari the
Dean of the Engineering Department of Building and Construction to
develop Engineering Diploma on Environmental Impact Assessment.
My deep thanks Dr. Faris H. M. Al-Ani with all lecturers at the
Engineering Branch of Sanitary and Environmental.
Thanks are also to Dr. Abdul Hameed J.Al-Obeidi with all lecturers
and the staff of the Environmental research center - University of
Technology for their valuable help.
And I have to extend my sincere thanks Dr. Abdul Ameer Tahir
Mohammed. In the Ministry of Construction and Housing / Department of
Public Works and General Maintenance for his advice during my research.
My gratitude is to the Mr.Dariusz Kobus Environmental Safeguards
Consultant at World Bank for his helpful advice and reviews my study
during my research.
Thanks for the Mayoralty of Baghdad and staff of Rusafa Water
Project Especially En. Zaydoon Loay, En. Ali Jassim and En. Ehab Ghazi
for their kindness and helpful at the field works and samples collection.
Thanks for En. Saif M.K.K Al- Attar in the Commission of Integrity
for his help during my research.
Finally, I would like to offer my deep thanks and gratitude to my
family and friends especially En. Sarah Duraid for their care, unlimited
support, and encouragement to me without whom I couldn't complete my
study.

III
Abstract
This study deals with the subject of environmental impact assessment,
which has become necessary for any development projects before approval of
the project implementation. The study proceed the environmental impact
assessment study of great Rusafa water project which is regarded as a one of
the largest potable water projects in the Middle East where the project is
planned to control contribute drinking water shortage in Baghdad city.
The study was carried out according to national instructions imposed by
the Iraqi Ministry of the Environment that should include full information
about the project such as construction site and components, technical route,
equipment's, materials used, production capacity, probable generating wastes,
waste control mechanisms, implementation certain measures that should be
followed to prevent any environmental and public health problems,
environmental administration has to follow, and others.
This study has consisted social survey for 100 families related to the
project and knowledge taking in consideration the residential homes that
project serves and family number and size of each house in additional to the
educational and social levels. The results of the social survey analysis devolve
toward the creation of project and showed the 75% for agreement of
construction of project, 19 % non-agreement and 6 % they were non opinion.
The air measurements of two sites inside and outside of project calculation
the mean and the standard deviation for three months ( June, July and August)
of the most important pollutants were NO, NO2, CO, CO2, SO2, O3,
temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and compare the results with
the Iraqi limitations and the World Health Organization (WHO) for some of
results were within the limitations and the other were not within the

IV
limitations, The results that were higher than the limitations were the mean of
air NO2 ppm for outside was 0.3±0.038ppm, while inside the project, was
0.18±0.012 ppm. The mean of air CO ppm for outside was 38.0±6.12ppm,
while inside the project was 25.0±3.16 ppm.
The water measurements of two sites from raw water from side of river
Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq and produced water form water reservoirs of project
calculation the mean and the standard deviation for three months ( June, July
and August) of the most important pollutants were Temperature water °C, pH,
Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Hardness (T.H), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Free
Residual chlorine, (Cl-
), Nitrate (NO3-2
), Sulphate (SO4), Calcium (Ca),
Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K), and compare the results
with the Iraqi limitations and the World Health Organization (WHO) for some
of results were within the limitations and the other were not within the
limitations, The results that were higher than the limitations were the mean of
The mean of Turbidity (NTU) for the raw water was 161.8±9.2, The mean of
Free Residual chlorine ppm for the raw water was 3.5±0.0, while produced
water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of ND respectively. The
mean of Sulphate (SO4) mg/l for the raw water was 165.0±1.0 while produced
water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 222.5±2.5 respectively.
The mean of Sodium (Na+1
) mg/l for the raw water was 43.0±3.8.

V
Table of content
No. Title Page
Dedication I
Acknowledgment II
Abstract III
Table of content V
List of Tables VII
List of Schema, Plates and Figures VII
List of Appendixes IX
List of Abbreviations X
Chapter One: General Introduction
(1-1) Introduction 1
(1-2) Problem of Study 1
(1-3) Importance of Study 2
(1-4) Objectives of the current study 2
(1-5) Aim to achieve the objective 3
(1-6) Structure of study 4
Chapter Two: Literatures Review
(2-1) Preface 5
(2-2) Literatures Review 5
(2-2-1) Raw Water 5
(2-2-2) EIA of Potable Water 6
(2-3) Environmental importance of Potable water 8
(2-4) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Potable water 9
(2-4-1) Background 9
(2-4-2) Dentition of Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA) 11
(2-4-3) The EIA process comprises 11

VI
(2-4-4) Purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment 13
(2-4-5)
Principles of the process of assessing the environmental effects of
projects
13
Chapter Three: Methodology
(3-1) Preface 15
(3-2) Historical overviews of ancient water systems in Baghdad 15
(3-3) Study Area and Describe the environment around the project 16
(3-4) Characteristics of Baghdad Area 18
(3-5) Components of the project 20
(3-6) Water Processing Flow for the project 30
(3-7) Public Participation Analysis 31
(3-7-1) Purpose and meaning of public participation 31
(3-7-2) General Survey relating to the project 31
(3-8) Environmental Variables Measurement 32
(3-8-1) Measurement of Air Variables 32
(3-8-2) Measurement of Water Variables 32
(3-9) Statistical treatment 33
Chapter Four: Result and Discussion and EIA study
(4-1) Preface 34
(4-2) Public participation analysis 34
(4-2-1) Public Survey 34
(4-2-2) Public suggestions and requirements on environment protection 37
(4-2-3) Further public participation plan 38
(4-3) Air pollutants 38
(4-4) Water pollutants 44
(4-5) EIA Study 55
(4-5-1) Exclusive Summary 55
(4-5-2) Introduction and classification project 56
(4-5-3) General information about the project 56

VII
(4-5-4) Economic importance of the project 58
(4-5-5) Potential environmental impacts and recommendations precautionary 59
(4-5-6) Analysis of Environmental Impacts 60
(4-5-7) Monitoring Environment Effects and Mitigation 65
(4-5-8) Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 65
(4-5-9) Alternatives 76
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations
(5-1) Conclusions 77
(5-2) Recommendations 78
References 81
List of Tables
No. Title Page
(2-1) Lirethuer Review of EIA for Municipal Water 5
(2-2)
Literature Review of EIA for Municipal Water
6
(3-1) Mean monthly climatic parameters of the studied area for the period
(1990 – 2010)
19
(3-2) Reservoir Name, Energy and Location 26
(3-3) Pipeline details and Path 27
(4-1) Further public participation plan 38
(4-2) Mean values ± standard deviation for measurement of Air variables 39
(4-3) Mean values ± standard deviation of Water variables 44
(4-4) Summary of Impacts 61
(4-5) Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental Management and Plan 66

VIII
List of Schema, Plates and Figures
No. Title Page
Schema
(1-1) representation of thesis structure and layout 4
(3-1) Components of the project 29
(3-2) Water Processing Flow for plant 30
Plat
(3-1) Site of Rusafa water project 17
(3-2) (A) and (B) Green Belt 21
(3-3) (A) Intake and (B) SCADA for Intake Process 22
(3-4) (A) Turbo Circulator and (B) SCADA for Turbo Circulator Process 24
(3-5) (A) Chlorine Building and (B) SCADA for Chlorine Process 25
(3-6) (A) Filter and (B) SCADA system for Filter Process 25
(3-7) SCADA System for Wash Water Recovery Tank Process 26
(3-8) (A) Water Pumping Station and (B) SCADA for Water Pumping
Process.
27
Figures
(4-1) Percentage of Opinion establishment of the project 34
(4-2) Percentage of Family Members 35
(4-3) Percentage of House Area 35
(4-4) Percentage of Education Level 36
(4-5) Percentage of Social Level 36
(4-6) Percentage of Economic Level 37
(4-7) Mean NO values of outside and inside 39
(4-8) Mean NO2 values of outside and inside 40
(4-9) Mean CO values of outside and inside 40
(4-10) Mean CO2 values of outside and inside 41
(4-11) Mean SO2 values of outside and inside 41
(4-12) Mean O3 values of outside and inside 42
(4-13) Mean Temp (cₒ) values of outside and inside 42

IX
(4-14) Mean RH values of outside and inside 43
(4-15) Mean Wind Speed values of outside and inside 43
(4-16) Mean Temperature values of raw and produced water 45
(4-17) Mean PH values of raw and produced water 46
(4-18) Mean EC values of raw and produced water 46
(4-19) Mean Turbidity values of raw and produced water 47
(4-20) Mean TDS values of raw and produced water 47
(4-21) Mean TSS values of raw and produced water 48
(4-22) Mean TH values of raw and produced water 49
(4-23) Mean DO values of raw and produced water 49
(4-24) Mean Free Residual chlorine values of raw and produced water 50
(4-25) Mean CL values of raw and produced water 51
(4-26) Mean NO3values of raw and produced water 51
(4-27) Mean SO4 values of raw and produced water 52
(4-28) Mean Ca values of raw and produced water 53
(4-29) Mean Mg values of raw and produced water 53
(4-30) Mean Na values of raw and produced water 54
(4-31) Mean K values of raw and produced water 54
List of Appendixes
No. Title Page
Appendix A
Figure (2-1) Generalized environmental impact assessment process flow chart 1-1
Survey Sheet 1-2
Appendix B
Email from Monitoring specialist Mr. Dariusz Kobus quick review about study

X
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviations Description
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
WHO World Health Organization
WTP Water treatment plants
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
O3 Ozone
CO Carbon monoxide
NO Nitrogen monoxide
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
RH Relative Humidity
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
T.H Total Hardness
DO Dissolve Oxygen
PH Hydrogen ion
E.C Electrical conductivity
VSD Variable speed Drive
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
R Ground reservoirs of the project
kv kilovolt
µg/ m3 Micro Grams/ m3

1
Chapter One: General Introduction
1-1 Introduction:
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process implemented by local
authorities worldwide to ensure that the likely impacts of projects on the
environment are completely controlled and taken into consideration before
development is allowed to proceed. Moreover, EIA is a method for the
identification and prediction of probable health and environmental impacts that
could assist in decisions related to the approval and implementation of
development activities, and the mitigation of adverse effects.
To assess the environmental impacts of potable water supply in the Rusafa
Water Plant , it is essential to be aware of the general aspects of EIA. The lack of
environmental considerations and assessment in the development of water supply
projects may result in severe effects on the natural environment and also on the
socio - economic and health status of the community. (Ahmad and Sammy,
1985) (Biswas and Geping, 1987).
In Iraq, all water treatment plants are conventional and working on removing
of suspended and pathogenic impurities. In These conventional plants,
sedimentation and filtration with coagulant aid are used to remove suspended and
colloidal particles and chlorine is used for pathogenic removing.
After water passed to treatment, several tests were conducted to measure it’s,
and comparing these parameters with standards in order to evaluate its quality and
to the extent that matches the required standards. These water tests are including
physical and chemical parameters (Al-Murib, 2014).

