water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
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supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
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Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1) INTRODUCTION
2) NEED FOR PROTECTED WATER SUPPLY
3) OBJECTIVE OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
4) TYPES OF DEMAND
5) PERCAPITA DEMAND
6) FACTORS AFFECTING PERCAPITA DEMAND
7) PREDICTION OF POPULATION
3. INTRODUCTION
• Environmental Engineering - air, water, food,
heat and light.
• Contamination – health effects in human
beings and animals.
• In ancient days – no water supply system.
• People took water from far distance.
• Water is in a contaminated state causing
health problems.
4.
5. INTRODUCTION
• People used lakes, rivers, ponds for their
water supply.
• In the time of less rain rainfall – scarcity of
water.
• During fire breakout – water is needed to put
down fire.
• A good public water supply system supplying
safe and wholesome water is needed.
7. NEED FOR PROTECTED WATER SUPPLY
• Water gets contaminated due to animal and
human waste, sewage – causing water borne
diseases – cholera, typhoid, dysentery.
• Public water supply protects the source of
water from impurities like bacteria, chemicals
etc.,(sewage and industrial effluents).
• Public Water Supply also purifies the
contaminated water to make it usable for
drinking and other purpose.
9. OBJECTIVE OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
1) To supply safe and wholesome water to
consumers. (unpolluted, free from toxic
substances, minerals, organic substances)
2) To supply water in adequate quantity. (providing
the required amount of water to the consumers
with good source and storage facilities)
3) To make water easily available to consumers to
encourage personal and household cleanliness.
(Providing water as near as possible to the
consumer)
10. Water Demands
The amount of water required by the community
for various purpose is called water demand.
Types of Demands:
1. Domestic Demand
2. Industrial and Commercial Demand
3. Public Demand
4. Fire Demand
5. Demand for compensating various losses.
11. DOMESTIC DEMAND
• The water required for actual house hold
activity – Domestic demand.
• Drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing
of water closets etc.,
• In India , as per IS 1172-1983 Domestic water
demand is 135 litres/capita/day.
• In developed countries, this value is about
350 litres/capita/day.
12.
13. DOMESTIC DEMAND
ACTIVITY DEMAND litres/capita/day
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 50
Cloth washing 25
Utensils washing 10
House washing 10
Latrine and Urinals 30
Total 135 litres/capita/day
14. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
DEMAND
• Water required in Industries for various
processes is known as Industrial Demand
• Manufacturing process, cooling process,
steam generation, processing and sanitation.
• Water required for private offices, restaurants,
hostels, schools, cinema theatres is known as
Commercial Demand.
16. PUBLIC DEMAND
• Water required for public purposes such as
washing of roads, cleaning of public sewers,
watering of parks, public gardens, fountains,
flushing of public water closets and urinals
etc., is known as Public demand.
ACTIVITY DEMAND litres/capita/day
Public gardens 1.5 l/sq.m/day
Street washing 1.0 l/sq.m/day
Sewer cleaning 4.5 l/capita/day
17. FIRE DEMAND
• Water required for the local body to protect
property and human lives from the fury of fire is
known as ‘Fire demand’.
• It can be calculated from population data by
following formulae:
1. Kuchling’s formula
2. Buston’s formula
3. National Board of fire under writers formula
4. Freeman’s formula
18. DEMAND FOR COMPENSATING
VARIOUS LOSSES
• Wastage in pipe line – defective pipe joints,
cracks, faulty valves and fittings.
• Careless and lazy habits of consumers and
inefficient management.
• Thefts and unauthorized water connections.
• Allowance of 15% of the total quantity of
water to compensate for losses, thefts and
wastage of water.
20. Calculation of fire demand
• Calculation of fire demand:
1. Kuichling’s formula 𝑄 = 3182 √𝑃
2. Buston’s formula 𝑄 = 5663 √𝑃
3. National Board of fire under writers formula
𝑄 = 4637 √P(1-0.10√𝑃)
4. Freeman’s formula 𝑄 = 1136
𝑃
5
+ 10
and 𝐹 = 2.8√𝑃
21. PROBLEM ON FIRE DEMAND
Where,
Q= Quantity of water in litres per minutes.
