Complete final year project BE CIVIL

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi-590018
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER
QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE
SENSING TECHNIQUE”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
For the academic year
2017-2018
Submitted by
1HK14CV044 SHAIK AHMED JAWAD
1HK14CV054 WASEEEM PASHA
1HK14CV016 LIKHITH HC
1HK15CV414 RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH
Under the guidance of
HOD: Dr. SYED ABU SAYEED MOHAMMED
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU)
22/1, Nagawara, Arabic College Post, Bangalore-45, Karnataka
Email: info@hkbk.edu.in URL: www.hkbk.edu.in

H.K.B.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
S.No.22/1, Nagawara, Bengaluru-560045
Department of Civil
Certificate
Certified that the Project Work entitled “PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER
QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE”, carried out
by SHAIK AHMED JAWAD (1HK14CV044), WASEEM PASHA (1HK14CV054), LIKHITH HC
(1HK14CV016) AND RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH (1HK15CV414) are bonafide students of HKBK
COLLEGE of ENGINEERING, in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2017–18. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of 10CV85–Evaluation of Project Work and Viva-Voce prescribed
for the said Degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
External Viva
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1._________________________________ _____________________
2._________________________________ _____________________

V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our regards and acknowledgement to all who helped us in
completing this project successfully.
First of all we would take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to the
personalities of HKBK College of Engineering, Mr. C M Ibrahim, Chairman,
HKBKCE and Mr. Faiz Mohammed, Director, HKBKCE for providing facilities
throughout the course.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Muzammil Ahamed S., Principal, HKBCE
for his support and which inspired us towards the attainment of knowledge.
We consider it as great privilege to convey our sincere regards to Dr. Syed Abu Sayeed
Mohammed., Professor and HOD, Department of CE, HKBKCE for his constant
encouragement throughout the course of the project.
We would specially like to thank our guide, Dr. Syed Abu Sayeed Mohammed.,
Professor, Department of CE for his vigilant supervision and his constant
encouragement. He spent his precious time in reviewing the project work and provided
many insightful comments and constructive criticism.
Finally, We thank Almighty, all the staff members of CE Department, our family
members and friends for their constant support and encouragement in carrying out the
project work.
1HK14CV044 SHAIK AHMED JAWAD
1HK14CV054 WASEEEM PASHA
1HK14CV016 LIKHITH HC
1HK15CV414 RISHAV KUMAR RAKESH

IV
ABSTRACT
In this project, the physicochemical analysis of various physico-chemical parameters is
carried out for assessment of ground water quality. Total of 12 samples were collected
from 12 locations of bangalore urban area viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Muneshwara Nagar, Vishwanath Nagenahalli, Kacharakanahalli, Jakkuru-2,
Nagawara, Horamavu, Thanisandra, Kempegowda Ward, Byatarayanapura and
Jakkuru. These 12 water samples were collected from sampling points whose
connection was given to bore wells. Various physico-chemical parameters tested were
pH, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, lead content, total
solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity. For
geo-referencing of study area, Toposheet No D43R12 (57G/12) OF BANGALORE
URBAN – [between latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚0’ to 13˚15’ and between
longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚30’ to 077˚45’] was used. The quality of
groundwater is assessed in the study area based on water quality index model. The
softwares such as Google Earth Pro and ArcGIS 10.5 were used for the generation of
Study Area Map, spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical parameters and
ground water quality map.

V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO
TITLE PAGE
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 01-05
1.1 SYNOPSIS 02
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 03
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED WORK 04
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED WORK 05
2 METHODOLOGY 06-13
2.1 STAGES INVOLVED IN METHODOLOGY 7-13
3 PHYSICO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS 14-30
3.1 PH 15-17
3.2 ALKALINITY 17-19
3.3 SULPHATES 19-20
3.4 NITRATES 20-22
3.5 TOTAL HARDNESS 22-23
3.6 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 24-25
3.7 LEAD 26-27
3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 27-29
3.9 TURBIDITY 30
4 RESULTS 31-43
5 WATER QUALITY INDEX 44-54
6
MAP GENERATION BY APPLICATION
OF GIS
55-66
7 CONCLUSION 67
8 REFERENCES 68