2
1-2 Problem of Study:
1. Absence of clearly idea about the environmental effects of the establishment
project and its impact on the surrounding area.
2. Population expansion and increasing the volume of consumption, especially
with the sharp rise in temperature, as well as the use of most of the citizens of
pumps to pull water causing the deprivation areas located at the ends of the carrier
lines of their need for water called to carry out a project is to rid some areas in
Baghdad from water scarcity.
1-3 Importance of Study:
Rusafa Water project is fifth largest project in the world and the first in the
Middle East project will make the city Baghdad at the forefront of producing pure
water for cities in the world where per capita will reach of water a day is about
500 liters in accordance with the parameters adopted by the World Health
Organization (WHO), Where it would eliminate the most important service
problems faced by residents of Rusafa areas like Sadr City and New Baghdad and
Al-Ghadeer and other districts that are hardest hit in this area, one of the biggest
achievements of the Iraqi governments since 2003 – 2016 , The project will end
the water shortage in the capital until 2030 and global technologies and
specifications do not exist only in developed countries.
1-4 Objectives of the current study:
1. Determine the environmental effects of the project resulting from air and water
effects and the surrounding environment of project.
2. The reality of the public case for plant in Baghdad, the new facilities and the
current statement impact of this plant on the surrounding environment and
nearby areas farthest.

3
3. Trying to find the initial planning solutions for the purpose of overcome
different effects expected from this station in order to minimize their damage
on the region.
4. Determine Treatment methods, Environmental management and Give
Recommendations for taken into consideration in the implementation of the
second stage of the project in the future.
1-5 Aim to achieve the objective:
1. A survey to assess the significance of the project in terms of active and passive.
2. Conduct laboratory analyzes of samples of raw water and treated.
3. Measurement of some air pollutants inside and outside the project.
4. Preparing environmental impact study in accordance with the requirements of
the Iraqi environmental legislations.

4
1-6 Structure of study:
Schema (1-1) representation of thesis structure and layout
•This chapter contains:
•some literatures review for Raw water &
EIA
•Special ingredients of the process of
assessing the environmental impact
•Stages, legislation and laws related to
the project
Chapter
Two
Literatures
Review
•Field work : contains
• the study area and components of
project
•puplic Survey
• measurement ofair and water varibals
Chapter
Three
Metodology
•this chapter include resulte and
disscussion of
•Survey
•Air and water pollutants
Chapter Four
Rusult,
Disscusion
and EIA study
•Conclusion depending on the previous
results
•Recommendations for future work
Chapter Five
conclusiones and
Recomendtions

5
Chapter Two: Literatures Review
2-1 Preface:
In this chapter deals with literatures review of raw water and EIA of
Potable Water and some of the definitions concerning the environmental
research with special ingredients to give the definition of the process of
assessing the environmental impact and stages, legislation and laws related
to the project.
2-2 Literatures Review:
2-2-1 Raw Water
Previous studies were to municipal water projects in some plants in
Iraq as shown in table (2-1).
Table (2-1): Literature Review for Raw Water.
Index Method Distribution Author
The hydrological
and the
hydrochemistry
of Tigris River
The water suitability for
drinking purposes and
human uses and found the
water is suitable except at
Kut and Amara stations in
which the water is
brackish.
From Mosul to
Amara stations
Auad
(1997)
Tigris River
water quality and
drinking water in
water purification
projects
The studied shown water
was classified as a good
and suitable source for
drinking water, and it was
classified as a polluted and
heavy polluted source in
other intakes.
Al- Karkh and
9-Nessan intakes
Abu
Hamden’s
(2000)
Impact of Tigris
River Pollution
This study concluded that
all raw water characteristic
Al-Karkh,
East of Dijlah,
Hamza,
(2007)

6
2-2-2 EIA of Potable Water
Previous studies were to assess the environmental impact of municipal
water projects in some countries as shown in table (2-2).
Table (2-2): Literature Review of EIA for Municipal Water
on the
Performance of
Water Treatment
Plants
Efficiencies
are within the surface
water standards
established by Iraqi and
USA criteria except
bacterial counts and the
intake of RWTP is highly
polluted because of that
the water quality is
deteriorated as the river
flow downstream
Al-Karama,
Al-Wathba,
Al-Qadisiya ,
Al-Doura,
And Al-
Rasheed.
Evaluating Raw
and Treated
Water Quality of
Tigris River
within Baghdad
by Index
Analysis
Studied the efficiency of
many water treatment
plants in Baghdad city
from 2002 to 2008. They
found that the efficiency
of the water treatment
plants range from 25.07 to
63.30 in the whole study
period. From the results
the reconsideration of
water treatment plants
system is wanted because
these stations were
designed for physical and
biological treatment only
rather than chemical
treatment of raw water.
Al-Krkh,
East Tigris,
Al-Karama,
Al-Wathbah,
Al-Qadisiya,
Al-Dawrah and
Al-Rashid)
Alobaidy,
et al.,
2010
Index Method Distribution Author
EIA of Potable
Water supply
and sanitation
rural areas of
Assess the environmental
impacts of the provision of
potable water supplies and
sanitation projects, both
Iran
Nanbakhsh,
(1993)

7
Developing
Countries
during the construction
and operation phases.
Water Quality
Index for
Freshwater Life
Assesses quality of water
against guidelines for
freshwater life
Canada
CCME
(2001)
Overall Index of
Pollution
Assessment and
classification of a number
of water quality
parameters by comparing
observations against
Indian standards and/or
other accepted guidelines
e.g. WHO
India
Sargaonkar
and
Deshpande
(2003)
Index of River
Water Quality
Uses multiplicative
aggregate function of
standardized scores for a
number of water quality
parameters
Taiwan
Liou et al.
(2004)
The Scatterscore
index
Assesses increases or
decreases in parameters
over time and/or space
Mining sites,
USA
Kim and
Cardone
(2005)
Chemical Water
Quality Index
Assesses a number of
water quality parameters
by standardizing each
observation to the
maximum concentration
for each parameter
USA
Tsegaye et
al. (2006)
Environmental
Assessment of
Infrastructure
Projects of Water
Sector
Evaluation of four projects
proposed to improve the
deteriorating status of
water and wastewater
treatment plants. Three
methods viz. checklist,
strategic environment
assessment and cost and
benefit analysis are used
to evaluate the efficiency
of the projects.
Iraq
Allaa M.
Aenab, S.
K. Singh
(2012)

8
2-3 Environmental importance of Potable water:
After the industrial revolution and the spread of pollutants
significantly and caused a lot of health problems through a series of
environmental disasters, prompting a lot of scientific institutions in different
countries of the world, especially the industrial to the need to find a
scientific mechanism to contribute to the reduction of the impact of various
development projects, where the form of environmental studies for projects
that are interested and diagnose and address potential project impacts and
which was later studied the environmental impact and the first study
appeared in history was in 1964 in the United States and the evolution of the
concept of environmental studies significantly until the international
Association for the study of environmental impact founded.
Drinking water plants produce healthy water for human use it requires
environmentally assess this plant with determine the effects that can cause it,
and this is done through the study of the environmental impact. (Biswas and
Asce, 1980).
The study of
potable water
treatment
process
(boudouaou
station) -by the
application of
life cycle
assessment
(LCA)
An impact assessment tool
is therefore developed for
the environmental
evaluation of potable
water production. in our
study The evaluation
method used is the life
cycle assessment (LCA)
for the determination and
evaluation of potential
impact of a drink water
station
Algeria
Mohamed-
Zine,
Hamouche
and Krim ,
2013

9
2-4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Potable water
2-4-1 Background:
In ancient times, man lived by hunting and gathering and used fire for
modifying some natural environments, and while/ by domesticating animals
and introducing agriculture, the effects of his action became widespread.
The development of industry caused the rate of change to increase, as
muscle power was replaced by energy released from fossil fuels. The vast
increase in population and higher consumption during the last few decades
has also led to human impact reaching an unprecedented intensity and effect
throughout the world (Munn, 1979).
Human activities have changed the global environment in many ways.
The effects are sometimes direct and obvious, but more often they are
indirect, delayed or entirely unexpected. Pollutants are carried by the natural
flow of water and wind from their points of origin, sometimes across
international boundaries. For instance, people can become sick by drinking
polluted river water drawn far from the source of the pollutants. Ground
water may become contaminated by hazardous waste seeping from a long
abandoned dumping place (World Resources, 1987).
In 1863: the expansion of the chemical industry in the 19th century
led to the institution of the Alkali Inspectorate in the United Kingdom, and
the first comprehensive control of air emissions from factories (United
Nations, 1985).
In 1952: Crises such as London smog attracted worldwide attention,
but long term exposure to reduced degrees of pollution may be a crucial

10
threat to human health, and have effects on human behavior before physical
sickness can be realized (Munn, 1979).
In late of 1960's:The massive air pollution incidents that endangered
the cities of London and Los Angles after World War II led to the setting up
of air pollution control measures, and gave birth to the concept of
comprehensive environmental pollution control (United Nations, 1985).
Increasing air pollution and solid waste management activities caused the
concept of environmental protection to be developed (Ludwing, 1979).
End of the 1960s: Environmental problems have increasingly been a
subject of public debate and thus, conservation of natural resources has
become a political topic. The response to this debate has reached far beyond
the traditional conservation movement. Scientific arguments, political
pressure, and growing environmental problems have made it necessary to
create instruments to monitor environmental pollution (Wonner, 1986).
In 1969: The first legislation for environmental impact studies was
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in the USA.
In the early 1970s: It was signed, and it gave significance to
environmental issues and considerations (Canter, 1977). The aim of NEPA
is to ensure that all practical means are used to control pollution, including
national policy and improvement and coordination of Federal Plans. Its
further aims are to achieve a balance between population and resource and to
enhance the quality of renewable life (Canter, 1977, PADC, 1983, .Ahmad
and Sammy, 1985).

