The document discusses various methods for population forecasting to estimate future population for designing water supply and sanitation schemes. It describes the Arithmetic Increase Method, Geometric Increase Method, Incremental Increase Method, Decrease Rate of Increase Method, Simple Graphical Method, Comparative Graphical Method, Master Plan/Zoning Method, and Logistic Curve Method. Selection of the appropriate method depends on factors like the city size, growth pattern, and development stage. The objective is to forecast population accurately to ensure water systems are adequately sized but also cost-effective.
Calculating future population using Population forecasting methodsManoj Mota
To estimate the future population using various methods of population forecasting,
Arithmetic Increase method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decrease Rate of Increase Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
The Master Plan Method or Zoning Method
Logistic Curve method
Population Forecasting Methods
Population Forecasting consists of mathematical models which are used to analyse changes in population numbers.
There are several factors affecting changes in population:
Increase due to births
Decrease due to deaths
Increase/Decrease due to migration
Increase due to annexation
All the above data can be obtained from the census population records.
Population forecasting is an integral part of design. It is essential to take into account the population at the end of the design period.
Fundamental to planning (Assumptions and estimates used in determining water, sewage flow have a permanent effect on planning decisions and outcomes)
Premature and excessive investments in works
System failure and hence increasing customer complaints
Environmental impact
Essential to service provider so as to know the spare capacity of the system
Identification of weak links of system, Ability to accept new/unexpected demands
BY BAJKANI UWAIS {MUET
Calculating future population using Population forecasting methodsManoj Mota
To estimate the future population using various methods of population forecasting,
Arithmetic Increase method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decrease Rate of Increase Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
The Master Plan Method or Zoning Method
Logistic Curve method
Population Forecasting Methods
Population Forecasting consists of mathematical models which are used to analyse changes in population numbers.
There are several factors affecting changes in population:
Increase due to births
Decrease due to deaths
Increase/Decrease due to migration
Increase due to annexation
All the above data can be obtained from the census population records.
Population forecasting is an integral part of design. It is essential to take into account the population at the end of the design period.
Fundamental to planning (Assumptions and estimates used in determining water, sewage flow have a permanent effect on planning decisions and outcomes)
Premature and excessive investments in works
System failure and hence increasing customer complaints
Environmental impact
Essential to service provider so as to know the spare capacity of the system
Identification of weak links of system, Ability to accept new/unexpected demands
BY BAJKANI UWAIS {MUET
traffic volume studies pdf
traffic studies pdf
types of traffic engineering studies
traffic volume study report
traffic volume study
traffic impact studies
types of traffic studies
traffic safety studies
average daily traffic calculation
traffic volume formula
how to calculate adt traffic
calculating adt from peak hour
traffic volume growth factor formula
traffic growth rate calculator
aadt to peak hour volume
calculate dhv from adt
Design of Road Project Using MX Software VaibhavSandhu
The basic inormation which will enlighten you about MX Road Software is shared in this powerpoint. This would be of great help to anyone who has a great interest in MX Road software.
Urban transportation system meaning ,travel demand functions with factors, design approaches & modeling , types of mass transit system with advantages -disadvantages or limitations , opportunities in mass transport , integrated approach for transit -transportation system
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
traffic volume studies pdf
traffic studies pdf
types of traffic engineering studies
traffic volume study report
traffic volume study
traffic impact studies
types of traffic studies
traffic safety studies
average daily traffic calculation
traffic volume formula
how to calculate adt traffic
calculating adt from peak hour
traffic volume growth factor formula
traffic growth rate calculator
aadt to peak hour volume
calculate dhv from adt
Design of Road Project Using MX Software VaibhavSandhu
The basic inormation which will enlighten you about MX Road Software is shared in this powerpoint. This would be of great help to anyone who has a great interest in MX Road software.
Urban transportation system meaning ,travel demand functions with factors, design approaches & modeling , types of mass transit system with advantages -disadvantages or limitations , opportunities in mass transport , integrated approach for transit -transportation system
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
This presentation goes into brief about how the population of a given locality can be measured using population measuring tools also it gives a brief about the different methods of population forecasting.
It explains the types and terminologies of the methods of population forecasting.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Updated paper tries to bring out the context, role and importance of town planning to make this world a better place to live and work and to make human life more sustainable and efficient. It also tries to brief about the approach which needs adoption to make town planning a better profession.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Writing is an attempt to briefly describe the context, role and importance of town planning in shaping the human settlements and make them more livable, sustainable and making value addition to human living and working.