Dept of Civil Engineering | H.K.B.K CE, 2017-18 Page 1
CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER:1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SYNOPSIS
Water is one of the most important, universal and most precious natural resource. It is
essential in the life of all living organisms from the simplest plant and microorganisms
to the most complex living system such as of human body. Water is a combination of
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, with a chemical formula, H2O and it is known to be the
most abundant compound (70%) on earth’s surface. It is significant due to its unique
chemical and physical properties.
Ground water is the major source in India not only for domestic use, but also for
agriculture and industrial sector. At present scenario, 85% of domestic water
requirement in rural areas, 55% of irrigation water requirement of farmers, 50% of
domestic water requirement in urban areas and 50% of process water requirement of
industries are met by ground water.
Ground water is ultimate, most suitable fresh water resource with nearly balanced
concentration of the salts for human consumption.
Acceptable ground water quality shows that the ground water should be safe in terms
of its physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. International and local
agencies have established parameters to determine biological and physicochemical
quality of ground water. It has been estimated that the most common problems in
household water supplies is mainly to hardness, fluorides, sulphides, sodium chloride,
alkalinity, acidity, disease-producing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, etc. Thus,
if the physico-chemical constituents of ground water used for drinking exceed its
maximum permissible limits it causes adverse health effects on the mankind.
Water plays an important role for all living organism. Chemical formula of water is
H2O. It exists in the three states namely solid, liquid and gas. Water is universal solvent
used as media for bio-chemical as well as chemical reaction. Water is essential for all
living organism. Life cannot run without water. On earth 97.2% of water is salty and

2.8% is fresh water from which about 20% constitutes ground water (Rajesh Kumar,
2011
Rapid growth of industrialization, population urbanization spoil the ground water. Once
ground water get polluted, it cannot be restored by stopping the pollutants from their
source.
According to WHO, about 80% diseases in human being are caused by water (Neerja
Kalra, 2012). Also ground water is used by the people throughout the world for various
domestic purposes such as drinking, cooking, bathing, etc. So study of ground water
becomes very very important lest the people are using the ground water which is unsafe.
In India 90% of the rural and nearly 30% of the urban populations depend on
groundwater for meeting their drinking and domestic requirements.
Therefore, it is desirable to control the intake of these potentially toxic chemicals from
drinking water. Hence, the aim of this study is also to examine the levels of some
physico-chemical parameters of drinking water of few Urban Areas of Bangalore.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The quality of groundwater is deteriorating at a faster pace due to pollution ranging
from septic tanks (Olaniya and Saxena, 1977; Gillison and Patmont, 1983), land fill
leachates, domestic sewage (Eison and Anderson, 1980; Sharma and Kaur, 1995;
Subba Rao, 1995), agricultural runoff / agricultural fields (Banerji, 1983; Handa;
1986, Ramachandra et al., 1991; Datta and Sen Gupta, 1996, Somashekar et al.,
2000) and industrial wastes (Sharma and Kaur, 1995; Todd, 1995 and Rengaraj et
al., 1996; Indra Raj, 2000)
Recently, G. Sheeba, Anjaneyulu Jalaja and Padma Venkatasubramanian
(November 2017) conducted the study on various parameters of ground water in peri
urban Bengaluru. They found that the ground water was poor in quality with refence to
its chemical and various other parameters.
Dr. Balasubramanya N and Dr Shankar B.S (June 2014) conducted the study of
ground water quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Basin, Bangalore, India and it was found

that the groundwater of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human
consumption. Moreover, the progressive deterioration of the ground water quality was
observed
Therefore, it may be possible that the residents of Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, India
dwelling in Nagawara, Jakkuru, etc may be utilizing ground water which is unhygienic.
Thus, this is one of our motive to carry out this project.
Hence, if we do a research on the physico-chemical analysis of the ground water quality
this will help in determining the ground water quality of few areas of bangalore urban
where this sort of analysis has not been done yet.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED WORK
 The physico-chemical analysis of ground water quality helps us to determine
whether the ground water is contaminated with impurities such as sewage or
not.
 This analysis helps us to determine whether the polluted water has been
infiltrated into the groundwater.
 This analysis also helps us to determine the extent to which groundwater is safe
for drinking, bathing, washing utensils, etc.
 This enables us to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose
which is vital aspect of this project.
 Furthermore, this analysis helps us to determine whether the ground water
quality is deteriorating or not by repetitive analysis.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED WORK
 To Analyse the ground water quality of few areas of bangalore urban by
determining the physico-chemical parameters as shown below:
1. Alkalinity using phenolphthalein indicator (By Titrimetric Method)

2. pH using pH meter
3. Turbidity by using Nephelometer
4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total
Solids (TS) (By Gravimetric Method)
5. Electrical Conductivity (EC) using Conductivity Meter
6. Total hardness of water (By EDTA Titrimetric Method)
7. Sulphate content (By Titrimetric Method)
8. Nitrate Content (By Spectrophotometer)
9. Dissolved oxygen content (By Azide Modification / Winkler’s Method)
10. Lead content of various water samples
 To learn and apply the technique of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING for
ground water quality assessment.
 One of the main objectives of the ground water quality monitoring is to
assess the suitability of ground water for drinking purposes. The physical
and chemical quality of ground water is important in deciding its
suitability for drinking purposes
 To generate spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical
parameters
 To generate ground water quality map by using ArcGIS Software on the
basis of Water Quality Index Model
1
1
1