11
2.4.2 Definition of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
Environmental impact assessment is a decision-making planning tool
used to systematically identify, predict, evaluate, and mitigate potential
impacts of a current or proposed project on the environment and on society
(Senecal et al., 1999). The main purpose of environmental impact
assessment is to provide information to planners and decision-makers so
they can determine the best solution that minimize biophysical, social and
other significant effects of the project prior to major decisions being taken
and commitments made (European Commission Environment;
International Association of Impact Assessment, 1999) (Natural
Resources Conservation Authority, 1997).
2.4.3 The EIA process comprises:
The main processes or stages found on most EIAs are (Carroll et al.,
2002; Morris, 2009; Sadler and McCabe, 2002):
 Screening: is the process to determine whether or not an EIA is required.
In addition, it is intended to determine the level of detail that must be
accomplished.
 Scoping: is the process to identify the key issues and impacts to be
addressed during the EIA and eliminate those that are of little concern. In
addition, during scoping, the time and space boundaries of the EIA are
defined and feasible alternatives are identified.
 Baseline Studies: is the process to collect background information to
describe the actual conditions of those elements of the environment and
society that are likely to be affected by the proposed project; to characterize
the pre-project state.

12
 Impact Analysis: is the process to identify and analyze the main impacts
and predict the significance. This process entails a detailed analysis of the
impacts and their effects. It is carried out in three phases: identification,
prediction, and evaluation.
 Mitigation and Impact Management: is the process to determine the
measures necessary to prevent, minimize or offset, or remedy significant
adverse impacts. These measures are incorporated into a management plan
or management system.
 Presentation of Findings and Proposals in the Environmental Impact
Statement: the environmental impact statement is a document that provides
all the necessary information obtained from the EIA for decision-making. It
compiles information regarding the project's purpose, the need for the
proposal, impacts, mitigation measures and management, environmental
effects that cannot be avoided, and description of alternatives to the
proposed project.
 Implementation and Follow-up: this process is comprised of all the
management activities to monitor the changes in the environment and
societal elements during the implementation and operational phases of the
project. Activities performed in this stage include: identification of impacts,
verification that the effects are within the predicted levels, assessment of the
mitigation measurements, implementation of corrective actions, and
implementation of feedback systems to improve future actions.
A generalized environmental impact assessment process flow chart is
shown in Figure (2-1) Appendix (A 1-1)

13
2.4.4 Purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment:
The purpose of an environmental impact assessment is to ensure that
environmental and natural resource protection and conservation, including
related human health aspects, through:
 Ensure the safety of projects from an environmental perspective and
ensure sustainability.
 Ensure the integration of environmental considerations in the project
cycle at an early stage and a commitment to the best standards.
 Ensure sustainable development in the planning and decision-making
goals.
 Achieve savings and capital costs of the project and protect it from the
risk is calculated to cover the economic return, (Environmental Impact
Assessment / Egypt, 2005).
 Insurance and maintain the natural and fundamental elements for
development projects and natural and environmental resources in the project
area.
 Avoid major changes to the project at a later stage.
 Health costs and protects the rights of the individual and the community
to enjoy a better life.
 Increasing acceptance of the project locally and internationally, (Jordan
Impact Assessment Policy, 2001)
2.4.5 Principles of the process of assessing the environmental effects of
projects:
The process of assessing the environmental impacts of the four main
principles of a subject:
Quality of the project activity.

14
The project site.
Technological path for the project.
Wastes caused by the project. (Ministry of Environmental Affairs of
Palestine, 2000)
Based on these principles have been classified into three lists of projects
require different levels of evaluation of environmental impacts depending on
the severity of potential impacts:
1. List (A) are called black list because they include projects that can be a
serious environmental effects occur and need to be integrated environmental
study and adopt strict environmental requirements of the act to prevent the
leakage of waste into the environment.
2. List (B) where called gray list of projects that can make significant
environmental effects of the proposal requires on-site processing
mechanisms to mitigate and reduce the effects that result from them.
3. List (C) defines the white list includes with limited environmental impacts
that can be diagnosed and treated and control over the potential impact of
projects. (Muna, 2015)

15
Chapter Three: Methodology
3-1 Preface
This chapter includes a brief history of the water projects in
Baghdad and location of the project, the characteristics of the Baghdad area,
components of project, water processing flow, field work for the public survey
and measurements of air, water variables.
3-2 Historical overviews of ancient water systems in Baghdad:
Baghdad has seen first engineering project to supply the population with
drinking water period Caliph al-Mansur When the engineers create a channel (or
2 channels) from teakwood lifted her water from the Tigris River by wheel lead
this purpose. This channel extended for a distance of not less than 2 km passing
through the door of Khorasan near the river to reach the city and on to the Palace
of Al-Mansour. This channel has continued to function until the first half of the
third century AH (ninth century AD). In the Ottoman era were the porters
transporting drinking water to supply the residents of Baghdad, without filtering
or sterilization, especially the canons located on the Tigris River. In the year
1820 the first pump installed to draw water from the river. The monuments
Medhat Pasha (1869 - 1872) pump for the distribution of water on the role of
Baghdad palaces. In 1889 the governor Sirri Pasha established a large basin to
quench people in the yard (Khanlound), He took Al Fidel residents of the
locality and its environs come into the tub and take the water for saves in
ceramic vessels called Jbab, In 1895 the Turks began municipal project water in
Baghdad been simple. In 1907, the days of the governor Hazem Bik station
municipal Baghdad water created by a pump installed in the law field and has
been in private water pipes and collected monthly wages for each house 10

16
piasters (a hundred fils) .At the period the British occupation it has become
municipal water in the form of small centers projects pumping water directly
from the Tigris River by pipeline Head of poor design, distribution, and filled
with sediment and is enough for the processing of city's need for water. It was
not in Baghdad, at that time, only two reservoirs Highs, one in Karkh and Rusafa
other in the processed water to the population in a way rotation. The municipal
government lost its water began in 12/15/1924. Then Law No. 104 issued in
1931, a committee municipal water to the Baghdad region Law, In mid-1934 it
began for the first time water supply to the areas of Karkh and Rusafa process
continuously for 24 hours a day. In mid-1955, the department changed its name
to municipal Baghdad's water service. (Mayoralty of Baghdad. Republic of
Iraq - Emergency Baghdad Water Supply and Sanitation Project - Project
Information Document. 2004)
3-3 Study Area and Describe the environment around the project:
Great Rusafa water project is located in the Pop Al-Sham area in Northeast of
Baghdad in N 34◦
6′24.36″, E 44◦
24′57.07″ within the limits of Municipality
Department plat (3-1), the project is far on the Tigris River, a distance of 500
meters. With an area of 420 acres and consists of two stages and the first stage
implementing the second is under construction the nature of the areas
surrounding the plant, as follows:
1. Abu Tauh village south of the Plant.
2. Al-Basatine neighborhood north of the Plant.
3. Qmirh Village east of the Plant.
4. AL-Thaalbh Bansin Station 120 meters away from the project and Baquba-
Baghdad Highway two Sides street width of 20 meters separating the carrot
centrist display 5 meters to the west of the station.

17
Plat (3-1): Site of Rusafa water project.

18
3-4 Characteristics of Baghdad Area:
Baghdad area characteristics for the period 1999 to 2010 were as follows
(Majeed, 2012):
1. Soil: Baghdad soil is transported from the upper reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates river basins, it is non homogenous, characterized by great lateral and
vertical variations. These soils seem to have been highly affected by seasonal
floods of the Tigris River, but now the human activities are the main influence.
2. Climatic conditions: The climate of Iraq is highly affected by the
Mediterranean and Arabian Gulf conditions; it is characterized by semi-arid
climate of hot summer and cold short winter. Meteorological data of Baghdad
International Airport Station for the period, 1990 - 2010 was used to study climatic
conditions within the study area. Table (3-1) shows the mean monthly values of the
meteorological data of Baghdad Airport Station.
3. Rainfall: According to Table (3-1), the mean monthly rainfall values show a
range of 0.05 to 24.66 mm, most rainfall is concentrated in the months extending
from October to April, whereas the months of June to September are almost dry.
4. Temperature and evaporation: Table (3-1) show that mean monthly
temperature values range from (9.64 to 35.39)°C. Maximum values always
occurred in July. Evaporation has a range of (66.84 to 523.81) mm. Evaporation
behavior trend is greatly similar to that of temperature.
5. Relative humidity: The relative humidity has an adverse trend as compared
with temperature and evaporation trends. Relative humidity plays an important role
in equilibrium processes with air mass. It ranges from 25.5% to 70.0% for the
study period.