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries look at,critically and objectively, the present system of preparing master plans/ development plans in India and suggests strategies and methodology to make it more rational, focused and user friendly by changing its intent, contents, scope and methodoloy
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to relook at the master plan in its prevalent form , content and procedure and tries to redefine the agenda for making it a positive tool for leveraging the sustainable development of urban settlements
Redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans/ Development Plans, used as the most potent weapon by the town planner, to promote planned and orderly development has done more damage than good to the cities. Consuming large span of time, involving lot of manpower and requiring considerable resources, master plans has made planners chase the development instead of leading the development. Rigidity of master plans, based on defining the use of every piece of land, has made the master plans irrelevant, irrational and illogical in the face fast changing urban dynamics. Master plans, prepared for a period spanning over two decades, try to freeze the city. As planners, when we do not know our own future, what competency, capacity, expertise and capability we have to define the future of the cities. In the process, majority of cities have been suffering from illegal, sub-standard, haphazard and unplanned growth. Master plans have accordingly, emerged as the major road block in promoting planned urban development and making cities sustainable . For promoting planned development and making city growth both rational and dynamic, focus of planning should be on redefining and putting in place a new order of urban planning, development options and management strategies besides suggesting new format of Master Plans to make cities smart, more humane, equitable, just, efficient, productive, sustainable and providers of assured quality of life to all existing and future urban residents including poorest of the poor.
the atmosphere, (The cover of the air)
the hydrosphere, (water bodies)
the lithosphere (the earth’s crust)
the biosphere. (the life layer)
Environmental Engineer’s role
Capacity development for Sustainable developmentManoj Mota
Sustainable development, Ways to Improve the Effectiveness of Capacity Building, Identifying needs and building on existing capacities
Being clear about the objectives
Using a wide range of capacity building approaches
Target the right people to build a critical mass
Making the training-of-trainers approach work
Institutionalizing capacity building programmers at regional and national level
meeting the needs but protecting the environment, Environmental education and training, Environmental degradation and pollution, Resource management, Environmental impact assessment, Environmental Management System, Elements of an EMS, ISO 14001 standard
Sustainable Development, relationships, norms, values, and hierarchies, Gradual change, Reduction of natural resources
Food, water and energy shortages, Loss of biodiversity
The pressure of accelerating urbanization and population growth, Climate change and natural disasters
Governance for Sustainable Development, Paths of development, Sustainability, protection and creation, Requirements of sustainability, Pillars of sustainable development, Good governance, Elements of Good Governance, Transition management
In this presentation we will learn how the thermal insulation of building can be done. Different materials used for thermal insulation and methods to do it are explained.
In this presentation we will learn the basics of rain water harvesting, it's components, how it works and few basic calculations associated with the sizing of components and quantity harvested
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
3. Some facts…
• Water supply and sanitation is treated as a State subject as per the
federal Constitution of India and, therefore, the States are provided
with the constitutional right on the planning, implementation and
cost recovery of water supply and sanitation projects.
• The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is the principal
agency at the State level for planning and implementation of water
supply and sanitation programmes.
4. Some facts…
• In a number of States, statutory Water Supply & Sanitation Boards
(WSSBs) have taken over the functions of the PHEDs. The basic
objectives for creation of WSSBs have been to bring in the concept of
commercialization in the water supply and sanitation sector
management and more accountability.
• Such Boards have been set up in Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The metropolitan cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai have
separate statutory Boards.
5. • The objective of a public protected water supply is to supply safe and
clean water in adequate quantity, conveniently and economically as
possible.
• The water to be handled may vary both in quantity and quality and the
degree of treatment required, seasonally, monthly, daily and sometimes
even hourly.
• Water supply management aims to improve the supply by minimizing
losses and wastage and unaccounted for water in the transmission
mains and distribution system.
• Water supply projects may be designed normally to meet the
requirements over a thirty year project after their completion. the time
lag between design and completion of the Project should also be taken
in to account which should not exceed two to five years.
Some facts…
6. • The design population will have to be estimated with due regard
to all the factors governing the future growth and development of
the area in the industrial, commercial, educational, social and
administrative spheres, special factors causing sudden emigration
or influx of population should also be foreseen to extent possible.
• The judgment based on these factors would help in selecting the
most suitable method of deriving the probable trend of the
population growth in the area of the project.