CHAPTER:2
METHODOLOGY OF
PROPOSED WORK

CHAPTER 2:
METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED WORK
2.1STAGES INVOLVED IN METHODOLOGY OF OUR PROJECT
The methodology of our project consists of several stages which are explained below
 Selection and Study of area
 Selection of sampling points
 Sampling of groundwater from selected sampling points
 Transportation of collected water samples to the laboratory
 Preservation of collected water samples in the laboratory
 Selection of required volume of water sample
 Analysis of various physico-chemical parameters
 Enumeration of results
 Application of REMOTE SENSING and GIS technique
 Generation of spatial variation maps of various physico-chemical
parameters
 Generation of Ground Water Quality Map
 Discussion of Conclusion
The Methodology of our project can be illustrated with the help of flowchart as
shown

Fig 2.1: FLOWCHART ILLUSTRATING METHODOLOGY

2.1.1 SELECTION AND STUDY OF AREA
In this phase, under the guidance of our guide we selected the study area i.e., the area
taken into consideration for the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality
Then we decided the twelve no of locations viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Jakkuru
2.1.2 SELECTION OF SAMPLING POINTS
In this phase, after literature survey we decided the exact location of sampling to be
taken into consideration for physico-chemical analysis
Finally, under the guidance of our guide we selected total of twelve sampling points
from 12 selected locations
2.1.3 SAMPLING OF GROUNDWATER FROM SELECTED SAMPLING
POINTS
In this phase of our project, sampling of groundwater was undertaken from the 12
selected sampling points located in the above mentioned 12 locations.
This was done with the help of sampling cans of 5 litre as shown
Fig 2.2: SAMPLING CANS OF 5 LITRE CAPACITY

2.1.4 TRANSPORTATION OF COLLECTED WATER SAMPLES TO THE
LABORATORY
In this phase, the collected water samples were brought to the laboratory
2.1.5 PRESERVATION OF COLLECTED WATER SAMPLES IN THE
LABORATORY
In this phase, preservation of collected groundwater samples was done by storing the
sampling cans in the refrigerator
2.1.6 SELECTION OF REQUIRED VOLUME OF WATER SAMPLE
At this stage of our project, required volume of water sample was selected and the
desired volume is taken in the sampling bottles.
After taking small quantity of ground water samples in the small sampling bottles of
100 ml, physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples was carried out.
The sampling bottles is as shown below:
Fig 2.3: SAMPLING BOTTLES OF 100 ml
2.1.7 ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
In this phase, physico-chemical analysis was carried out i.e., the analysis of various
physico-chemical parameters was carried out in environmental laboratory
In other words, the experimental procedures were adopted for obtaining the content of
physico-chemical parameters present in collected groundwater samples

The acceptable limit and permissible limit of the physico-chemical parameters is taken
from IS 10500:2012 (SECOND REVISION)
The experimental procedures are discussed in detail in upcoming chapters
Various physico-chemical parameters for which this sort of analysis is done were listed
in the previous chapter
2.1.8 ENUMERATION OF RESULTS
In this phase all results were obtained by various calculations i.e., the amount of
physical and chemical parameters present in groundwater was ascertained by various
calculations.
The graphs depicting the variation of various physico-chemical parameters were plotted
which is discussed in upcoming chapters.
Also, in this phase the water quality index is calculated for all 12 samples which is also
discussed in detail in upcoming chapters
To calculate Water Quality Index (WQI), standard values of physico-chemical values
are required which are taken from IS 10500:2012 (Second Revision).
2.1.9 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUE
In this phase, the GPS DATA (REMOTE SENSING DATA) was collected with the
help of device as shown

Fig 2.4: GPS DEVICE
GPS data of all the 12 Selected Sampling points was collected in terms of latitude
north of equator and longitude east of meridian as shown
Table 2.1: REMOTE SENSING DATA

Also, generation of various maps such as study area map, spatial variation maps,
ground water quality maps were carried out which is mentioned in upcoming
chapters.
2.1.10 DISCUSSION OF CONCLUSION
In this phase, discussion of conclusion is done by comparing results with drinking water
specifications of BIS (BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS) IS10500:2012
(SECOND REVISION) to ascertain the status of groundwater quality
This is also discussed in detail in upcoming chapters

CHAPTER:3
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS

CHAPTER 3
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
3.1 pH
Theory: pH stands for the “power of hydrogen”. The pH value of water is defined as
the log of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in that water
The logarithmic scale of pH indicates that as pH increases, the H+ concentration will
decrease by a power of 10 i.e., each number below 7 is 10 times more acidic than the
previous number when counting down. Likewise, when counting up above 7, each
number is 10 times more basic than the previous number. Thus, at a pH of 0, H+ has a
concentration of 1 M. At a pH of 7, this decreases to 0.0000001 M. At a pH of 14, there
is only 0.00000000000001 M H+.
If the pH of water is 7, it is neutral
If pH of water is less than 7, it is acidic and if the pH of water is more than 7, it is basic
Fig 3.1: LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF pH

3.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF pH
In our project this was carried out by pH paper and pH meter
Apparatus: An electronic pH meter, Laboratory glassware including volumetric
flasks, a wash bottle filled with distilled water.
pH meter is as shown below
Fig 3.2: pH METER
Reagents: Buffer Solutions of pH 4, 7 and 9.3.
Experimental Procedure:
 Prepare buffer solutions according to instructions, being careful that the tablets
remain intact until use.
 Place about 30 mL of each buffer solution and also of the sample in separate 50
mL beakers.
 Place the electrodes from the pH meter into each of the buffer solutions in turn.
If necessary adjust the instrument to the pH of the particular solution.

