Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
Recharging Mechanism of Wireless Sensor Network: A Surveyijsrd.com
WSN have been extensively researched during recent years helping in diverse employment of sensor networks in various systems and applications. One of the key challenges that preclude the sustained operation of these networks is their limited energy resources. One of the most critical limiting factors for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is its battery life. Therefore, a very desirable feature of WSN would be its rechargability to remain operational over longer period of times. The wireless sensor node, being a limited form factor device, can only be equipped with a limited power source. In this paper, we have presented several existing techniques for recharging a sensor node in wireless sensor networks.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
This document discusses various power saving techniques in wireless networks. It begins by describing the typical workload profile of a wireless sensor network and discusses an energy efficient heterogeneous multiprocessor sensor node architecture that uses low-power and high-power processors depending on the workload. It also discusses dynamic voltage scaling and ultra-low power medium access control protocols for both wireless sensor networks and cellular networks. Finally, it discusses improvements to power amplifiers in base stations and RF transceivers for wireless sensor nodes to reduce power consumption.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
Fault protection of a loop type low voltage dc bus based microgridsIAEME Publication
This document proposes a fault protection scheme for a loop-type low voltage DC microgrid system. The scheme uses differential relaying between a master controller and two slave controllers located at either end of a DC bus transmission line. When a fault is detected based on a current difference, the master controller commands the slave controllers to open solid state switches and isolate only the faulty section, allowing the rest of the system to continue operating. The scheme aims to quickly detect and isolate faults while maintaining power supply to loads. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink are presented to demonstrate the proposed concepts.
IRJET- Modeling and Simulation of Superconducting Magnetic Storage System in ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews modeling and simulation of superconducting magnetic storage systems in power systems. It discusses how superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems can store excess electric energy as electromagnetic energy in high-temperature superconducting inductors. The document presents the advantages of SMES systems for applications like power system load leveling and provides a literature review on previous SMES research. It also describes the theoretical basis for SMES systems using superconducting wires and coils and concludes that the developed mathematical model can output the charging and storage characteristics of an SMES system given certain input parameters.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
Development of a wireless sensor network powered by energy harvesting techniquesDaniele Costarella
The document discusses the development of a wireless sensor network powered by energy harvesting techniques. It describes how energy harvesting captures and converts energy from the environment into usable electrical energy. This can power wireless sensor nodes and potentially provide infinite lifetime by replacing batteries. The document outlines various energy sources like solar, thermal, and piezoelectric. It also discusses the design of energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes, including power management circuits, energy storage, sensing, wireless communication, and prototyping challenges. Data analysis of sensor readings and energy levels are demonstrated.
Recharging Mechanism of Wireless Sensor Network: A Surveyijsrd.com
WSN have been extensively researched during recent years helping in diverse employment of sensor networks in various systems and applications. One of the key challenges that preclude the sustained operation of these networks is their limited energy resources. One of the most critical limiting factors for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is its battery life. Therefore, a very desirable feature of WSN would be its rechargability to remain operational over longer period of times. The wireless sensor node, being a limited form factor device, can only be equipped with a limited power source. In this paper, we have presented several existing techniques for recharging a sensor node in wireless sensor networks.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
This document discusses various power saving techniques in wireless networks. It begins by describing the typical workload profile of a wireless sensor network and discusses an energy efficient heterogeneous multiprocessor sensor node architecture that uses low-power and high-power processors depending on the workload. It also discusses dynamic voltage scaling and ultra-low power medium access control protocols for both wireless sensor networks and cellular networks. Finally, it discusses improvements to power amplifiers in base stations and RF transceivers for wireless sensor nodes to reduce power consumption.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
Fault protection of a loop type low voltage dc bus based microgridsIAEME Publication
This document proposes a fault protection scheme for a loop-type low voltage DC microgrid system. The scheme uses differential relaying between a master controller and two slave controllers located at either end of a DC bus transmission line. When a fault is detected based on a current difference, the master controller commands the slave controllers to open solid state switches and isolate only the faulty section, allowing the rest of the system to continue operating. The scheme aims to quickly detect and isolate faults while maintaining power supply to loads. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink are presented to demonstrate the proposed concepts.
IRJET- Modeling and Simulation of Superconducting Magnetic Storage System in ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews modeling and simulation of superconducting magnetic storage systems in power systems. It discusses how superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems can store excess electric energy as electromagnetic energy in high-temperature superconducting inductors. The document presents the advantages of SMES systems for applications like power system load leveling and provides a literature review on previous SMES research. It also describes the theoretical basis for SMES systems using superconducting wires and coils and concludes that the developed mathematical model can output the charging and storage characteristics of an SMES system given certain input parameters.