19
6. Wind speed: The mean monthly values of wind speed range from (2.51 to 4.1)
m/sec. Highest values were observed in July and lowest values in November, and
December.
7. Groundwater fluctuation: The fluctuation of the water table at Rusafa side
ranged from 0.4 to 1.95 meter, occurrence and magnitude of the fluctuations in
groundwater levels in response to changes of river level is an indicator of the
relation between the groundwater and the river, i.e. a rise in groundwater level
indicates at least a temporary rate of recharge that exceeds the rate of discharge.
Groundwater level rise in response to an increase in the river level is consistent
with the increased recharge to the aquifer from river leakage therefore; water level
fluctuations in the near river parts of the aquifer in response to the change of river
level are expected if the river is a local source of recharge to the aquifer.
8.
Table (3-1) Mean monthly climatic parameters of the studied area for the
period (1990 – 2010) (Majeed, 2012)

20
3-5 Components of the project:
The project consists of the following components:
Administrative Section: it consists of
1. Administration Building: Area building 20m x 63m, this building contains
several sections including administrative staff to section includes the manager and
staff rooms and the restaurant.
2. SCADA room: is a collection of computers are controlling the activities of the
project through the PLC is present in every building. Which is controlled or
controlled stores the program is running and extinguish the project depending on
the program and working within the parameters to be programmed and gives
warning signals in the event of any error in any station and it works with three
Systems Manual, Remote, Auto and must be at room temperature 15 degrees in
summer and winter.
3. Laboratory: There are two types of chemical laboratories where the tests do
chemical and biological laboratory is the biological tests.
4. Work Shop: Area building 30m x 42m
Service Section : contain the flowing:
1. Residential Area: Area building 130m x 288m contain 9 buildings and 112
apartments for the accommodation of the staff operating the project and all
extensions Mosque, Club, Markets, Nursery and kindergarten, playground and car
park.
2. Generator Building: Area building 21m x 47m contain six high-pressure
generators 11000 kv transformers strapped on 400 volts Cutler generated PLR
type, operate in a manner where the synchronization is equally in any distribution
of pregnancy if a problem occurs in one of which is allocated to carry the others.

21
3. Electrical Building: 21m x 5m contains the main power plant, which has a
border collie main Vader.
4. Electrical Sub-Station: Area building 200m x 200m contain 2 buildings
containing the main power plant, which has a border collie main Vader.
5. Oil Field: Cylindrical tank diameter was 50m
6. Fuel Tank: Rectangular tank 20m x 6m
7. Guard Building: area was 7m x7m
8. Stores: There are spare parts and stores chemicals stores.
9. Green Belt: were planted within the project some plants, including lawns, palm,
carbs, and Rose to increase the aesthetic view of the project as shown plat (3-2)
(A) (B)
Plat (3-2): (A) and (B) Green Belt
Productive Section: containing of the flowing:
1. Intake:
It Located (3) kilometers east of the river. It is a major starched located at the
beginning of the project on the Tigris River contains a number six pumps, Four of
them are working and two back-up capacity of 10,000 m3
/h pumping water 24
hours, equivalent to 960 m3
of water ore and all three tied on a tube diameter pumps
two meters go into liquidation station has been worked barricade at the entrance of

22
the building in the river and included the creation in 1456 piles the bottom of the
river contains sockets the initial filter system, a belt protection from pollution,
which prevents the passage of any of the impurities in the water toward the pumps
and allows only water and mud to enter the station. Carrier lines are situated
between the outlet and the treatment plant and the number of five lines in 2m
diameter and 4 km length. Operating system and be through SCADA room as
shown in plat (3-3).
(A) (B)
Plat (3-3): (A) Intake and (B) SCADA for Intake Process
2. Ozone Production Building:
Building area 22m x 22m contain ozone generators, ozone made through
electrolytic and chemical reactions. An ozonation system includes passing dry,
clean air through a high voltage electric discharge. Operating system and be
through SCADA room as shown in plat (3-4).
3. Chemical Building:
Building area 56m x 67m the station consists of three main systems Alum
system, Polymer system, Lime system. The project depends on alum system than

23
other systems, and their function is to increase precipitation of suspended solids in
the river. Operating system and be through SCADA room as shown in plat (3-4).
4. Pre-Ozone contact Tank:
Building area 15m x 23m is a concrete channel is divided into partitions help
to the ozone water passage spiral to the distributor Operating system and be
through SCADA room as shown in plat (3-4).
5. Distribution Structure:
Circular constructor from concrete their numbers 4 distributions with
radius of 10 m, Distribute water on clarifiers.
It is the addition of precipitated material used to assist in the clarifier process like
(ozone, alum and poly electrolyte) that helps sedimentation process. Operating
system and be through SCADA room as shown in plat (3-4).
6. Clarifier:
Constructor of a circular concrete their numbers 40basins, 16 basins
constructor in the first stage and 24 basins not constructor in second stage with
diameter 42 m and a depth of 6 meters. Operating system and be through SCADA
room as shown in plat (3-4).
7. Sludge Thickener:
Constructor of a circular concrete their numbers 8 basins, 4 basins constructor
in the first stage and 4 basins not constructor in second stage with diameter 24 m
and a depth of 6 meters. Operating system and be through SCADA room as shown
in plat (3-4).
8. Sludge Dewatering Building:
Building area 17m x 48m which would collect of the sludge from clarifier dried
and sold as fertilizer. Operating system and be through SCADA room as shown in
plat (3-4).

24
(A) (B)
Plat (3-4): (A) Turbo Circulator and (B) SCADA for Turbo Circulator
Process
9. Chlorine Building:
Building area 88m x 19 m containing this station Chlorine tubes,
Evaporator, Voltmeter measurement unit kg / h, Injection and store for tubes. The
station contains a chlorine leak processing system (chlorine scrubber), on water
and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is to control the leaking chlorine and chlorinated
water is transferred to a secluded tank, Operating system and be through SCADA
room as shown in plat (3-5).

25
(A) (B)
Plat (3-5): (A) Chlorine Building and (B) SCADA for Chlorine Process
10. Filtration Station:
Building area 87m x 106m contains process received water by the carrier
channels of concrete under the main road to the streets of the project combines the
main channels one channel level and subdivided into four channels distributed
water to the project cells, which number 56 cell each channel of these the four are
distributed to the 12-cell where they are receiving water through the main gates
this channel. Operating system and be through SCADA room as shown in plat (3-
6).
(A) (B)
Plat (3-6): (A) Filter and (B) SCADA system for Filter Process

26
11. Wash Water Recovery Tank:
Building area 37m x 47 m it takes untreated water from outside to the filter
station Pre-Ozone contact tank. Operating system and be through SCADA room as
Plat (3-7): SCADA System for Wash Water Recovery Tank Process
12. Water Reservoirs:
Building area 150m x 210m, two ground tanks with a capacity of 90,000
m3
of water is transferred from the reservoir to the pumping station, there are two
gates each tank work by hydraulic SCADA and convey the water to the pumping
station by concrete underground channel. Ground reservoirs of the project are (R3,
R5, R7, R9, and R14) which is spread over areas in table (3-2) as follows:
Table (3-2) Reservoir Name, Energy and Location
Location3
Energy mReservoir NameNo
Ksrha and Attch120000R31-
Rusafa Center75000R52-
Almshtal and Albuldaat120000R73-
Karada30000R94-
Sadr City110000R145-

27
13. Water Pumping Station:
Building area 72m x 48m the project contains 15 vertical pump 9 for the
first stage and 6 second stage of pumping 910 000 m capacity of 3 with a
maximum capacity of 10,000 kg / h received water from the main reservoir directly
store it in a basin of 60 m length of 20 m width 12 o'clock high pumping water
through the pumps Storage tanks to the ground of the project and projects are
controlled quickly pumping through the VSD (Variable speed Drive), which relies
on his speed water drainage speed and be a positive relationship between them,
used for cooling the poster. Operating system and be through SCADA room as
(A) (B)
Plat (3-8): (A) Water Pumping Station and (B) SCADA for Water Pumping
Process
14. Carrier lines:
Seven lines distributed in two stages, including 4 Energy 910 000 m2 spread
over areas table (3-3) as follows:
Table (3-3) Pipeline Details and Path
PathPipeline detailsNo
First line: Sudha ‫ـــ‬ Alchab ‫ـــ‬ Hai Ur ‫ـــ‬ Althalbh ‫ـــ‬ Sbaa
Qsour‫ـــ‬ Alahabib To R3 tank
1600 cm
2 pipes
1

28
Second line: Al-Obeidi ‫ــــ‬ Alkmmalah ‫ـــ‬ Albuldaat To
R7 tank
Bassateen Neighborhood ‫ــــ‬ Army Canal ‫ـــ‬ Afaq Arabia ‫ــــ‬
Expressway traffic
1800 cm
2 pipes
2
Moving towards Suddh near the river linking the existing
network near the Muthanna Bridge possibility of the
transfer of water to the Karkh
1800 cm
3pipes
3
There is underground rooms belonging to the pipelines for maintenance
purposes and the distance between the room and the 400 m and contain the Air
Release valve, wash chamber and Check point.
15. Elevated Water Tank: Rectangular tank had area 17m x 17m

29
7- Components of the project scheme
Schema (3-1) Components of the project

30
3-6 Water Processing Flow for the project:
Schema (3-2) Water Processing Flow for plant

31
3-7 Public Participation Analysis
3-7-1 Purpose and meaning of public participation
Public participation is an important part of environmental impact
assessment. Environmental impact assessment of construction project needs to
consider not only the impact to regional environmental quality, but also the
influence of exploitation and construction to local resident and public. So it is
important to implement public participation. The functions of public participation
are:
1. Inform public that environmental problem maybe occurred by the project in
the process of public participation, and get support of public after full
understanding of this project. Also improve the environment protection
awareness of public.
2. The public, especially the public who influent by the project construction
directly, have direct and sensitive feeling to the environment question related
the project and relevant environment impact, so that public may notice some
important environmental problem and impact, and may give valuably attitudes
on feasibility of environment protection measures. It is in favor of environment
impact assessment.
3-7-2 General Survey relating to the project:
EIA public survey put out and took back 100 questionnaires, ratio of
availability is 100%. The people who were surveyed has representational, which
has worker, farmer, cadre, and so on of different age, education degree, residential
areas surrounding the project site and has reached the percentages were vary
according to the paragraphs set out in the form of a survey (Appendix A1-2), The
study was in the Pop Al-Sham area surrounding the project from 15 to 16 July,
2016 in the Baghdad. The studies were carried out in the following ways: -