7. Population forecasting…
Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected
population of a particular city, estimated for the design period. Any
underestimated value will make system inadequate for the purpose
intended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly.
Factors affecting changes in population are:
increase due to births.
decrease due to deaths.
increase/ decrease due to migration.
The present and past population record for the city can be obtained from
the census population records. After collecting these population figures,
the population at the end of design period is predicted using various
methods as suitable for that city considering the growth pattern
followed by the city.
8. Methods of population forecasting…
Arithmetic Increase method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decrease Rate of Increase Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
The Master Plan Method or Zoning Method
Logistic Curve method
9. Arithmetic increase method…
Average rate of increase in population is assumed to be constant
from decade to decade in this method. Average increase per
decade is found out from the previously available census data.
Mathematically…….. Pņ = P+nd
Where…..
Pņ = future population after n decades
P = present population
n = number of decades
d = average increase per decade
10. Geometric increase method …
Average percentage increase in population is assumed to be
constant from decade to decade in this method.
Averagepercentage increase per decade is found out from the
previously available census data. By using the formula given below
the future population is worked out.
Mathematically…….. Pņ= P(1+r/100) 𝑛
Where,
• Pņ= future population after n decades
• P= present population
• n= number of decades
• r= average percentage increase per decade
11. Incremental increase method…
The advantages of both arithmetic increase method and geometrical
increase method are included in this method. Average increase per decade
is found out first of all and average percentage increase per decade is
worked out as in arithmetic increase method and geometric increase
method respectively.
Mathematically…….. Pņ=𝑃+𝑛𝑑+[(𝑛 /𝑛+1) /2]𝑡
Where,
Pņ = future population after n decades
P = present population
t = average incremental increase per decade
d = average increase in population per decade
12. Decrease Rate of Growth Method …
It has been seen that all life grow within limited space. If the complete
growth of a very old city is plotted, it will be seen that the curve has S-
shape, which indicates that early growth takes place at an increasing
rate, latter growth is at a decreasing rate which indicates that saturation
limit is reached.
In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked
out and is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each
successive decade.
13. Graphical Method…
In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted
to a suitable scale on graph. The population curve is smoothly extended
for getting future population. This extension should be done carefully
and it requires proper experience and judgment.
14. Comparative Graphical Method…
• In this method the population data of project is plotted along with
past population data of number of towns which have grown under the
similar conditions. The curve of the city under consideration is
extended carefully after studying the pattern of other cities.
15. The Master Plan Method or Zoning Method …
The development of towns and cities is not allowed in haphazard way. For
the development of the towns and cities, their master plans are prepared.
The city is divided into various zones such as commercial centres,
industrial areas, residential areas, the schools, colleges, parks etc.
The future expansion of the cities is strictly regulated by various bylaws of
corporations and other local bodies, according to the master plan.
The master plans are prepared for the development of the cities for 25-30
years. The population densities for various zones of the towns to be
developed are also fixed. Now when the population of a particular zone is
fixed, it is very easy to design the water supply schemes for the particular
zones. The future development of the water works is also designed on the
basis of the master plan.
17. Logistic Curve method…
• It is a modern method of the population forecasting where the
population data of the past is analyzed critically by the software and
the forecasting is done . Mathematically the solution is obtained
using the relation as stated below…
Formula:
where
Ps = Upper limit/saturation population
Py=Population at starting
P=Population at any time ‘t’
K= constant
18. Selection of the methods…
Generally ‘Arithmetic Increase method’ is suitable for old and large city
where the population growth is linear.
Geometric Increase Method or ‘Incremental Increase Method’ is suitable
for newly developing cities where the growth rate is more because of its
growth pattern and large amount of increase is expected because of
possible migration due to development.
‘Decrease Rate of Increase Method’ is suitable for a matured and well
developed city which is approaching the saturation in terms of growth
potential.
Simple Graphical Method is suitable for developing towns where the
development has a good potential to attract the people.
19. Comparative Graphical Method is suitable for the towns or cities which
are showing the similar pattern in which the development of few towns
has been observed.
Logistic Curve method can be used for large cities where the
generalization in any terms is difficult to state and all possible patterns
has to be considered for forecasting of population.
20. Please remember…..
Suitability of each method is to be determined critically.
Care has to be taken while selecting any method for the
forecasting in any given case.
The trend of increase in the population shown by the city under
consideration can be the most suitable way to take the decision
to implement any method for forecasting the population.
21.
22. That’s it for the session!!!!
Lets meet in next session
to learn more….