This document provides an overview of infrared technology for operational video. It discusses the fundamentals of infrared technology, including what infrared cameras are and how they work. Unique attributes like the ability to see in total darkness and through obscurants are covered. The document also reviews thermal video analytics for people and vehicle detection, thermography for temperature measurement, and infrared gas leak detection. Finally, examples of operational infrared video are shown for applications like predictive maintenance, security, and process monitoring.

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Infrared Technology for
Operational Video

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Fundamentals of Infrared Technology
Unique Attributes of Infrared Technology
Overview:
Training Agenda – Session 1

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FUNDAMENTALS OF INFRARED
TECHNOLOGY
Understanding the Technology

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What is an Infrared Camera?
A camera that sees part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is
invisible to humans -- it sees heat, NOT light.
Best at detecting humans
and vehicles.
Thermal Imaging: 8-12 m
Visible light: .4 m - .7 m
Infrared: 0.7m - 20m
Cosmic
Rays
Gamma
Rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
(UV)
Infrared
(IR)
Microwaves
Radar
Radio Broadcast
Band
Ultraviolet
(UV)
Visible Light
Infrared
(IR)
Short Wavelengths Long Wavelengths
1 Nanometer 1 Micron 1 Millimeter 1 Meter 1 Kilometer

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Infrared Spectrum
Visible Cameras
Visible Light Spectrum
400 – 750 nm
(0.4 to 0.75 um) LWIR Thermal Camera
8 – 12 um
The earths atmosphere only transmits some
wavelengths of light, other wavelengths are
absorbed.
Visible Camera
Night Mode operates
out to 1000nm
(1 um)
Any object at a temperature > absolute zero will
emit radiation but the wavelength of the emitted
radiation depends on the temperature.

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Key difference: Thermal vs. Visible
Visible Cameras
Require Illumination
Thermal Cameras
Require
NO Illumination
Reflected Light
Radiated Heat

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Long and Mid Wavelength Infrared
• MWIR (Mid-Wave Infrared) cameras use the 3-5 m band
– Known as MWIR (Mid-Wave Infra-Red)
– Used to measure high temperatures (>250oC)
– Much more sensitive, long range
– Require cryogenic coolers (maintenance)
– Are expensive by comparison
• LWIR (Long-Wave Infrared) cameras use the 8-12 m band
– No cooler, almost no maintenance
– Used to measure temperatures from -10oC to 250oC
– Much less expensive
– Optimized for detecting people and vehicles

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Why Use Infrared Technology?
• Accurate automated analytics for detecting
people and vehicles
– Perimeter detection
– People and vehicle directional counting
• Contactless temperature measurement
– Process monitoring & Predictive maintenance
– A large number of points need to be monitored
– Problematic to instrument with point sensors
• Ability to “see” normally invisible gases

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Infrared Imaging Works in Tough
Environmental Conditions
• Advantages over standard cameras include:
– See in complete darkness
– See through obscurants (smoke, dust, haze, etc.)
– See through particulates (fog, rain, snow)
– See beyond the glare of a bright light

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Thermal Advantage: Avoid Glare
• Thermal imagers see heat, not light
– This means they
are not effected
by bright lights like
standard cameras
– They work equally
well day and night
• Important: This is
not just a night-
time technology!

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THERMAL VIDEO ANALYTICS
Understanding the Technology

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Thermal Analytics Enables Many
Applications People Counting
Queue Management
Occupancy/Space Utilization
Thermal Excels at People and Vehicle Detection/Counting
Due to High Image Contrast
Thermal Integrated Analytics

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Thermal Video Analytics Behaviors
• Analytics
1. Adaptive Motion
2. Loitering Detection
3. Object Counting
4. Stopped Vehicle
• Analytics “At The Edge”
– Reduces infrastructure / server burden

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Examples of Analytic Behaviors
Auto Trip Left
Count all trip wire
People directional trip wire

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THERMOGRAPHY
Understanding the Technology

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What is Thermography
(very general description)
Measure the temperature of any object in
the camera’s field of view
–Easily set alarm temperature
–Send an alarm when the temperature of the object
exceeds set point
–Record or monitor temperature trend information

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Thermography Analytics
Analytics built into the camera:
1. Absolute temperature
– Measures the actual temperature of an object and alarms
when the object exceeds, or drops below a temperature
set in the analytic
2. Relative temperature
– Measures the temperature of 2 or more objects and
alarms when difference between the temperatures of
objects exceeds the temperature set in the analytic.
3. Self Reference
– Takes the initial temperature of an object during set up
and alarms when the object’s self referenced
temperature exceeds a specified temperature delta.

