4. Learning Objectives
To accomplish the desired performance stated, please be guided with
the following learning competencies as anchor:
• Differentiates language used in academic texts from various
disciplines
• Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she
needs (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4)
• Uses various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4)
5. Activity 1. Direction: Classify the signal words given below based on
how they are used.
Since because however for instance
Such as although so that important
Powerful due to finally later
Narrative Sequence Cause &
Effect
Problem /
Solution
Compare
& Contrast
Definition or
Description
7. Text structure is the way in which a writer
organizes language and information within text
to serve a specific purpose. Depending on the
goal of the writer, text can be structured in
various ways to best communicate information
to a reader clearly and effectively. The structure
of a text’s beginning, middle, and end is directly
influenced by the intention and purpose of the
writer.
8. Text structure is valuable for both readers
and writers to understand. It allows readers to
know the intention of the writer they are
reading from the beginning of a text. Writers
can utilize structure to support the purpose of
their work. Hopefully this article has given
you insight on the value of text structure and
how it can be used.
10. DESCRIPTION
Description is a text structure that is designed to create a vivid, detailed description
of something. This is achieved by using descriptive language to describe traits,
features, and characteristics of the subject.
Here's an example:
“Two distinct desert ecosystems, the Mojave and the Colorado, come together in
Joshua Tree National Park. A fascinating variety of plants and animals make their
homes in a land sculpted by strong winds and occasional torrents of rain. Dark
night skies, a rich cultural history, and surreal geologic features add to the wonder
of this vast wilderness in southern California”
- National Parks Service
11. SEQUENCE
There are two ways that sequence text structure can be used:
to communicate a chronological sequence of events or steps
in a procedure.
Sequence text structure for the purpose of chronological
events is a common structure used in historical literature or
non-fictional literature. Sequence structure for procedural
information is common in educational literature from cooking
instructions to scientific methods.
12. SEQUENCE
Example 1: “World War I, also known as the Great War,
began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war
across Europe that lasted until 1918.”
- World War I (history.com)
Example 2: “Pulse flour, sugar, and salt in a food processor
to combine. Add butter and process until the largest pieces of
butter are pea-size. Transfer to a large bowl.”
BA’s Best Apple Pie (bonappetit.com)
13. CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and effect text structure is primarily used to
communicate the causal relationship between an
event, action, or idea and what follows. The text is
designed to make the causality and correlation
between the two clear to the reader. This is also a
common structure in both educational and
historical literature.
14. CAUSE AND EFFECT
For example:
“After inflating, the universe slowed down its expansion
rate but continued to grow, as it does still. It also cooled
significantly, allowing for the formation of matter — first
neutrinos, electrons, quarks, and photons, followed by
protons and neutrons.”
- How Did the Big Bang Happen? (astronomy.com)
15. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Oftentimes, writers need to analyze the similarities
and differences between two subjects. A compare
and contrast text structure allows them to do just
that. These comparisons are typically between
people, places, events, ideas, or concepts.
16. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
For example:
“Beethoven has a much more fiery personality.
Whereas Mozart’s music is clean and precise,
Beethoven employs many surprises in his music.
Many times he will build up the music as if it’s
leading to something only to suddenly get soft –
his trademark use of subito piano.”
— Mozart vs. Beethoven (livingpianos.com)
17. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
Lastly, the problem and solution text structure is
designed to present a problem and transition into a
proposed solution for said problem. The structure is
designed to both create reasonable cases for why
the problem exists and/or is important and why the
proposed solution can be effective.
This text design is common in political literature and
speech as well as business and technology.
18. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
Example:
“Transportation is the second leading source of greenhouse gas
emissions in the U.S. (burning a single gallon of gasoline produces
20 pounds of CO2). But it doesn't have to be that way. One way to
dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to
work, use mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other
mode of transport that does not require anything other than human
energy. There is also the option of working from home and
telecommuting several days a week.”
— 10 Solutions for Climate Change (scientificamerican.com)
20. 1. Organize information and details they are learning in
their minds while reading.
2. Make connections between the details being
presented in a text
3. Summarize the important details shared in a text
Why is Text Structure Important?
21. Text structure is valuable for both readers and writers
to understand. It allows readers to know the intention
of the writer they are reading from the beginning of a
text. Writers can utilize structure to support the
purpose of their work. Hopefully this article has given
you insight on the value of text structure and how it
can be used.
Why is Text Structure Important?
23. Activity 3. Direction: Identify the text structure based on the given
statement. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
___ 1. This text structure is “how are things in the text similar or
different.”
___ 2. The text structure that discusses what is specifically being
described.
___ 3. The text structure that is written in a style that tells what
happened ang why it happens.
___ 4. This text structure tells what the conflict is, or problem, and how
it was solved.
____5. The text structure that shows events taking place over time or
gives steps is…
24. a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast
_________6. “Similar, same, alike, both, on the other hand, instead”
are signal words for…
_________7. Before putting the model car together, we gathered our
supplies. Then we were able to read and follow the directions. Before
long, our car was done.
_________8. Which type of text structure answers the question of
what happened and why?
_________9. Which type of text structure shows how two or more
things are alike and different?
_________10. The sentence structure that narrates a story.
28. Activity 5. Direction: Write an essay about your experience during the COVID -
19 pandemic using a specific text structure of your choice. Use a separate
sheet in writing.
Please be guided by the suggested criteria for scoring.Criteria for Scoring:
Appropriate Use of Text Structure - 20 pts.
Convention - 15 pts.
Creativity and Organization - 15 pts.
Total - 50 pts.