32
1- By applying public survey.
2- By visiting local state institution.
3- By interview with public.
Public questionnaire is as follows: (Opinion of establishment the project, Family
members, House Area, Educational Level, Social Level and Economic Level)
Results were analyzed in chapter four.
3-8 Environmental Variables Measurement:
3.8.1Measurement of Air Variables:
Samples were taken outside the project 50 meters and inside the project near the
generators during the three months (June, July and August), all three samples were
taking the arithmetic average and standard deviation goal of these measurements to
know whether there are contaminants out of the project and the impact on the
surrounding environment during the operating period. This study has measured the
following ambient air components in two sites where the first site was in project
vicinity and the second was close to water producing line using portable devices
provided by Environmental Research Center, University of Technology (NO, NO2,
CO, CO2, SO2, O3, Temperature, Relative Humidity (RH) and wind Speed) Results
were analyzed in chapter four.
3.8.2 Measurement of Water Variables:
Samples were taken three sites to raw water from side of river Tigris in Baghdad,
and produced water form water reservoirs of project during the three months (June,
July and August), and all three samples were taking the arithmetic average and
standard deviation. The aim of the tests to determine the proportion of
contaminants in the raw water and the processor to assess the efficiency of the
plant during the operating period.Two water samples were taken from the raw
water and produced water, and subjected to a number of physical and chemical

33
2
tests in laboratories of the Mayoralty of Baghdad. These physiochemical variables
were Temperature water temp °C was measured in situ using portable
thermometer, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Hardness (T.H), Dissolve Oxygen
(DO), Free Residual chlorine, (Cl-
), Nitrate (NO3-2
), Sulphate (SO4), Calcium
(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K), Results were analyzed in
chapter four.
3-9 Statistical treatment
The researcher used the Excel program with several methods of statistical
analysis are as follows:
• Percentages
𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭
𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞
=
%
𝟏𝟎𝟎
• Arithmetic mean 𝐗̅ =
∑ 𝐗
𝐧
• Standard Deviation S= √
∑(𝑿−𝐗̅ )
𝑵

34
Chapter Four: Result and Discussion and EIA study
4-1 Preface:
This chapter includes evaluation of the environmental impact of the Rusafa
water project and discusses the results of the survey and laboratory tests of Air
and Water.
4-2 Public participation analysis
4-2-1 Public Survey:
A100 survey sheets were distributed to the surrounding population for the
project residential area surrounding the project site in Pop Al-Sham area north of
Baghdad and have reached to different percentages according to the questions set
in the survey (Appendix A 1-2).
The percentage for Opinion establishment of the project Where the rate was
75% agree, while 19% of people non agree , while 6% of people have no opinion,
as shown in Figure (4-1)
Figure (4-1) Percentage of Opinion establishment of the project
The percentage of Family Members which include two persons are 7%, That
include number of family members from 3 to7 persons are 63% and that include
75%
19%
6%
Agree
Non Agree
No Opinion

35
number of family members more than 7 are 30%.The highest rate is 63% for
include members from 3 to 7 persons and the lowest rate is 7%for include
members two persons as shows in Figure (4-2).
Figure (4-2) Percentage of Family Members
The percentage of House area which include area less than 50 m2
are 20%,
That include area from 50 to 100 m2
are 40%, That include area from 100 to 200
m2
are 23% and that include area more than 200 m2
are 17%. The highest
percentage was 40% to area from 50 to 100 m2
and the lowest percentage was 17%
area more than 200 m2
as shows in Figure (4-3).
Figure (4-3) Percentage of House Area
The percentage of Educational Level for uneducated people was 33 %, who
have level of education primary and secondary education was 40% and those
7%
63%
30% 2
from 3 to 7
more than 7
20%
40%
23%
17% Less than 50 m2
From 50 to 100 m2
From 100 to 200 m2
More than 200 m2

36
having level of high education were 13 %. The highest percentage was 40% for
those who have level of education primary and secondary education and the
lowest percentage was 13%for who have level of education high education as
shows in Figure (4-4).
Figure (4-4) Percentage of Education Level
The percentage of Social Level for unemployed people was 43 %, and those
who have level of social self-employee were 47% while have level of social State
employee are 10 %. The highest percentage was 47% for level of social self-
employee and the lowest percentage was 10% for the level of social state
employee as shows in Figure (4-5).
Figure (4-5) Percentage of Social Level
33%
54%
13%
Uneducated
Primary and Secondary Education
High Education
43%
47%
10%
Unemployed
Self-employee
State employee

37
The percentage of Economic Level was presented for low income, the
percentage of people were 67 %, who have level of economic moderate income
are 26% and who have level of economic high income are 10 %. The highest rate
is 67%f or who have level of economic low income and the lowest rate is 10% for
who have level of economic high income as shows in Figure (4-6).
Figure (4-6): Percentage of Economic Level
4-2-2 Public suggestions and requirements on environment protection
According to the analysis of public participation survey (questionnaires, verbal
consultation and feedback of published information), public’s environment
protection suggestions and requirement are:
 Strengthen prevention of fugitive dust in construction, and alleviate its impact
on atmosphere environment.
 Prevent noise; mainly construction equipment noise impact on residents living
Construction.
 Decision maker should give more explanation and paganism to resident.
Influenced resident should be compensated, and try the best to correspond the
relationship with resident around.
 Strengthen protection of water source and water quality in construction and
operation of the project.
65%
25%
10%
Low income
Moderate income
moderate income

38
 Environmental protection department and other related department should
checkup seriously, and strengthen management of the project.
4-2-3 Further public participation plan
Environmental protection measures which are proposed in environmental impact
assessment can be more reasonable, practical and feasible by public participation
process. Public participation process also demonstrates the respect for the
environmental impact assessment work and the relevant departments of the public
interests and rights. It helps to improve people's environmental awareness. But in
Iraq, current public participation is mostly in the construction of multi-phase
project or projects in the preparatory process, while the attention in projects
construction and the public participation during operations is not enough as shown
in table (4-1).
Table (4-1) further public participation plan
Phases Content
Construction period
Announce the fulfillment condition of environment
management plan in construction period, operation
condition of environmental protection establishment and
environment quality of the area project in to public.
Operation period
Announce the fulfillment condition of environment
management plan in construction period, announcing
the monitor result of water body and water quality every
half year; Aim at the main environment problem in
operation period, put forward the environmental
protection countermeasures and consult the public
opinion.
4-3Air pollutants:
As previously mentioned in chapter three in a section 3.8.1 air tests were
done by devices have been borrowed from the Environmental Research Center of

39
NO, NO2, CO, CO2, SO2, O3, temperature, relative humidity and wind speed
measured during study periods in the project environment as shown in Table(4-2).
Table (4-2): Mean values ± standard deviation of Air variables
Variables
Mean ± standard deviation
Out side Inside
NO ppm 0.2±0.004 0.14±0.002
NO2 ppm 0.3±0.038 0.18±0.012
CO ppm 38.0±6.12 25.0±3.16
CO2 ppm 154.5±19.5 100.0±15.0
SO2 ppm 0.1±0.018 0.07±0.01
O3 ppm 0.03±0.001 0.02±0.00
Temp. (ₒ
c) 32.0±3.28 32.0±3.0
RH. % 40.0±2.22 38.0±2.4
Wind Speed m/sec 4.4±0.62 4.6±0.24
1. Nitric oxide (NO):
The mean of air NO ppm content outside the project was 0.2±0.004 ppm,
while inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 0.14±0.012 ppm
respectively as shown in Figure (4-7).
Figure (4-7): Mean NO values of outside and inside
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Out side
Inside
0.2
0.14
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside

40
2. Nitrous oxide (NO2):
The mean of air NO2 ppm content outside the project was 0.3±0.038ppm,
while inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 0.18±0.012 ppm
respectively, When compared with the limits of the Iraqi specification (0.11 ppm)
and WHO (o.25 ppm), which the two samples is higher than for the specified
parameters as shown in Figure (4-8).
Figure (4-8): Mean NO2 values of outside and inside
3. Carbon monoxide (CO):
The mean of air CO ppm content outside the project was 38.0±6.12ppm, while
inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 25.0±3.16 ppm respectively,
When compared with the limits of the Iraqi specification and WHO were (9ppm),
which the two samples is higher than for the specified parameters as shown in
Figure (4-9)
Figure (4-9): Mean CO values of outside and inside
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Out side
Inside
0.3
0.18
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside
0
10
20
30
40
Out side
Inside
38
25
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside

41
4. Carbon dioxide (CO2):
The mean of air CO2 ppm content outside the project was 154.5±19.5 ppm,
while inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 100.0±15.0ppm
respectively, When compared with the limits of WHO (250 ppm), which the two
samples was in limits for the specified parameters as shown in Figure (4-10).
Figure (4-10): Mean CO2 values of outside and inside
5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2):
The mean of air SO2 ppm content outside the project was 0.1±0.018 ppm.
While inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 0.07±0.01ppm
respectively. When compared with the limits of the Iraqi specification (0.14 ppm)
and WHO (0.01 ppm), within the limits of the Iraqi standard of the two samples
but outside the limit standard for WHO as shown in Figure (4-11).
Figure (4-11): Mean SO2 values of outside and inside
0
50
100
150
200
Out side
Inside
154.5
100
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Out side
Inside
0.1
0.07
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside

42
6. Ozone (O3 ):
The mean of air O3 ppm content outside the project was 0.03±0.001 ppm,
while inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 0.02±0.00ppm
respectively, when compared with the limits of the Iraqi specification (0.12ppm)
and WHO were (0.11ppm), which the two samples was in limits as shown in
Figure (4-12).
Figure (4-12): Mean O3 values of outside and inside
7. Temperature:
The mean of air Temp (cₒ
) content outside the project was 32.0±3.28 ppm, while
inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 32.0±3.0 ppm respectively, as
shown in Figure (4-13).
Figure (4-13): Mean Temp (cₒ) values of outside and inside
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Out side
Inside
0.03
0.02
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside
0
10
20
30
40
Out side
Inside
32
32
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside

43
8. Relative Humidity (RH):
The mean of air RH % content outside the project was 40.0±2.22 ppm, while
inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 38.0±2.4 ppm respectively, as
Figure (4-14): Mean RH values of outside and inside
9. Wind Speed:
The mean of air Wind Speed m/sec content outside the project was
4.4±0.62ppm, while inside the project, it was recorded a mean value of 4.6±0.24
ppm respectively as shown in Figure (4-15).
Figure (4-15): Mean Wind Speed values of outside and inside
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
40
Out side
Inside
40
38
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside
4.3
4.35
4.4
4.45
4.5
4.55
4.6
Out side
Inside
4.4
4.6
MeanValue
Air sample
Out side
Inside

