Phonetics and Phonology: Short Vowels
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This document discusses short vowels in phonology. It lists 6 short vowel symbols - [i], [e], [æ], [ʌ], [ɒ], [ʊ] - and provides examples of words that contain each vowel. For each symbol, it also describes the vowel's height, frontness/backness, and lip position to help distinguish the sounds.
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![SHORT VOWELS
• Symbols :
• [І] – bit, pin, fish
• [e] – bet, men, yes
• [æ] – bat, man, gas
• [ ] – but, some, rushʌ
• [ ] – pot, gone, crossɒ
• [ ] – put, pull, pushʊ](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Phonetics and Phonology: Short Vowels
- 2. SHORT VOWELS • Symbols : • [І] – bit, pin, fish • [e] – bet, men, yes • [æ] – bat, man, gas • [ ] – but, some, rushʌ • [ ] – pot, gone, crossɒ • [ ] – put, pull, pushʊ
- 3. [І] • Close/high • Front • Lips are slightly spread
- 4. [e] • Mid • Front • Lips are slightly spread
- 5. [æ] • open/low • Front • Lips are slightly spread
- 6. [ ]ʌ • Close/low • Central • Lips are neutral
- 7. [ ]ɒ • Close/low • Back • Lips are rounded
- 8. [ ]ʊ • Close/high • Back • Lips are rounded