Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
The generalized definition of the word bilingualism, is the ability to use two/ more languages.
• However, scholars like Peter A Hornby (1997; 3) quoted Bloomfield’s definition which says “the term bilingualism should be applied to those individuals who possesses a native-like like ability in both languages
Types of Bilingualism
1- Early bilingualism - there are two types: simultaneous early bilingualism and consecutive (or successive) early bilingualism.
Simultaneous early bilingualism refers to a child who learns two languages at the same time, from birth.
Successive early bilingualism refers to a child who has already partially acquired a first language and then learned a second language early in childhood (for example, when the child moves into an environment where the dominant language is not his or her mother tongue).
2- Late bilingualism – refers to bilingualism when the second language is learned after the age of 6 or 7; especially when it is learned in adolescence or adulthood.
Late bilingualism is a consecutive bilingualism which occurs after the acquisition of the first language (after the childhood language development period). This is what also distinguishes it from early bilingualism. With the first language already acquired, the late bilingual uses their experience to learn the second language.
3- Additive bilingualism and subtractive bilingualism – The term additive -bilingualism refers to the situation where a person has acquired the two languages in a balanced manner. It is a strong bilingualism.
Subtractive bilingualism refers to the situation where a person learns the second language to the detriment of the first language, especially if the first language is a minority language. In this case, mastery of the first language decreases, while mastery of the other language (usually the dominant language) increases.
4- Negative bilingualism - refers to the ability to understand a second language without being able to speak it. Children who respond appropriately in English when addressed in French can become passive bilinguals, as they have less mastery of oral expression in French.
Find out the history of Scottish English, the languages of Scotland, the intricacies of the language, five accent features and fun slang from Gerard Butler! To check out the videos, go to the links mentioned in the sources slide:)
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
The generalized definition of the word bilingualism, is the ability to use two/ more languages.
• However, scholars like Peter A Hornby (1997; 3) quoted Bloomfield’s definition which says “the term bilingualism should be applied to those individuals who possesses a native-like like ability in both languages
Types of Bilingualism
1- Early bilingualism - there are two types: simultaneous early bilingualism and consecutive (or successive) early bilingualism.
Simultaneous early bilingualism refers to a child who learns two languages at the same time, from birth.
Successive early bilingualism refers to a child who has already partially acquired a first language and then learned a second language early in childhood (for example, when the child moves into an environment where the dominant language is not his or her mother tongue).
2- Late bilingualism – refers to bilingualism when the second language is learned after the age of 6 or 7; especially when it is learned in adolescence or adulthood.
Late bilingualism is a consecutive bilingualism which occurs after the acquisition of the first language (after the childhood language development period). This is what also distinguishes it from early bilingualism. With the first language already acquired, the late bilingual uses their experience to learn the second language.
3- Additive bilingualism and subtractive bilingualism – The term additive -bilingualism refers to the situation where a person has acquired the two languages in a balanced manner. It is a strong bilingualism.
Subtractive bilingualism refers to the situation where a person learns the second language to the detriment of the first language, especially if the first language is a minority language. In this case, mastery of the first language decreases, while mastery of the other language (usually the dominant language) increases.
4- Negative bilingualism - refers to the ability to understand a second language without being able to speak it. Children who respond appropriately in English when addressed in French can become passive bilinguals, as they have less mastery of oral expression in French.
Find out the history of Scottish English, the languages of Scotland, the intricacies of the language, five accent features and fun slang from Gerard Butler! To check out the videos, go to the links mentioned in the sources slide:)
Phonological System of Standard British English Atula Ahuja
English the ‘language of survival and growth in the competitive world’. The main varieties of English have been classified according to their traditional historical and sociolinguistic bases. This presentation gives a description of the phonological system of British English and compares it to that of standard American English.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. SPELLING
Spelling is almost identical to other dialects of British
English. Minor differences occur with words descended
from Welsh, which aren't anglicised as in many other
dialects of English, for example, in Wales the valley is
always "cwm", not the anglicised version "coombe". As
with other dialects of British English, -ise endings are
preferred,"realise" instead of "realize". However, both
forms are acceptable. For words ending in 'yse' or 'yze',
the 'yse' endings are compulsory, as with other dialects
of British English,"analyse", not "analyze".
4. VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR
Aside from lexical borrowings from Welsh like “bach” (little,
wee), “nain” and “taid” (grandmother and grandfather
respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in
vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by
some speakers of the tag question “isn't it?” regardless of the
form of the preceding statement and the placement of the
subject and the verb after the predicate for emphasis.