44
4-4 Water pollutants:
As previously mentioned in chapter three in a section 3.8.2 Physiochemical
tests were conducted to measure for water contaminants, two samples were taken
from the raw water and treated water, and conducted by a number of physical and
chemical tests laboratories in the Mayoralty of Baghdad. All of the results of
Temperature water °C, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Hardness (T.H),
Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Free Residual chlorine, (Cl-
), Nitrate (NO3-2
), Sulphate
(SO4), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) values in
the present study are matching standards specifications for Iraqi drinking water
standard.
Table (4-3) Mean values ± standard deviation for measurement of water
variables.
Variables
Mean ± standard deviation
Raw Water Produced Water
Water temp. °C 18.9±1.5 18.5±1.5
Hydrogen ion (PH) 7.44±006 7.32±0.07
E.C. µs/cm 913.0±17.0 796.5±10.3
Turbidity (NTU) 161.8±9.2 2.95±0.25
TDS mg/l 594.0±12.0 502.5±12.0
TSS mg/l 154.5±9.5 2.72±0.12
TH (CaCO3) mg/l 336.5±4.4 302.0±8.0
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 9.11±0.57 3.22±0.14
Free Residual chlorine ppm ND 3.5±0.0
Chloride (CL) mg/l 47.5±0.5 70.5±5.5
Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 1.3±0.0 3.55±0.9

45
Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 222.5±2.5 165.0±1.0
Calcium (Ca) mg/l 58.0±1.0 65. 5±1.7
Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 26.0±0.0 27.5±2.2
Sodium (Na) mg/l 36.0±0.0 43.0±3.8
Potassium (K) mg/l 2.9±0.0 2.58±0.05
1. Temperature:
The mean of temperature (C◦
) for the raw water was 18.9 ±1.5, while produced
water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 18.5±1.5 respectively as
(4-16): Mean Temperature values of raw and produced water
2. Hydrogen ion (PH):
The mean of PH for the raw water was 7.44±006, while produced water in the
project, It was recorded a mean value of 7.32±0.07 respectively, the result was
within the limits of Iraqi standard for drinking water (7-8.5) and WHO (6.5-8.5) as
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
Raw Water
produced
water
18.9
18.5
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
produced water

46
(4-17): Mean PH values of raw and produced water
3. Electrical conductivity (EC):
The mean of EC for the raw water was 913.0±17.0, while produced water in
the project, It was recorded a mean value of 796.5±10.3respectively. The
permissible limits for all samples matches standard specifications for Iraqi
drinking water standards and WHO (2000 µS/cm) as shown in Figure (4-18).
(4-18): Mean EC values of raw and produced water
4. Turbidity:
The mean of Turbidity (NTU) for the raw water was 161.8±9.2, while
produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 2.95±0.25
respectively. Turbidity values for raw water exceeded the Iraqi standards (5 NTU)
for treated water for WHO was not exceeding 1.5 so the two samples were not in
limits Previous study recorded several reasons affected the turbidity of water such
7.25
7.3
7.35
7.4
7.45
Raw Water
produced water
7.44
7.32
MeanValue Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water
700
750
800
850
900
950
Raw Water
produced water
796.5
913
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
produced water

47
as the presence of materials that may be particles or soil or sand or clay, or even
organic and non-organic matters or may be microorganisms. These materials
cause lack of water transparency, interfere with the efficiency of the chlorine
adding process, and help protect the bacteria (Asano, 2007). The highest reading
recorded to raw water due to the erosion of large amounts of suspended solids into
the river as shown in Figure (4-19).
(4-19): Mean Turbidity values of raw and produced water
4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):
The mean of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) for the raw water was 502.5±12.0,
while produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 594.0±12.0
respectively, The permissible limits for all samples matches standard
specifications for Iraqi drinking water standards and WHO (1000mg/l) as shown
in Figure (4-20).
Figure (4-20): Mean TDS values of raw and produced water
0
50
100
150
200
Raw Water
produced water
161.8
2.95
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water
450
500
550
600
Raw Water
produced water
594
502
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

48
5. Total suspended solids (TSS):
The mean of Total suspended solids (TSS) for the raw water was
2.72±0.12. While produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value
of 154.5±9.5 respectively, These results showed an increase in TSS
concentration in raw water rains in winter that carry many suspended materials
such as dusts and others beside the increase in winds velocity and sand storms
in summer as a result of that increase velocity of water in its turbidity (Lane et
al., 1999; Barakat, 2007), as shown in Figure (4-21).
(4-21): Mean TSS values of raw and produced water
6. Total Hardness (TH):
The mean of Total Hardness (TH) for the raw water was 302.0±8.0. while
produced water in the project, It was recorded a mean value of 302.0±8.0
respectively. The results of the current study of drinking water matched the Iraqi
standards for safe drinking water (500 mg/l), The total hardness is a digital term of
water content of metal especially calcium, magnesium ions, and other alkaloids
ions, its counted one of major characteristics that differs as the water quality
differs around the world .Hard water is the water which contains these ions and
others such as iron, manganese, and aluminum; they are more common than easy
water (Water Corporation, 2004) as shown in Figure (4-22).
0
50
100
150
200
Raw Water
produced water
154.5
2.72
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

49
(4-22): Mean TH values of raw and produced water
7. Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
The mean of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) for the raw water was 3.22±0.14, while
respectively as shown in Figure (4-23).
(4-23): Mean DO values of raw and produced water
8. Free Residual chlorine:
The mean of Free Residual chlorine ppm for the raw water was 3.5±0.0, while
produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of ND respectively,
The results was exceeded the limit for produced water for Iraqi standards for safe
drinking water (0.3-1mg/l) and WHO standards ( 0.5-1.5 mg/l) as shown in
Figure(4-24).
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
Raw Water
produced water
336.5
302
Raw Water
Produced water
0
2
4
6
8
10
Raw Water
produced water
9.11
3.22
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

50
(4-24): Mean Free Residual chlorine values of raw and produced water
9. Chloride (CL)
The mean of Chloride (CL) mg/l for the raw water was 70.5±5.5. while
produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of
47.5±0.5respectively, The results of the current study of drinking water matched
the Iraqi standards for safe drinking water (200 mg/l) was with limits but for
WHO (5 mg/l) was exceeded limits for two samples, For the areas to the project
the rates of chlorides were higher than the projects supplying them that’s might be
due to the breaks in the transferring pipes because of the excavations most of
times then cause the mixing of drinking water in the pipe with the liquids in the
lands that network of pipes pass through it then carrying many materials and salts,
or it might be due to the corrosion of the internal substances lining the pipes (Al-
Shimary, 2005). as shown in Figure (4-25).
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Raw Water
produced water
ND
913
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

51
(4-25): Mean CL values of raw and produced water
10. Nitrate (NO3):
The mean of Nitrate (NO3) mg/l for the raw water was 3.55±0.9. while
produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of
1.3±0.0respectively, The results of the current study of drinking water matched
the Iraqi standards for safe drinking water (40 mg/l) and WHO (50 mg/l) were in
limits for two samples as shown in Figure (4-26).
(4-26): Mean NO3values of raw and produced water
11. Sulphate (SO4):
The mean of Sulphate (SO4) mg/l for the raw water was 165.0±1.0 while
0
20
40
60
80
Raw Water
produced water
47.5
70.5
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Raw Water
produced water
1.3
3.55
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

52
respectively. The results of the current study of drinking water matched the Iraqi
standards for safe drinking water (200 mg/l) so for raw water was exceeded limits.
The increase of SO4 might be due to many reasons, such as, they can’t be
removed by the traditional processing methods, or adding Alum article in non-
regular doses (Hamudat, 2009). Or the drinking water contaminated by sewage
that contain a high concentration of SO4 in some areas due to the old distribution
networks and their corrosion, or the leakage of ground water, and other human
industrial activities (Al-Refaaey, 1987) as shown in Figure (4-27).
(4-27): Mean SO4 values of raw and produced water
12. Calcium (Ca):
The mean of Calcium (Ca) mg/l for the raw water was 58.0±1.0 while
produced water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 65.5.5±1.7
respectively, The results of the current study of drinking water matched the Iraqi
standards for safe drinking water (75 mg/l), Soil erosion and mining of dolomite
can be attributed to high values of calcium and magnesium concentration in river
water (Sharma et al., 2006). It has a great importance in water because the
hardness and the quality of water depend on its concentration in it as shown in
Figure (4-28).
0
50
100
150
200
250
Raw Water
produced water
222.5
165
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

53
(4-28): Mean Ca values of raw and produced water
13. Magnesium (Mg):
The mean of Magnesium (Mg) mg/l for the raw water was 27.5±2.2, while
respectively, The results of the current study of drinking water matched the Iraqi
standards for safe drinking water (50 mg/l), In addition to bio adsorption of Mg
ions by plants which depend on water characters of temperature, pH, and
dissolved Oxygen concentration (Park et al., 2002) as shown in Figure (4-29).
(4-29): Mean Mg values of raw and produced water
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
Raw Water
produced water
58
65.5
Raw Water
Produced water
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
Raw Water
produced water
26
27.5
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

54
14. Sodium ions (Na+1
):
The mean of Sodium (Na+1
) mg/l for the raw water was 43.0±3.8, while produced
water in the project, it was recorded a mean value of 36.0±0.0respectively, The
results of the current study of drinking water matched the WHO (40 mg/l) so for
produced water exceeded limits. It’s one of the ions responsible of hardness in
water, increasing in its concentration leave sediments on the pipes walls (Todd,
2007) as shown in Figure (4-30).
(4-30): Mean Na values of raw and produced water
15. Potassium (K):
The mean of Potassium (K) mg/l for the raw water was 2.58±0.05, while
respectively, as shown in Figure (4-31).
(4-31): Mean K values of raw and produced water
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
Raw Water
produced
water
36
43
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Raw Water
produced water
2.9
2.58
MeanValue
Water sample
Raw Water
Produced water