A transient current based micro grid connected power system protection scheme...IJECEIAES
Micro-grids comprise Distributed Energy Resources (DER’s) with low voltage distribution networks having controllable loads those can operate with different voltage levels are connected to the micro-grid and operated in grid mode or islanding mode in a coordinated way of control. DER’s provides clear environment-economical benefits for society and consumer utilities. But their development poses great technical challenges mainly protection of main and micro grid. Protection scheme must have to respond to both the main grid and micro-grid faults. If the fault is occurs on main grid, the response must isolate the DER’s from the main grid rapidly to protect the system loads. If the fault ocuurs within the micro-grid, the protection scheme must coordinate and isolates the least priority possible part of the grid to eliminate the fault. In order to deal with the bidirectional energy flow due to large numbers of micro sources new protection schemes are required. The system is simulated using MATLAB Wavelet Tool box and Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is considered. Wavelet based Multi-resolution Analysis is used for detection, discrimination and location of faults on transmission network. This paper is discussed a transient current based micro-grid connected power system protection scheme using Wavelet Approach described on wavelet detailed-coefficients of Mother Biorthogonal 1.5 wavelet. The proposed algorithm is tested in micro-grid connected power systems environment and proved for the detection, discrimination and location of faults which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault inception angle (FIA) and fault distance of feeder line.
Development of a wireless sensor network powered by energy harvesting techniquesDaniele Costarella
The document discusses the development of a wireless sensor network powered by energy harvesting techniques. It describes how energy harvesting captures and converts energy from the environment into usable electrical energy. This can power wireless sensor nodes and potentially provide infinite lifetime by replacing batteries. The document outlines various energy sources like solar, thermal, and piezoelectric. It also discusses the design of energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes, including power management circuits, energy storage, sensing, wireless communication, and prototyping challenges. Data analysis of sensor readings and energy levels are demonstrated.
PROTECTION OF MICROGRID FROM HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT USING DIFFERENTIAL RELAYijiert bestjournal
As source of traditional energy is vanishes day by day,importance of microgrid increasing very effectively. In traditional generation and transmission of electrical power we have to rely on frequency and generation of power but in case of microgrid we have to depend on whether condition. Managing these systems to change of atmospheric condition becomes challenging . All study going on all over world related to microgrid protection of microgrid is one of them. Micro grids can either operate connected to the grid,or in the case of a grid fault,in an islanded mod e. Effect of high impedance fault is studied in this paper,by taking help of Matlab - Simulink�s SimPower Systems . We model a microgrid containing mix of renewable DG and one dispatch able source,we then simulate the HIF fault at one of the bus in both gri d - connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods ar e insufficient and propose the use of digital relays which is different from traditional system.
This document summarizes recent developments in microgrid protection techniques. It discusses (1) a differential energy based protection scheme that uses time-frequency transforms to detect faults in grid-connected and island modes, (2) an autonomous protection method for low voltage DC microgrids using current sensors and circuit breakers to isolate faulty lines, and (3) an adaptive protection approach using communication between relays and a central protection unit to dynamically adjust settings based on distributed generator conditions and fault contributions. The challenges of microgrid protection include bidirectional power flow, topological changes, intermittent generation, insufficient fault currents, and potential nuisance tripping.
IRJET- Methods of Voltage Regulation for Radial DC- MicrogridIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for voltage regulation in radial DC microgrids. It focuses on a series voltage regulator (SVR) that uses a dual active bridge DC-DC converter followed by a full-bridge DC-DC converter to dynamically inject voltage into the DC microgrid and regulate the output voltage. A MATLAB simulation is presented that shows the SVR maintaining a constant 400V output despite changes in the 250W solar input or 400W resistive load. The SVR placement in the microgrid and ratings of its components are also analyzed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SVR for voltage stability in radial DC microgrids, especially under varying load conditions.
wireless fault protection and detection for dc microgrid MAHESH M
This document proposes a fault protection and location method for DC microgrid systems using wireless communication and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). The method uses IEDs with current sensors and circuit breakers to monitor currents, detect faults, and isolate faulty sections. A probe power unit is then used to locate faults without needing to reclose circuit breakers. Simulations showed the method can successfully detect, isolate, and locate faults to maintain operation of unfaulted sections and identify permanent faults. The document presents the DC microgrid system, IED operation, possible fault types, protection techniques, the proposed protection system, fault location methods, and concludes the method was demonstrated through successful computer simulations.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR CHARGING LOW POWER DEVICESJournal For Research
Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can’t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.
