Enlightenment and the American Revolution
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This document discusses the Enlightenment period and the implementation of Enlightenment ideals in the founding of America. It provides context about the times before the Enlightenment, then discusses influences like the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. Key Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Beccaria are summarized along with their influences on documents like the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, particularly regarding natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of speech and religion, and fair treatment of the accused.
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Enlightenment and the American Revolution
- 1. Par Pandit Student Teacher from University of San Francisco 8th grade U.S. History Miller Middle School 2012
- 2. Who is this?
- 3. Who is this?
- 4. Who is this?
- 5. Who is this?
- 6. Who is this? James Madison Father of the Constitution
- 8. Definition • Implementation: the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order • Ideals: A standard of perfection; a principle to be aimed at
- 10. Times Before Enlightenment • You were born into a class and had to stay there
- 11. Times Before Enlightenment • Catholic Church interpreted the Bible for non-clergy people
- 12. Times Before Enlightenment • Justice was often arbitrary or based on superstition • Punishment was cruel and not fit the crime
- 13. Times Before Enlightenment • Lack of understanding about health – Black Death
- 14. Times Before Enlightenment • Certain countries had absolute monarchy – Royalty sets all rules based on the “Divine Right of Kings” • The theory of divine right was abandoned in England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89
- 15. Times Before Enlightenment • People thought that human nature was not changeable • People did not think about how the environment can affect people
- 17. Renaissance mid 1300’s to early 1600’s • Start questioning old ideas (from Middle Ages) • Interest in human society and natural world and the potential of all human beings • Don’t believe that one should remain in his class based on birth. Reward individual achievement over class or family name The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491
- 18. Protestant Reformation 1517-1600s The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491 • Martin Luther • Bible is the ultimate source of religious authority for Christians, not the Church • Printing press and language translations made the Bible readable for the public and improves literacy
- 19. Scientific Revolution 1500s-1700s The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491 • Development in science transformed views of society and nature • Mathematics • Physics • Astronomy • Biology • Chemistry • Scientific Method
- 20. Scientific Revolution 1500s-1700s The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491 • Development in science transformed views of society and nature • Mathematics • Physics • Astronomy • Biology • Chemistry • Scientific Method
- 22. Influences • Renaissance Question accepted beliefs Celebrate the Individual • Scientific Revolution Trust in reason and observation leading to progress • Reformation Individuals think for themselves Not accept blind authority (i.e. Church)
- 23. Enlightenment John Locke (1632-1704) • Rejects “Divine Rights of Kings” concept • Government is to protect natural rights of life, liberty, and property • Government Authority comes from consent of the governed • People have the right to overthrow the government • Popular Sovereignty The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491
- 24. Enlightenment The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491 Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • French political thinker • Admires England’s form of government based on English Common Law • Concerned with personal liberty • Separation of Powers • Executive • Legislature • Judicial
- 25. Enlightenment Voltaire (1694-1778) • French writer, historian, and philosopher • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Religion The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491
- 26. Enlightenment Casare Beccaria (1738-1794) • Italian jurist, philosopher, and politican • Rights of “accused” to fair treatment • Fair and speedy trial • Against cruel and unusual punishment The Heritage of World Civilizations, pg 491
- 28. Quiz What Enlightened Thinker influenced the following from the Declaration of Independence: “…All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness…”
- 29. Quiz What Enlightened Thinker influenced the following from the Constitution: “Article I: Legislative Power… Article II: Nature and Scope of Executive Power… Article III: Judicial Power, Courts, Judges…”
- 30. Quiz What Enlightened Thinker may have influenced the following from the Constitution: “Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press …”
- 31. Quiz What Enlightened Thinker may have influenced the following from the Constitution: “Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”
- 32. Implementation • Like John Locke, colonists shared foundations of Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights • Declaration of Independence echoed Locke’s ideas on natural rights and the purpose of government • Constitution Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers Bill of Rights protects Voltaire’s freedom of speech and religion ideas Bill of Rights protects Becarria’s belief that an accused person has a right to a fair trial and to not suffer cruel and unusual punishment
Editor's Notes
- Ask them the definition of implementation and ideals