55
4-5 EIA Study:
The study should have the following items:
4-5-1 Exclusive Summary:
The project consists of four main sections with a total capacity of up to (910
thousand cubic meters per day "the water great Rusafa project. It is the largest in
the Middle district East to address the scarcity of water, especially in the Rusafa
once and for all. As well as bridging the future needs of the capital until the year
2030 and provide a surplus will be given to the districts and the parties. the project
used the latest technology and the most advanced in the world in terms of water
filter and ensure access to the consumer according to the technical specifications
adopted by the World Health Organization and increase per capita Baghdadi daily
of drinking water in accordance with international standards. The total capacity of
the project is up to 910 thousand cubic meters during the same day. The project
consists of four main sections first outlet. Which is located on the Tigris River and
includes the elements of the initial filter and pumping station for raw water and
the second section carrier lines between the outlet and the treatment plant and the
number of five lines of the third treatment plant and section located approximately
(3.5) kilometers east of the river it includes (16) basin sedimentation and two
pools for the nomination consortium of 14 units nomination.
The other project sections include chemical plant and reservoirs of pure
water card (90) thousand cubic meters for each station of pure water pumping and
transmission lines reservoir from the pumping station to the points. Reservoirs
distribution beside me Karkh and Rusafa a length of 70 km in diameters ranging
from 1400-1800mm. pure water distribution from the project to the neighborhoods
of the capital Baghdad will be by seven lines, two of which diameter (1600 mm)
track to the embankment and passing through areas the people of Ur and Ithaalbh

56
and seven palaces and granular Obeidi and perfectionism, municipalities and other
lines in diameter 1800 mm track to orchards neighborhood and reflect the military
channel is then connected by the main network between the areas of Afaq Arabiya
and by Muhammad Qasim for quick passage.
4-5-2 Introduction and classification project:
It is discussed briefly about the project and the extent of the investment
importance and its contribution to the operation of labor which enhances national
income as well as the importance of the project according to the rating User rating
local projects in order to identify the most important residues and contaminants to
propose mechanics to diagnosed and discharged.
Rusafa water project is classified within the white list category (C) according
to Article 65 of Law No. 3 of 2011; as such projects characterized by specific
environmental effects can be controlled and treated. But Article 10 of Law No. 27
of 2009 obliges the entrepreneur created before starting to submit a report to the
Environmental Impact Assessment.
4-5-3 General information about the project
1. Name of Project: Rusafa Water Project.
2. Owner of the project: Mayoralty of Baghdad.
3. The project site: Husseiniya – Baghdad.
4. Objective of the project: evaluating the performance of Rusafa water plant.
5. Design capacity of the project: 910,000M3
/day.
6. Raw materials used in the project:
6-1 Solid Materials:
Polymers Shaped as special powder to intensify the isolation of sludge.
Polly-electrolyte powder substance used to increase the electrical conductivity
of the water to increase the polarization of particles of alum.

57
6-2 Liquid Materials:
Raw water from the river.
Hydroxide of sodium (NaOH) for the treatment of leaking gases Chlorine plant.
Liquid polymers private intensify and isolate the sludge.
6-3 Gas Materials:
Ozone (O3) gas for purposes of water disinfection.
Chlorine gas for disinfection purposes.
7- Waste resulting from treatment operations:
7.1 Waste of solid materials:
 Dried sludge which is marketed as fertilizer.
Solid waste rough and smooth were stuck in the river water during pulled for
treatment e.g. (plastic materials, wood, sand and others) were disposed of by
moving them to the landfill site.
7.2 Waste of Liquid materials:
Treated water that comes out from collector sludge basins are discharged into
the Tigris River.
Water from washing and cleaning of production halls and human use, as well as
from the water inside Leaked amounts process productivity and require assembled
which are discharged through the sewage mechanisms adopted in the plant site.
Lubricant consumed resulting from the lubrication machines and electrical
generators parts are collected in a private refill and discharged into bodies
working to utilize them.
Fuel oil, gas used in the operation of the electric generator is a very limited
amount of operational and economic importance.

58
7.3 Waste of Gas materials
Leaking from ozone gas used for purposes of sterilization, although it seep into
the surrounding environment, but it is necessary to develop sensors for this type of
dangerous gases and then use engineering mechanisms are supported to prevent
leaks and move to the local environment.
Air contains acceptable gaseous pollutants such as gases rates NO, CO2, O3 and
others, where there is system to pull the gases and processed before it is put to air.
Exhaust smoke generators impact very few because it modern and combustion
in a very good addition to the filters on the smoke exits.
Leaking from gases cooling devices in limited quantities noted that it is gas-
friendly to the environment and therefore are generally less effective and leak into
the atmosphere.
4.5.4 Economic importance of the project:
The project is of strategic service projects have several economic advantages,
including:
1. Investment project helps eliminate scarcity of drinking water in Baghdad and
thus eliminate the phenomenon of buying filters for sterilizing water and motors to
take water.
2. Financial returns from marketing sludge as fertilizer for the owners of the farms
are considered the economic benefit of the project and the investor.
3. Provide job opportunities for neighboring populations regions while conducting
the process of establishing the project and provide an opportunity for the owners
of service vehicles to transport fertilizer from the project.

59
4.5.5 Potential environmental impacts and recommendations precautionary
Resulting from the operation of the project a range of environmental waste
that can be avoided and to minimize its impact following a few precautionary
requirements, including: -
1. Personal hygiene of staff work and wearing suits, paws, not eating and drinking
inside the project taking into account the care of periodic medical examinations
for employees and make sure they are free from communicable diseases and the
exclusion of people with suspected any of Communicable Diseases.
2. Non-use of chemicals and pesticides to kill insects, rodents and replace
methods pulse of ultrasonic and adhesive traps and other fishing tools.
3. Provide a sufficient number of water courses and provide them with air
dischargers and attentions to cleanliness are constantly using different
disinfectants, detergents and be far away from production units.
4. Regular maintenance of the water treatment system cleaned and reactivated or
replaced to ensure process efficiency, accuracy and purity of the water processor
with care cleaner water used in the production process tanks.
5. The need to provide safety equipment of the fire-fighting tools and first aid in
different places of the project and the training of staff working on their use.
6. Conduct laboratory tests for each stage of the project to control pollution in the
event of presence and ensure its safety for human consumption.
7. The adoption of legal regulations and legislation governing this type of activity
is not the neutrality of the terms of the determinants of the location and output
raised to the surrounding environment.
8. Reactivating environmental management plan and a commitment to on-site
monitoring of the executive steps of the plan system.
9. Suspension of the signboards at the station contains instructions for initial-aid
treatment to be followed in the event of any accident.

60
10.Training workers in vocational training, environmental and rehabilitation
courses for training in the use of SCADA system and to ensure the safety of
workers and the quality of operations and treatment.
4.5.6Analysis of Environmental Impacts
- Summary of Impacts
Table (4-4) as shown below summarizes the impacts for each activity related to
the project and presents the magnitude, frequency, likelihood and consequence of
each impact.

61
Table (4-4) Summary of Impacts
Activity Type of Impact Magnitude
Frequency /
Duration
Likelihood
Consequence
(+ / -)
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Site Preparation
Construction of the water network may cause
increase in traffic in the village
Medium
Only during
construction
Medium Negative
Construction of a temporary site offices and
lay down area may have a limited impact on
the topography
Minimal Only during
construction
Low
Negative
Commercial activities hindered because of the
difficulty of access
Medium
Only during
construction
Low Negative
General use of
vehicles and
machinery
Water for wash down of vehicles and
machinery on site may contaminate
groundwater
Significant Permanent
Low
Negative
Spills or leaks of fuels, lubricants or chemicals
from machinery and vehicles may contaminate
groundwater
Significant Permanent Low Negative
Source of noise Medium Only during
construction
High Negative
General laborers
presence on site
Inadequate storage and management of litter,
construction waste and liquid wastes prior to
disposal
Medium Only during
construction
Medium Negative
Effluent from construction workers’ temporary
amenities leaching into groundwater, carrying
nutrients and micro-organisms
Significant Permanent Medium Negative
Contamination of the storm water from litter
and construction wastes and untreated effluent
from temporary workers' amenities
Medium Only during
construction
Low Negative

62
Frequency /
Duration
Likelihood
Consequence
(+ / -)
Odor generated from sewer of worker's
amenities
Significant Only during
construction
High Negative
Traffic due to transport of personnel Medium
Only during
construction
Negative
Excavation works
Heavy noises near schools can affect learning Medium
Only during
construction
Minimal Negative
Dust emissions generated from earthworks due
to loading and unloading of materials on site
and from uncovered truckload in addition to
the potential dust emissions that could occur as
a result of 4km of excavation for the water
supply
Medium Only during
construction
Minimal Negative
Contamination of storm water from exposed
soils
Medium Only during
construction
Medium Negative
Generation of excavation material to be
disposed of
Medium Only during
construction
Low Negative
Potential public safety concerns associated
with the excavation works for the installation
of the water supply
Low Only during
construction
High Negative
Manhole
construction
Potential worker accidents from constructing
manholes
Significant
Only during
construction
Low Negative
Disposal of debris
hauling to an
approved location
Traffic congestion Medium
Only during
construction
Medium Negative
Adverse impact on the health of the workers
and residents in and around the due to
deterioration of the air quality, increase of
noise and traffic
Significant
Only during
construction
Medium Negative

63
Frequency /
Duration
Likelihood
Consequence
(+ / -)
Volatile emissions during earthwork phase
from solvents and fuels stored or used on the
Project site
Medium Only during
construction
High Negative
Exhaust and dust emissions from construction
vehicles and machinery
Medium Only during
construction
High Negative
Facility facade Negative visual effect on aesthetics Minimal Permanent Low Negative
Installation of
electric cables to
connect pumps
with the power
source
Use of potentially harmful materials (e.g. PCB) Significant Permanent Low Negative
OPERATION PHASE
Delivery of Water
Treatment Plant
supplies
Increase traffic of vehicles required to deliver
materials and supply for the treatment
processes
Low Permanent Low Negative
Water extraction
from the river
Water drawdown Significant Permanent Low Negative
Unsustainable water use Medium Permanent Low Negative
Decrease in water available for existing flora
and fauna in the river
Minimal Permanent Low Negative
Effects on the sensitive ecosystem Minimal Permanent Low Negative
Increase of water supply to population Significant Permanent High Positive
Backwash water Backwash water to be disposed of Significant Permanent High Negative
Treatment of water
by chlorination
Supply of improved drinking water quality to
population
Significant Permanent High Positive