 Place the electrodes into the sample and record the pH shown on the meter.
Acceptable range of pH: 6.5 – 8.5
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: If the pH of water
sample is beyond this range, it affects the mucous membrane
Environmental Significance of pH:
If water whose pH levels are less than 7 is consumed in excess quantity, it may increase
the acidity of the mouth which can cause the demineralization of tooth enamel which
in turn can lead to tooth decay.
Any liquid with a pH of 10 or more can cause burns depending on the tissue it touches
and how long the tissue is exposed
pH values greater than 11 can cause skin and eye irritations, as does a pH below 4.
A pH value below 2.5 will cause irreversible damage to skin and organ linings
pH can also affect the solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy metals in the
water. Lower pH levels increase the risk of mobilized toxic metals that can be absorbed,
even by humans
High pH levels can have negative impact on gastrointestinal system
In addition to that, pH levels outside of 6.5-9.5 can damage and corrode pipes and other
systems, further increasing heavy metal toxicity.
If the pH of water is too high or too low, the aquatic organisms living within it will die
3.2 ALKALINITY
Theory: Alkalinity is the measure of ability of water to neutralize acids. The major
portion of alkalinity in natural waters is caused by carbonates, bicarbonates and
hydroxides. It affects the boilers by forming scales on it.
3.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF
ALKALINITY

Apparatus: Titration Apparatus
Reagents:
a) Titrant: Standard Sulfuric acid (H2SO4 – 0.02N)
b) Indicator: Phenolphthalein
c) Distilled Water
d) Sodium Thiosulphate (0.1N)
 Take about 100 ml of sample in a conical flask
 Add 1 drop of sodium thiosulphate (0.1N) to remove residual chlorine if present
 Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, “if sample turns to pink colour”,
titrate with standard sulfuric acid (H2SO4 – 0.02N) to remove pink colour. Note
down the ml of titrant used (V1)
 “If sample doesn’t turn to pink”, add methyl orange indicator 2-3 drops
 Now sample turns to yellow
 Continue the titration till yellow colour changes to orange and note down ml of
total titrant (V2)
Formula:
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) in (mg/L) as CaCo3
=
Total Alkalinity (T) in (mg/L) as CaCo3
=
Where 1000 = Conversion to mg/L
Equivalent weight of CaCo3 = 50
Procedure to calculate equivalent weight of CaCO3:
(V1) x Normality of Titrant x 1000 x Equivalent weight of CaCo3
ml of sample taken
(V2) x Normality of Titrant x 1000 x Equivalent weight of CaCo3
ml of sample taken

Equivalent weight = molecular weight of compound ÷ charge on compound.
Molecular weight of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate):
Atomic weight of calcium+ atomic weight of carbon + atomic weight of oxygen.
Atomic weight of Calcium: 40
Atomic weight of Carbon:12
Atomic weight of Oxygen:16
So, 40+12+16(3) = 100
Charge on CaCO3 = ca^2+ + CO3^2-
Charge = 2.
So equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 100÷2
Thus, Equivalent weight of CaCO3 =50
Acceptable limit of Total Alkalinity: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Total Alkalinity in absence of alternate source: 600 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this limit,
the taste of the water becomes unpleasant
Environmental Significance of alkalinity:
Drinking too much alkaline water may disrupt the body's normal pH. This can lead to
a condition called metabolic alkalosis, which may cause confusion, nausea, vomiting,
hand tremors, muscle twitching, and tingling in the face, hands or feet.
3.3 SULPHATES
Theory: The sulphate ion is one of the major anion occurring in natural water.
Sulphate is one of the major dissolved components of rain
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE
CONTENT IN WATER
Apparatus: Titration Apparatus, Hot pan, Filter paper, etc.

Reagents:
a) Hydroxylamine chloride
b) Benzidine hydrochloride
c) Titrant: NaOH (0.05 N)
d) Indicator: Phenolphthalein
 Take about 125 ml of sample in a clean beaker
 Add 5ml of hydroxylamine chloride and then add 10ml benzidine hydrochloride
 Stir the mixture vigorously and allow the precipitate to settle
 Filter the solution and wash the beaker and the filter paper with DW
 Pierce the filter paper in the funnel and wash the precipitate formed on the filter
paper to the original beaker with 100 to 150 ml DW
 Heat the beaker to dissolve the contents for 20 to 30 minutes
 Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
 Titrate with NaOH (0.05N) until pink colour is developed
Formula:
Concentration of Sulphate (mg/L)
=
Acceptable limit of Sulphate content: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Sulphate content in absence of alternate source: 400 mg/L
gastro intestinal irritation is caused in presence of sodium or magnesium
Environmental Significance of sulphates:
The higher concentration of sulphates in water may cause irritation to eyes, skin, or
scalp
3.4 NITRATES
ml of NaOH (0.05N) x 38.4
ml of sample taken