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Sarix TI
Thermography
“temperature specs”
Temperature Measurement
– Range: –20° to 120°C ( -4° to 248°F)
– Reading Accuracy: ±2°C or ±2% of reading
(whichever is larger)
Target Distance Range:
2 to140m

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INFRARED GAS LEAK DETECTION
Understanding the Technology

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Key Concepts To Make The Cloud
Visible
• The gas must absorb infrared radiation in the waveband that
the camera can see
• The cloud must have a radiant contrast to the background
• The apparent temperature of the cloud must be different to
the background
• Cloud motion assists the visibility of the gas
Gas Cloud

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How Infrared Gas Detection Works
• The mid wave infrared
(MWIR) gas detection
camera has a detector
response of 3-5 μm
which is further
spectrally limited to 3.3
μm using a filter.
• This makes the camera
responsive to many types
of gases
Gas Absorption
Spectrum
Camera
Sensitivity

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Gas Imaging Technology:
Applicable Industries
• Oil Refining – Infrared cameras have excellent
sensitivity to the crude oil fractions from gasoline to
kerosene.
• Petrochemical and Chemical – An MWIR camera has
excellent response to many of the chemicals used in
these industries.
• Power Generation - Gas fired power stations use
natural gas as fuel. The mid wave camera is used for
leak detection
• Natural Gas – MWIR camera clearly sees methane and
ethane and is used for leak detection from the gas
production field right through the distribution network.

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Example: Methane Absorption
Wavelength (m)
Transmission
Strong Absorption
Wavelengths

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Example: Propane Absorption
Wavelength (m)
Transmission
Strong Absorption
Wavelengths

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Example: SF6 Absorption
Transmission
Wavelength (m)
Strong Absorption
Wavelength
Circuit Breaker Using SF6

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Video - Propane Example
Video Analytics Provide Automated Gas Leak Alarms

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Gases Detected Using Medium
Wavelength Infrared Cameras (3-5m)
• Benzene
• Butane
• Ethane
• Ethylbenzene
• Ethylene
• Heptane
• Hexane
• Isoprene
• MEK
• Methane
• Methanol
• MIBK
• Octane
• Pentane
• 1-Pentane
• Propane
• Propylene
• Toluene
• Xylene

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Gases Detected Using Long Wavelength
Infrared Cameras (8-12m)
• Sulphur Hexafluoride
• Anhydrous Ammonia
• Ethyl Cyanoacrylate
(‘Superglue’)
• Chlorine Dioxide
• Acetic Acid
• FREON-12
• Ethylene
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone
(MEK)
• SF6
• Acetyl Chloride
• Allyl Bromide
• Allyl Chloride
• Allyl Fluoride
• Bromomethane
• FREON-11
• Furan
• Hydrazine
• Methylsilane
• Methyl Vinyl
Ketone
• Propenal
• Propene
• Tetrahydrofuran
• Trichloroethylene
• Uranyl Fluoride
• Vinyl Chloride
• Vinyl Cyanide
• Vinyl Ether

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Infrared Camera Leak Detection
Limitations
• Distance Range past 100 feet
• Gas cloud differential needed
• Strong winds & small leaks – tough situation
• Rainy and misty days

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OPERATIONAL INFRARED VIDEO
EXAMPLES
Understanding the Technology

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Infrared Imaging Applications
Predictive Maintenance
Safety - TrafficSecurity - Thermal Fence
Process Monitoring & Control

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Example: Heat Flow in Servers

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Example: Welder Preventative
Maintenance

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Example: Electrical Substations
Cost Effective Perimeter Security Predictive Maintenance
• Continuous thermal monitoring
• Make repairs before problems spread and
costs spiral up
• Prevent expensive downtime due to
equipment failure
•Proven ROI
• Power industry use of thermographic
inspections

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Example: Oil Pump Monitoring
• Monitor critical pump head component
temperatures
• Two cameras per pump pad
52°
66°
80°
92°
48 Oil Pumps

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Example: Liquid Levels in Tanks
Schneider Electric – CONFIDENTIAL

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Example: Airport Operations
Provides operational information during day, night,
and adverse weather conditions, even in fog
Visible Camera View Thermal Camera View

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Example: Lower Utility Costs
• Customer Problem: Fresno State University stadium
had ongoing vandalism to the field
– Original solution: Keep stadium lights on all night, every night with
active guard monitoring of visible cameras
– Pro: Prevented damage to the new $1M field
– Con: 140 kW lighting = ~$60k/year + personnel

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Example: Lower Utility Costs
• FSU installed two thermal cameras running analytics
to monitor the stadium
• Benefits of their $7000 investment:
– Lights can be kept off, with ROI in a few months
– Automated alarms reduce personnel for monitoring

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Handheld Thermography
Limitations
• Two Full Time Team Members take
manual pictures of the cables and
motors.
• Over temperature condition it is
logged
• This method is only 30 percent
effective
• Most faults are found after a
cable/motor has failed and
production is impacted.
• These failures create 30-60 minutes
of downtime per event.

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CLOSING DISCUSSION
Thank you for your time today!