P=Population in thousands.
F=Number of simultaneous fire streams.
Example:
Compute the fire demand for a city having
population of 1,70,000 using various formulae
22. PROBLEM ON FIRE DEMAND
Given data:
Population = 1,70,000 ,𝑃 = 170 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
Solution:
1. Kuichling’s formula:
𝑄 = 3182 𝑃 = 3182 170 = 41488
𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 =
41488
1000𝑥60
= 0.6915 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠
23. PROBLEM ON FIRE DEMAND
2. Buston’s formula
𝑄 = 5663 𝑃 = 5663 170 = 73836.49
𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 =
73836.49
1000𝑥60
= 1.231 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠
24. PROBLEM ON FIRE DEMAND
3. National board of fire under writers formula
𝑄 = 4637 𝑃 1 − 0.1 𝑃
𝑄 = 4637 170 1 − 0.1 170 = 52576
𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 =
52576
1000𝑥60
= 0.876 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠
25. PROBLEM ON FIRE DEMAND
4. Freeman’s formula
𝑄 = 1136
𝑃
5
+ 10 = 1136
170
5
+ 10
𝑄 = 49984
𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 =
49984
1000𝑥60
= 0.833 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠
No. of fire streams,
𝐹 = 2.8 170 =36 nos.
26. PERCAPITA DEMAND
• The consumption of water for one person in
one day is known as percapita demand. If ‘Q’
is the total quantity of water required by a
town per year in litres for the population P
then,
Percapita Demand =
𝑄
𝑃𝑥365
l/day
27. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND
i) People’s habits
ii) Industrialisation
iii) Public Services
iv) Climate
v) Systems of supply
vi) Metering of water supply
vii) System of drainage
viii)Availability of
supplementary sources
ix) Distribution
pressure
x) Cost of water
xi)Quality of
water
WATER METER
28. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND (cont.)
i) People’s habit:
People with high standard of living require
more water than those belonging to middle
class and low income groups.
ii) Industrialisation:
The requirements varies from industries to
industry. Wet processing industries requires a
huge quantity of water for cooling purpose.
29. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND (cont.)
iii) Public Services:
Developed cities, towns and township
require more water for watering of parks,
gardens and roads.
iv) Climate:
People living in hot climate areas requires
more water.
30. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND (cont.)
v) Systems of supply:
Water requirement in continuous supply will be more
compared to intermittent supply. In continuous supply
wastage will be more.
vi) Metering:
If meters are used and consumer are charged
consumption of water will reduce.
vii) Systems of drainage:
The existence of sewerage system consumes more
water for cleaning, flushing of toilets and urinals.
31. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND (cont.)
viii) Availability of supplementary sources:
If supplementary sources like wells are used,
demand over municipal water supply will reduce.
ix) Distribution Pressure:
The consumption of water is more in high
drainage pressure due to more wastage in taps.
x) Cost of water:
If the cost of water is high, consumption is less.
32. FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA
DEMAND (cont.)
xi) Quality of water:
If the quality of water is good and the
people will not use the other sources available
like wells and pumps hence the demand will be
more.
33. PREDICTION OF POPULATION
(FORECAST)
• Water supply project is designed to cater the
needs of community upto the end of the
design period. Design period – 20yrs to 40yrs
• It is forecast the population at the end of
design period.
Following are the important methods to forecast
population:
1. Arithmatical increase method
2. Geometrical increase method
34. PREDICTION OF POPULATION
(FORECAST)
3. Incremental increase method
4. Decreased rate of growth of method
5. Graphical comparison method
6. Graphical extension method
7. Zoning method
8. Ratio and correlation method
9. Growth composition analysis method.