64
Frequency /
Duration
Likelihood
Consequence
(+ / -)
Risk of wrong dosage Significant
Single event
occurrences
Low Negative
Potential hazard from the use of chlorine Significant Permanent Low Negative
Waste generation
Chemicals coagulation, settled water from pre-
sedimentation
Pump room
operation
Halted operation due to electricity cuts Medium Permanent Low Negative
Pollution in case generators are needed Minimal Permanent Medium Negative
Contamination of water due to spills and
propagation of chemical elements (e.g. PCB,
oil, etc.)
Significant Permanent Medium Negative
Risk of leakage from fuel storage tanks Significant Permanent Medium Negative
Noise pollution Minimal Permanent High Negative
Water treatment
plant facility
Aesthetic issue Minimal Permanent Low Negative
Additional use of energy to operate the facility
(electricity)
Land use around
facility
Deterioration of landscape (trees and plants)
that exists at the proposed new site location

65
4.5.7 Monitoring Environment Effects and Mitigation
During the construction phase, the resident engineer on site would
designate a person to continuously monitor the activities that have been
highlighted above that would cause a negative impact and that subsequently
necessitate mitigation action. The monitoring would ensure that mitigation
measures are strictly followed and any nonconformance would be reported to
the resident engineer for correction. Some monitoring activities would include
but not be limited to:
• Site inspection
• Construction activities
• Disposal activities
• Worker behavior
• Traffic
• Power supply
Such a monitoring effort would limit any negative impact from
nonconformance and would enable a better implementation of the management
plan. In order to ensure that the water treatment plant and the corresponding
entities (tanks, network, valves and fittings, etc...) are properly operating there
would be a team, from the Directorate of Water Outskirts Baghdad, designated
for their follow-up. During operation this team would also monitor on a regular
basis the level of water in the river, chlorination dosage and power supply.
The main potential sources of negative impacts as shown in table (4-5).
4.5.8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
Table (4-5) presents the monitoring indicators, reporting frequency and
person responsible for each mitigation measure identified for the project.

66
Table (4-5) Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental Management and Plan
Environmental Component
and Activity
Mitigating Measure(s)
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
Construction of a temporary
site offices and lay down
area may have a limited
impact on the topography
Limit earthworks to the minimum
required for the proposed facilities such as
site office
Earthwork
quantities
optimization
Prior to commencing
earthworks
Construction
Manager
Commercial activities
hindered because of the
difficulty of access
Local residents should be employed
during the construction phases whenever
feasible
Number of
local residents
employed
Prior to and during
construction
Construction
Manager
Water for wash down of
vehicles and machinery on
site may contaminate
groundwater
Provision of uncontaminated water for
dust suppression and wash down of
vehicles and machinery
Water quality
for dust
suppression
Bi - Weekly Site Supervisor
Spills or leaks of fuels,
lubricants or chemicals from
machinery and vehicles may
contaminate groundwater
Spill control measures should be implemented
to prevent spills from infiltrating into the
groundwater table. Measures should include
appropriate materials handling and storage
procedures, and development of contingency
plans in the event of a spill
Correctness of
procedures and
plans
Prior to commencing
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
Noise pollution during
construction
Make sure all machinery and vehicles are
fitted with appropriate mufflers, and that all
mufflers and acoustic treatments are in good
working order;
Visual
inspections
Noise level
Prior to construction and
update as required
Site Supervisor
regularly maintained and broken parts (such
as mufflers) are replaced immediately
Visual
inspections
Noise level
Daily Site Supervisor

67
and Activity
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
operated efficiently and according to the
manufacturer's specifications, by trained
and qualified operator
Visual
inspections
Noise level
Prior to construction Site Supervisor
Make sure that activities likely to cause
adverse noise impacts are timed to have
least impact on surrounding land uses and
other site activities (such as the schools
and the hospitals)
Noise level Daily/weekly
Construction
Manager
Site Supervisor
Make sure all personnel are issued with
hearing protection and are advised of its
proper use
Visual
inspections
Noise level
Daily/weekly Safety Engineer
Consultation of earthwork hours with affected
residents and nearby sensitive receivers
Noise level at
different times
Residents
feedback
Prior to and during
construction
Construction
Manager
Inadequate storage and
management of litter,
construction waste and liquid
wastes prior to disposal
Waste management measures should be
implemented to prevent litter and debris and
liquid wastes from entering soil excavations
Visual
inspections of
site
During construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
Effluent from construction
workers’ temporary amenities
leaching into groundwater,
carrying nutrients and micro-
organisms
Provision of temporary amenities for workers.
Effluent should be treated or suitably disposed
off-site
Efficiency of
provided
amenities
Prior to commencing
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer

68
and Activity
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
Contamination of the storm
water from litter and
construction wastes and
untreated effluent from
temporary workers' amenities
Waste control measures should be
implemented to prevent litter and construction
waste from infiltrating into the groundwater
table
Efficiency of
proposed
measures
Prior to commencing
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
Provision of suitable workers’ amenities
facilities. If possible, effluent should be
disposed of off-site at a nearby STP
Efficiency of
provided
amenities
Prior to commencing
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
High volume of excavation and
filling may alter flow paths
within the portions under
construction
Re-use any excess excavation material
generated by the construction within the site
or on the other nearby projects. The deposit of
waste to landfill is a last resort.
Location and
quantities of cut
and fill volumes
During construction
Construction
Manager
Site Supervisor
Reduced as much as possible difference
between cut and fill
Cut and fill
volumes
Before construction Design Engineer
Odor generated from sewer of
workers amenities
Provision of suitable workers’ amenities,
located within the construction area and, if
possible, downwind from residential areas
Efficiency of
provided
amenities
Prior to commencing
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
Site Supervisor
Regular maintenance of workers’ amenities,
including the emptying of effluent storage
tanks
Efficiency of
provided
amenities
Prior to and during
construction
Health Officer
Water/Sanitation
Officer
Site Supervisor
Traffic congestions
Provision of shared workers transport from
workers accommodation to the proposed
Project site
Number of
vehicles required
to transport
workers
Daily/Weekly Site Supervisor

69
and Activity
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
Provision of shared workers transport from
workers accommodation to the proposed
Project site
Number of
vehicles required
to transport
workers
Daily/Weekly Daily/Weekly
Installation of warning signs and specified
speed limits (site roads should reduce traffic
speeds to 20 km/hr)
Efficiency of
signs location
Prior to commencing
construction
Site Supervisor
The use of local construction materials where
practical to avoid long journeys
Number of local
suppliers
involved
compared to non-
local
construction
materials
Prior to and during
construction
Construction
Manager
Provision of adequate lighting on site road
and parking areas
Efficiency of
light distribution
and intensity
Prior to and during
construction
Site Supervisor
Timing of construction activity, such as
restricting construction traffic to designated
roads during designated times, avoiding peak
hour traffic
Traffic level of
service
Prior to and during
construction
Construction
Manager
Design a traffic plan to make sure that traffic
avoids, where possible, congested and heavily
populated areas and dusty roads
Traffic level of
service
Prior to and during
construction
Traffic Engineer
Generation of excavation
material to be disposed of
Re-use of excavated material for the project or
other projects in the area
Visual
inspections
Daily checks of the
generated excavation
material and its disposal
Site Supervisor

70
and Activity
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
Heavy noises near schools can
affect learning
Construction works within 100m of schools
should be restricted to outside school hours
(such as before and after school, during
school holidays or weekends, or left as the
final stage of works); Wire fence meshing,
dust screens or wooden hoardings should be
installed to delineate the construction area and
therefore decrease impacts; The access points
for construction vehicles should be a
minimum of 100m from school access
Noise levels
School feedback
Prior to and during
construction
Construction
Manager
Site Supervisor
Contamination of storm water
from exposed soils sediments
The height and slope of stockpiles should be
limited to minimize erosion of unconsolidated
materials during rainfall events
Visual
inspections
Daily checks of the
location of the stockpiles
Site Supervisor
Locating stockpiles on flat areas, away from
storm water. Ensure that sediment or erosion
cannot reach a waterway; Diversion of
overland flow around work areas /
construction sites
Visual
inspections
Daily checks of the
location of the stockpiles
Site Supervisor
Potential public safety concerns
associated with the excavation
works for the installation of the
water supply network
The area surrounding the excavations should
be fenced off or otherwise restricted from
public access to prevent injury or accident due
to entry onto a construction site
Visual
inspections
Daily checks of the
access restriction
signboard or fence
Site Supervisor

71
and Activity
Monitoring
Indicator(s)
Data Collection and
Reporting Frequency
Responsible
Generation of debris to be
disposed outside the project
site
Solid waste that cannot be reused shall be
disposed of in approved landfills
Visual
inspections
Daily checks of the
generated excavation
material and its disposal
Site Supervisor
Dust emissions during
breaking of concrete that
might affect workers health
Use of water sprays to decrease dust
emissions
Visual
inspections
Daily
Site Supervisor
Volatile emissions during
earthwork phase from solvents
and fuels stored or used on the
Project site
Ensure all machinery is in good order and
repair and not leaking fuel or volatile
emissions from fuel tanks or fuel lines
Visual
inspections
Daily/Weekly Site Supervisor
A full list of all volatile fuels and chemicals
stored on site should be kept by the site
supervisor, including accompanying volumes,
locations and Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs)
List of volatile
fuels and
chemicals
Update the register as
necessary
Site Supervisor
Visual effect on aesthetics
Design facilities’ facades in a subtle way that
matches its surroundings and reduce their size
as much as possible to minimize the potential
negative effects on aesthetics.
Façade design Prior to construction Design Engineer
Use of potentially harmful
materials (e.g. PCB)
Limit use of harmful materials. If
unavoidable, impose monitoring and
maintenance
Amount of
harmful materials
used
Weekly
Health Officer
Site Supervisor
Water drawdown
Control water extraction to match as close as
possible the groundwater recharge rate
Amount of water
being extracted
Bi-weekly
Water/Sanitation
Officer

Environmental Impact Assessment Of Rusafa water project in Iraq

Environmental Impact Assessment Of Rusafa water project in Iraq

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