Theory: The nitrates can be present in excess quantity in the ground water if sewage
percolates into the ground water due to improper management of sewage disposal
FIG 3.4: SPECTROPHOTOMETER
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF NITRATE
CONTENT IN WATER
Apparatus: UV Spectrophotometer, Quartz Cuvettes, etc.
Reagents: Stock Nitrate Solution (1 ml = 0.1 mg of NO3)
 Switch on the UV-Spectrophotometer
 Select wavelength of 220nm
 Select number of standards as 5 and their concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ppm)
 Select display of unit as ppm
 After performing of the above steps, take absorbence @ 420nm
 Thus, this is how nitrate content is determined

Acceptable limit of Nitrate content: 45 mg/L
Permissible limit of Nitrate content in absence of alternate source: 100 mg/L
methemoglobinemia occurs
Note: Methemoglobinemia, or blue-baby syndrome, is a condition caused by the
inability of the blood to deliver enough oxygen to the body
Environmental Significance of nitrates:
Excess levels of nitrates in water can create conditions that make it difficult for aquatic
insects or fish to survive.
3.5 TOTAL HARDNESS
Theory: Hardness in water is that characteristic which prevents the formation of
sufficient lather with soap. The hardness is usually caused by the presence of calcium
and magnesium salts present in the water which form scum by reaction with soap.
Thus, hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions which make it more
difficult for the water to form a lather with soap
Dissolved magnesium ions and calcium ions can get into the water when it comes into
contact with limestone and other rocks that contain calcium compounds.
There are 2 types of hardness of water:
Temporary hardness or carbonate hardness: It is caused by the bicarbonates and
carbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by boiling
Permanent hardness or non-carbonate hardness: It may be caused by the sulphates and
chlorides of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by ion-exchange process, etc.

Hardness is most commonly expressed as milligrams of calcium carbonate equivalent
per litre
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL
HARDNESS IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
Titrimetric method
Apparatus: Titration Apparatus
Reagents:
a) Buffer Solution
b) Titrant: EDTA (0.01 M)
c) Indicator: Eriochrome Black – T
d) Indicator: Murexide
e) Sodium hydroxide NaOH (1 N)
 Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean conical flask
 Add 2 drops of buffer solution to maintain pH
 Add 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator
 Titrate with (EDTA (0.01 M) till colour changes from wine red to blue
 Note down the volume of the titrant (A) in ml.
Formula:
Total Hardness as CaCo3 (mg/L)
=
Acceptable limit of Sulphate content: 200 mg/L
Permissible limit of Sulphate content in absence of alternate source: 600 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Encrustation in
water supply structure and adverse affect on domestic uses
Environmental Significance of total hardness:
A x 1000
ml of sample taken

If no concern is given to protect water from hardness it causes formation of scales on
boilers, it makes food tasteless
3.6 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Theory: Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the
water. Oxygen enters the water by direct absorption from the atmosphere, by rapid
movement, or as a waste product of plant photosynthesis.
Water temperature and the volume of moving water can affect dissolved oxygen
levels. Oxygen dissolves easier in cooler water than warmer water.
Adequate dissolved oxygen is important for good water quality and necessary to all
forms of life.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED
OXYGEN IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by Azide Modification / Winkler’s Method
Apparatus: BOD bottles, titration apparatus
Reagents:
a) Manganous Sulphate (MnSO4.xH2O)
b) Alkali iodide azide
c) Conc. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
d) Titrant: Std. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) [NaS2O3]
e) Indicator: Starch
 Take about 300 ml of sample in a clean BOD bottle
 Add 2 ml of Alkali iodide azide solution and 2 ml MnSO4, re-stopper the bottle
 Mix the solution by repeatedly inverting the bottle
 If no DO is present in the sample, the manganous ion reacts with hydroxide ion
due to which a “White precipitate” of Mn(OH)2 is formed.
 If oxygen is present, some Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn4+ and precipitates as a
brown coloured manganic oxide.

i.e., Mn2+ + 2(OH-) →Mn(OH)2 [White precipitate]
Mn2+ + 2(OH-) + (1/2) O2 →MnO2 (Brown) + H2O
 After shaking allow sufficient time for all oxygen to react
 Due to this the chemical precipitates settles down and a clear liquid is formed
in the upper surface
 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 is added to dissolve the precipitate formed
 Re stopper the bottle and invert the bottle 2 to 3 times until the suspension is
dissolved & uniform yellow colour is observed
Mn2+ + 2(I-) + 4H+ →Mn2+ I2 + 2H2O
 Measure a volume of 203 ml in to the conical flask and titrate it immediately
with sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) until the colour changes to pale or straw
yellow
 Then add 2-3 drops of starch indicator and continue titration with sodium
thiosulphate (0.025 N) until blue colour disappears to colourless.
 Note down the volume of titrant used (V) in ml
Formula:
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
=
Good range of D.O content: 6 and >6 mg/L
Moderate range of D.O content: 5 to 5.9 mg/L
Poor range of D.O content: 4 to 4.9 mg/L
Environmental Significance of D.O Content determination:
BR x Normality of titrant x Equivalent weight of O2
(8) x 1000
ml of sample taken