In South Wales the word "where" may often be expanded to
"where to", as in the question, "Where to is your Mam?". The
word "butty" is used to mean "friend" or "mate" yet in the north
is more commonly understood to mean a sandwich.
5. PRONUNCIATION
Vowels
Short monophthongs
The vowel of cat /æ/ is pronounced as a more central near-open front unrounded vowel[æ̈].In Cardiff
bag is pronounced with a long vowel [aː].In Powis. a pronunciation resembling its New Zealand and South
African analogue is sometimes heard, i.e. trap is pronounced /trɛp/
The vowel of end /ɛ/ is a more open vowel and thus closer to cardinal vowel [ɛ] than RP.
The vowel of "kit" /ɪ/ often sounds closer to the schwa sound of above, an advanced close-mid central
unrounded vowel [ɘ̟ ]
The vowel of hot /ɒ/ is raised towards /ɔ/ and can thus be transcribed as [ɒ̝ ] or [ɔ̞ ]
The vowel of "bus" /ʌ/ is pronounced [ɜ] and is encountered as a hypercorrection in northern areas for
foot.It is sometimes manifested in border areas of north and mid Wales as an open front unrounded
vowel /a/ or as a near-close near-back vowel /ʊ/ in northeast Wales, under influence of Chesire and
Mersyside accents.
In accents that distinguish between foot and strut the vowel of foot is a more lowered vowel [ɤ]̈ ,
particularly in the north.
The schwa of better may be different from that of above in some accents; the former may be
pronounced as [ɜ], the same vowel as that of bus.
The schwi tends to be supplanted by an /ɛ/ in final closed syllables, e.g. brightest /ˈbɾəi.tɛst/. The
uncertainty over which vowel to use often leads to 'hypercorrections' involving the schwa, e.g.
programme is often pronounced /ˈproː.ɡrəm/
6. Long Monophthongs
The vowel of car is often pronounced as a more central open back unrounded
vowel [ɑ̈ ] and more often as a long open front unrounded vowel /aː/
In broader varieties, particularly in Cardiff, the vowel of bird is similar to
South African and New Zealand, a lowered close-mid front rounded vowel [ø̞]
Most other long monophthongs are similar to that of Received Pronunciation,
but words with the RP /əʊ/ are sometimes pronounced as [oː] and the RP /eɪ/ as
[eː]. An example that illustrates this tendency is the Abercrave pronunciation
of play-place [ˈpleɪˌpleːs]
In northern varieties, coat and caught/court are often merged into /kɔːt/
In Rhymney the diphthong of there is monophthongised [ɛː]
7. Diphthongs
Fronting diphthongs tend to resemble Received Pronunciation, apart
from the vowel of bite that has a more centralised onset [æ̈ɪ]
Backing diphthongs are more varied:
The vowel of low in RP, other than being rendered as a monophthong, like
described above, is often pronounced as [oʊ̝ ]
The word town is pronounced similarly to the New Zealand pronunciation
of tone, i.e. with a near-open central onset [ɐʊ̝ ]
The /juː/ of RP in the word due is usually pronounced as a true
diphthong [ëʊ̝ ]
8. Consonants
A strong tendency (shared with Scottish English and some South African accents) towards using
an alveolar tap [ɾ] (a 'tapped r') in place of an
approximant [ɹ] (the r used in most accents in England).
Rhoticity is largely uncommon, apart from some speakers in Port Talbot who supplant the front
vowel of bird with /ɚ/, like in many varieties of North American English and accents influenced
by Welsh.
Some gemination between vowels is often encountered, e.g. money is pronounced [ˈmɜ.nːiː]
In northern varieties influenced by Welsh, pens and pence merge into /pɛns/ and chin and gin
into /dʒɪn/
Also in northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised [ɫː]. In much
of the south-east, clear and dark L alternate much like they do in RP. The consonants are
generally the same as RP but Welsh consonants like [ɬ] and [x] are encountered in loan words
such as Llangefni and Harlech.
9. VIDEO
How to speak with a Welsh accent -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq-
mEejECcU
11. British English is more difficult than
American English in speaking.
In this video you can see the accent in
London.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_HDmKvz4Lfw
12. VOCABULARY
There are many
different words in British
English and American
English. And also there
are the same words but
with another meaning.
BRITISH AMERICAN
Nappy Diaper
Holiday Vacation
Sweets Candy
Lorry Truck
Timetable Schedule
Cooker Stove
Chips French Fries
Rubber Eraser
Flat Apartment
14. SPELLING ; American vs British
*In these two countries the spelling is different in some
words, for example:
British - our/ American -or: colour/color
British - re /American -er: centre/center
If you need more information, you can see this webpage:
http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/british-american-spelling.
html
17. AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH
In Australia, as in other anglophone countries, people speak English in
a different way that we tend to listen.
