This document summarizes key figures and ideas from the emergence of modern science and politics in the 16th-17th centuries. It discusses Copernicus who proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric Ptolemaic system. It also discusses Giordano Bruno who was burned at the stake for his scientific and pantheistic views. Other figures mentioned include Francis Bacon who established the scientific method, Thomas Hobbes who developed social contract theory, and Niccolò Machiavelli who argued rulers should pursue power through any means necessary. The document examines how these new scientific and political philosophies challenged traditional Aristotelian views and the authority of the church.