A high DO level in a community water supply is good because it makes drinking water
taste better. However, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes.
The amount of dissolved oxygen often determines the number and types of organisms
living in that body of water. For example, fish like trout are sensitive to low DO levels
(less than eight parts per million) and cannot survive in warm, slow-moving streams or
rivers
If dissolved oxygen concentration is less than 4 ppm fishes are most likely to be killed,
especially in summer months since warm water holds less oxygen.
3.7 LEAD
Theory Lead can enter drinking water when service pipes that contain lead corrode,
especially where the water has high acidity or low mineral content that corrodes pipes.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
WATER
In our project this was carried out by Atomic Spectrometer
Apparatus: Atomic automated adsorption spectrometer, beaker, etc
 Switch on the Atomic automated adsorption spectrometer
 Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean beaker
 Dip the tube of spectrometer in the beaker
 Note down the value of lead in ppm or mg/L
Acceptable limit of Lead content: 0.01 mg/L
Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Beyond this, the
water becomes toxic
Environmental Significance of lead content:

Young children, infants, and foetuses are particularly vulnerable to lead because the
physical and behavioural effects of lead occur at lower exposure levels in children than
in adults.
A dose of lead that would have little effect on an adult can have a significant effect on
a child.
In children, low levels of exposure have been linked to damage to the central and
peripheral nervous system, learning disabilities, shorter stature, impaired hearing, and
impaired formation and function of blood cells.
3.8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Theory: The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids
dissolved in water -TDS, which stands for Total Dissolved Solids.
The electrical conductivity of the water depends on the water temperature: the higher
the temperature, the higher the electrical conductivity would be.
The electrical conductivity of water increases by 2-3% for an increase of 1 degree
Celsius of water temperature

Fig 3.4: ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY METER
Fig 3.5: MAGNETIC STIRRER

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF ELETRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER
Apparatus: Electrical digital conductivity meter, magnetic stirrer, electrodes,
sampling bottle, beaker, etc
 Switch on the conductivity meter, attach the electrodes to the instrument and
rinse them in the distilled water
 Take about 100 ml of sample in a clean sampling bottle
 Transfer sufficient quantity of water sample into the clean beaker
 Place the beaker over the magnetic stirrer, start the stirrer and adjust the speed
of stirrer to medium
 Now dip the electrode into the beaker containing water sample
 Note down the electrical conductivity
 Rinse the electrodes with distilled water between one sample to other to avoid
interference
Excellent range of Electrical Conductivity: < 250 µS/cm
Good range of Electrical Conductivity: 251 - 750 µS/cm
Moderate range of Electrical Conductivity: 751 - 2250 µS/cm
Poor range of Electrical Conductivity: 2251 - 4000 µS/cm
Very Poor range of Electrical Conductivity: > 4000 µS/cm
Environmental Significance of Electrical Conductivity:
There are a number of sources of pollutants which may be indicated by increased EC

3.9 TURBIDITY
Theory: Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of
individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in
air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Turbidity may be caused by particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light
making the water appear cloudy or murky. Particulate matter can include sediment -
especially clay and silt, fine organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic
compounds, algae, and other microscopic organisms.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
IN WATER
In our project this was carried out by Nephelometer / digital turbiditymeter
Apparatus: Digital Turbiditymeter, Glass Cuvettes, etc.
Reagents:
a) 100 NTU Std Solution
b) Distilled Water
 Calibrate the instrument by using distilled water for zero & 100 NTU solution
for adjustment to 100 on the display
 Keep the true represented known volume of unknown sample and observe the
constant display for less turbid waters and maximum read out for high turbid
waters
 Note down the value of turbidity
Acceptable limit of Turbidity content: 1 NTU
Permissible limit of Turbidity absence of alternate source: 5 NTU

Undesirable effect outside the desirable limit/acceptable limit: Consumer
acceptance decreases