18. AUSTRALIAN SPELLING
Australian spelling is closer to
British and Canadian than
American spelling, but it also has
some influence of the last one.
In Australia “The Macquarie
Dictionary” is used by universities
and other organisations as a
standard for Australian English
spelling. This dictionary is a
dictionary only of Australian English.
On it, both –ise or –ize terminations
are accepted, but –ise is the most
common form. For example, people
can write “realise” or “realize”. Some
people use the –or instead –our, as
in “color/colour”.
19. AUSTRALIAN PHONOLOGY
Australian accent is similar to New
Zealand and the South East of Great
Britain accents.
In Australian English /t/
and /d/ phonemes are
pronounced as /r/ in
some cases, as in
American English, in
which some words are
also pronounced like
this. Lots of Australian
people replace some
sounds for others.
20. AUSTRALIAN VOCABULARY
Australian English has
a lot of slang.
They also have some
words that in other
English dialects have
different meanings,
such as “paddock”,
that means
“countryside” while in
England it is a little
cattle enclosure.
In Australian English,
as in other English
dialects, people use
“mate” to refer to
someone close to
them.
“G’day” is a greeting
in both Australia and
New Zealand
vocabulary and it
means “hello”.
21. AUSTRALIAN VOCABULARY
Here are some videos in which you can see the different and strange words
that they have:
Julia Fernández Pérez
23. Vocabulary
In South Africa the English is the same as in the United
kingdom, with the only difference that this accent is
different, but all the words are the same
24. South African Spelling
Southafrican United States
➢ Travelling Traveling
➢ Vice Vise
➢ Aeroplane Airplane
➢ Aluminium Aluminum
➢ Artefact Artifact
➢ Colour Color
➢ Defence Defense
➢ Encyclopaedia Encyclopedia
➢ Grey Gray
➢ Tyre Tire
25. South African Accent
Southafrican accent
In this video the protagonist who represents Nelson
Mandela speaks with South African accent http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=bGuC7elOO6M
➢ in the video you can notice the difference between
American English and South African English
American SouthAfrican
27. Ireland is a country close to the United
kingdom and its capital is Dublin. In Ireland
nearly five million people live
28. VOCABULARY
“Amn’t” used as a contraction of ``am not´´
can be used in questions tags; they also use
double negative (``I'm not late, I amn't not?
(No llego tarde,¿A que no?)
“Arra” is used as an interjection when
something bad happened. ``Arra, tis not the
end of the world´´(Well! ´s not the end of the
world)
29. Irish people say:
- Hiya (hello)
- Fiddle (violin)
- “tis” instead of “it´s”.
30. PRONUNCIATION
•The "u" may appear pronounced as / ʊ /.
• They speak softer than the English .
• They don’t pronounce the diphthongs, as in boat /boːt/.
• They pronounce [r] between vowels, consonant and
before the end of the word.
• When they say the `` t ´´ they pronounce `` s ´´ or `` sh ´´,
for example “it isn´t” they say /its/ /ˈɪznts/
33. ❏ This project is about the Texan American English,
and its vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and other
things: videos, images …
INTRODUCTION
34. LOCATION
❏ It is a state placed in the South region of the United States.
The most widely spoken language in Texas is English.
Although in Texas, they also speak Spanish. The most
famous cities are; Dallas, San Antonio, Houston and Austin (
capital).
35. VOCABULARY
¢In the United States, depending on the area, there are different
accents, but in Texas it is probably where there are more different
accents and they speak faster, and there are many differences in
vocabulary. For example:
¢Y`ALL : YOU ALL
¢FIXIN TO: ABOUT TO
¢HOWDY:”HOW DO YOU DO”
37. SPELLING RULES
¢These are some spelling rules:
¢1.THE “I” BEFORE “E” RULE: Usually spell “I” before “E”
(believe) but spell “E” before “I” (receive) and when the
letters are pronounced as a long /a/ sound (neighbor).
¢2. THE SILENT “E” RULE: Drop the “E” (having-have) at
the end of a syllable if the ending begins with a vowel.
38. PRONUNCIATION
¢These are many examples:
¢1. The merger of (e) and (i) before nasal consonants, so
that pen and pin are pronounced the same.
¢2. The diphthong (ai) disappears (a:)
¢3.In the words “pat” “pet” “pit” the southern accent drawls
the short front vowels.
39. ACCENT TEXAN PEOPLE
¢These are some videos about the Texan accent:
¢
¢1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SssJOlJrq7g
¢
¢2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1JihiI7syA
¢
¢3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBTOgUt7kBU