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
Samples
Ph with pH
meter
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
Sulphate as SO4
(mg/l)
pH with pH
paper
1 7.25 84.00 75.41 6.50
2 8.08 272.00 45.89 8.00
3 7.52 328.00 83.00 7.50
4 7.10 176.00 179.05 7.00
5 6.96 244.00 161.62 6.50
6 7.34 220.00 67.47 6.50
7 7.06 320.00 68.06 7.00
8 8.20 190.00 71.14 7.50
9 7.68 184.00 109.44 8.00
10 6.85 128.00 24.30 7.50
11 6.66 186.00 115.61 6.50
12 6.92 96.00 35.21 7.00
Samples Lead (mg/l) Total Solids (mg/l)
Electrical Conductivity
(mS/cm)
1 0.0034 2500 3.726
2 0.0019 2000 2.164
3 0.0037 2500 3.326
4 0.0049 2000 2.945
5 0.0081 2500 3.718
6 0.0038 2000 2.475
7 0.0044 2500 3.297
8 0.0039 2500 3.627
9 0.0057 1500 2.731
10 0.0040 2000 2.147
11 0.0039 1500 2.265
12 0.0021 2500 3.729

Samples Turbidity in NTU Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
1 0.00 2500
2 0.00 1500
3 0.00 2000
4 0.00 2000
5 0.00 2500
6 0.00 1500
7 0.00 2000
8 0.00 2500
9 0.00 1500
10 0.00 1500
11 0.00 1500
12 0.00 2500
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ph with pH meter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH with pH paper

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Ph with pH meter pH with pH paper
Acceptable limit as per IS10500:2012 is 6.5-8.5

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Alkalinity (mg/l)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Acceptable limit as per IS10500:2012 is 200 ppm
Permissible limit as per IS10500:2012 is 600 ppm

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
SULPHATE as SO4 (mg/l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Sulphate as SO4 (mg/l)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Nitrate as NO3 (mg/l)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nitrate as NO3 (mg/l)

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total hardness as CaCo3 (mg/l)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total hardness as CaCo3 (mg/l)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Lead (mg/l)

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lead (mg/l)
Acceptable limit as per IS10500:2012 is 0.01 ppm

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total Solids (mg/l)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total Solids (mg/l)

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)

CHAPTER 5
WATER QUALITY INDEX
5.1 GENERAL
Water quality index (WQI) provides information about water quality in a single value.
WQI is commonly used for the detection and evaluation of water pollution and may be
defined as a reflection of composite influence of different quality parameters on the
overall quality of water (Horton, 1965).
WQI indices are broadly classified into two types, they are physico-chemical and
biological indices. The physico-chemical indices are based on the values of various
physico-chemical parameters in a water sample, while biological indices are derived
from the biological information. Here attempt has been made to calculate the water
quality index of the study area based on physico-chemical data.
Water quality index provides a single number that expresses overall water quality at a
certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of
water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is
understandable and usable by the public. A single number cannot tell the whole story
of water quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included in
the index. However, a water quality index based on some very important parameters
can provide a simple indicator of water quality. In general, water quality indices
incorporate data from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation
that rates the health of a waterbody with number.
WQI CALCULATION
Calculation of WQI was carried out in this work by Horton’s
method. The WQI is calculated by using the expression given in Equation (7.1).
WQI = 􀂙 qn Wn / 􀂙 Wn (7.1)
Where, qn = Quality rating of n th water quality parameter.
Wn= Unit weight of n th water quality parameter.
241
5.2.1 Quality rating (qn)

The quality rating (qn) is calculated using the expression given in Equation (7.2).
qn = [ ( Vn – Vid) / ( Sn- Vid) ] x 100 (7.2)
Where,
Vn = Estimated value of nth water quality parameter at a given sample location.
Vid = Ideal value for n th parameter in pure water. (Vid for pH = 7 and 0 for all other
parameters)
Sn = Standard permissible value of n th water quality parameter.
5.2.2 Unit weight
The unit weight (Wn) is calculated using the expression given in Equation (7.3).
Wn = k / Sn (7.3)
Where,
Sn = Standard permissible value of n th water quality parameter.
k = Constant of proportionality and it is calculated by using the expression given in
Equation (7.4).
k = [ 1 / ( 􀂙 1/ Sn=1,2,..n) ] (7.4).
242
5.3 WQI AND STATUS
The ranges of WQI, the corresponding status of water quality and their possible use are
summarized in Table 7.1.

5.4 STANDARD VALUES AND UNIT WEIGHTS OF WATER
QUALITY PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY AREA
The water quality parameters are selected based on its direct involvement in
deteriorating water quality for human consumption. The standards for the drinking
water, recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)and Indian
Standards Institution (ISI) are considered for the computation of quality rating (qn)
and unit weights (Wn).
For the purpose of calculation of WQI for the study area, 9 water quality parameters
have been selected. They are TDS, pH, TA, TH, NO3, Cl, Fe and SO4. The values of
these parameters are found high above the permissible limits in some of the samples
of the study area. The higher values of these parameters would increase WQI value.
The standard values of water quality parameters and their corresponding ideal values
and unit weights are given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Standard values of water quality parameters and their corresponding ideal
values and unit weights
Parameters
Standard Recommending
Ideal
Value
K Unit
Value
(Sn)
Agency (Vid) Value
Weight
(Wn)
pH 8.50 BIS 7 0.009866 0.00116
Alakalinity 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Sulphate 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Nitrate 45.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00022
Total Hardness 200.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00005
Dissolved Oxygen 5.00 BIS 14.6 0.009866 0.00197
Lead 0.01 BIS 0 0.009866 0.98660
Total Dissolved Solids 500.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00002
Electrical Conductivity 300.00 ICMR 0 0.009866 0.00003
Turbidity 1.00 BIS 0 0.009866 0.00987

Samples GROUND_WQI
1 33.842
2 19.075
3 36.904
4 48.603
5 80.218
6 37.767
7 43.688
8 38.833
9 56.529
10 39.680
11 38.712
12 20.972
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Water Quality Index (WQI)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Ground Water Quality depends on Water Quality
Index (WQI)

This Sample was taken from HBR LAYOUT and it lies in latitude North 13˚02'7.64“ of
equator and longitude East 077˚37'51.66“ of meridian
Since WQI is 33.842 the ground water quality of this sampling point as per water quality index
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from SAGAYAPURAM and it lies in latitude North 13˚00'19.82“ of
model is EXCELLENT

This Sample was taken from MUNESHWARA NAGAR and it lies in latitude North
13˚02'14.69“ of equator and longitude East 077˚36'11.90“ of meridian.
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from VISHWANATH NAGENAHALLI and it lies in latitude North
13˚02'14.69“ of equator and longitude East 077˚36'10.89“ of meridian
model is GOOD

This Sample was taken from KACHARAKANAHALLI and it lies in latitude North
model is VERY POOR
This Sample was taken from JAKKURU-2 and it lies in latitude North 13˚04'46.84“ of
model is GOOD

This Sample was taken from NAGAWARA and it lies in latitude North 13˚01'58.56“ of
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from HORAMAVU and it lies in latitude North 13˚02'33.47“ of
model is GOOD

This Sample was taken from THANISANDRA and it lies in latitude North 13˚03'8.91“ of
model is POOR
This Sample was taken from KEMPEGOWDA WARD and it lies in latitude North

model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from BYATARAYANAPURA and it lies in latitude North 13˚04'1.35“
of equator and longitude East 077˚35'27.83“ of meridian
model is GOOD
This Sample was taken from JAKKURU and it lies in latitude North 13˚06’05” of equator
and longitude East 077˚38'28" of meridian
model is EXCELLENT

CHAPTER 6 MAP GENERATION BY USING GIS
GENERATION OF STUDY AREA
Our Study Area is roughly situated in South-Eastern part of Karnataka state [between
latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚00'19.82" to N 13˚07'37.95" and between
longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚35'27.83" to E 077˚39'18.26"]
Our study area consists of twelve locations viz., HBR Layout, Sagayapuram,
Jakkuru
Twelve samples from the above mentioned locations were taken from the sampling
points whose connection was given to borewells
The Map of Study Area was generated by google earth pro software and ArcGIS 10.5
The Following steps were taken for generation of study area map
 Initaially, lat-long values (Remote Sensing data) was collected from GPS
Device
 GPS data of all the 12 Selected Sampling points was collected in terms of
latitude north of equator and longitude east of meridian as shown
 Then these lat-long values were entered into the software GOOGLE EARTH
PRO and these points are saved as a KML or KMZ file
 After saving it as a KML file, ARCGIS 10.5 is opened and using conversion
tools from arc toolbox, the kml file is converted to a layer file and further this
layer file is converted to am shape file
 Then shape file of our desired area is downloaded and incorporated into
ARCGIS 10.5.
 After this, geo-referencing was done by incorporating toposheet into ARCGIS
in order to ensure that our study area lies within the boundary of toposheet.

 For geo-referencing of study area, Toposheet No D43R12 (57G/12) OF
BANGALORE URBAN – [between latitude (North of Equator) N 13˚0’ to
13˚15’ and between longitude (East of Meridian) E 077˚30’ to 077˚45’] was
used.
 Thus, this is how study area map was created
 The Study area so created is as shown
Fig 2.2: MAP OF STUDY AREA

Fig 2.2: SPATIAL VARIATION OF pH

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
 Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C., Taiwan. Environmental
Water Quality Information.
 P., Balakrishnan, Abdul Saleem and N.D., Mallikarjun. Groundwater Quality
Mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS): A Case Study of
Gulbarga City, Karnataka, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology. 2011. 5 (12) 1069-1084.
 A., Thangavelu. Mapping the Groundwater Quality in Coimbatore city, India
based on Physico-Chemical Parameters. IOSR Journal of Environmental
Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 2013. 3 (4) 32-40.
 T., Subramani, S. Krishnan, and P.K., Kumaresan. Study of Groundwater
Quality with GIS Application for Coonoor Taluk in Nilgiri District.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research. 2012. 2 (3) 586-592.
 K. L. Prakash and R. K. Somashekar. Groundwater quality - Assessment on
Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Urban district, India. Journal of Environmental
Biology October 2006, 27(4) 633-637 (2006).

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