This document provides an overview of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used in applications like structural health monitoring and battlefield surveillance. WSNs allow for distributed sensing and processing but face challenges around limited energy resources. The document reviews different energy harvesting technologies that could provide sustainable power sources for sensor nodes, like solar, thermal, and kinetic energy harvesting. It examines how these technologies work and their potential to enable long-term operation of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses energy harvesting for sensor nodes. It describes various energy harvesting architectures and technologies that can power sensor nodes, such as solar, piezoelectric, wind, and radio frequency. It provides examples of sensor node implementations that use different energy storage solutions like batteries, supercapacitors, and tiered storage. The document also discusses implications for sensor network design, including performance adaptation techniques at the node and network levels to enable energy neutral operation of harvesting-powered sensor networks.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
These slides presents the different challenges and issues related to DG integration to Micro-grid distribution systems. The possible solutions are also presented. Later of the class I will try to upload the mathematical presentations and simulation results related to each protection scheme. However, your suggestions are always welcome.
- Motivated Electrical Engineer with 1 year of experience in power transmission planning, generator interconnection studies, and NERC compliance studies seeking a position in power systems engineering.
- Master's degree in Electrical Engineering with a focus on power systems and experience in software development.
- Skilled in transmission planning tools like PSSE and experience analyzing power flows, contingencies, and reliability standards.
Optimal dg placement using multiobjective index and its effect on stability 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology. The article discusses optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems using a multi-objective performance index. It studies DG placement on IEEE test feeders and a practical distribution system in India. It analyzes the impact of DG placement on transient stability, voltage, frequency and rotor angle during faults. It also examines coordination of overcurrent protection relays with and without DG, using directional and non-directional relays. The study aims to minimize power losses, improve voltage profiles and ensure reliable protection with high DG penetration.
1) The document discusses a novel control strategy for microgrids that allows operation in both grid-connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration. The proposed controller is based on the synchronverter concept which emulates synchronous generator behavior.
2) Key aspects of synchronverters are described, including emulated inertia, controlled frequency dynamics, and power-frequency droop control for power sharing in island mode.
3) The proposed control strategy involves angle, frequency, and power loops instead of conventional current and voltage loops. It directly controls power output by varying power angle and voltage amplitude.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Energy efficient chaotic whale optimization technique for data gathering in w...IJECEIAES
The document presents a new technique called chaotic whale metaheuristic energy optimized data gathering (CWMEODG) to improve energy efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks with minimal energy consumption, packet loss, and delay. The CWMEODG technique uses chaotic whale optimization and selects sensor nodes with higher residual energy as the "current best" to transmit data packets to the sink node. Simulation results showed that the CWMEODG technique improves data gathering performance and network lifetime more than existing state-of-the-art methods.
A-Virtual-Electrode-through-Summation-of-Time-Offset-PulsesTrevor Davis
This paper presents a technique for creating virtual electrodes between physical electrodes in a retinal prosthesis. The technique involves stimulating two adjacent physical electrodes with identical pulses that have pulse widths too short to activate neurons on their own. However, one pulse is time-offset from the other. This results in a virtual electrode appearing in the center of the two physical electrodes, with a pulse width that is the sum of the two individual pulses. This combined pulse width is long enough to activate neurons. Experimental results show that when two electrodes 250 μm apart were stimulated with 1 ms pulses offset by 1 ms, a virtual electrode appeared between them with a pulse width of 2 ms, matching the expected results. This virtual electrode technique could help increase the effective resolution of
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
Design and Optimization of Inductively Coupled Spiral Square Coils for Bio-Im...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of biomedical microsystems technologies, the use of wireless power transfer systems in biomedical application has become very largely used for powering the implanted devices. The wireless power transfer by inductive resonance coupling link, is a technic for powering implantable medical devices (IMDs) between the external and implanted circuits. In this paper we describe the design of an inductive resonance coupling link using for powering small bio-implanted devices such as implantable bio-microsystem, peacemaker and cochlear implants. We present the reduced design and an optimization of small size obtained spiral coils of a 9.5 mm2 implantable device with an operating frequency of 13.56 MHz according to the industrial scientific-medical (ISM). The model of the inductive coupling link based on spiral square coils design is developed using the theoretical analysis and optimization geometry of an inductive link. For a mutual distance between the two coils at 10mm, the power transfer efficiency is about 79% with , coupling coefficient of 0.075 and a mutual inductance value of 2µH. In comparison with previous works, the results obtained in this work showed better performance such as the weak inter coils distance, the hight efficiency power transfer and geometry.
IRJET- Review Paper Hybrid Energy Storage System Micro Grid Integration with ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper on integrating a hybrid energy storage system into a microgrid using a four leg three level neutral point clamped inverter. The hybrid energy storage system combines the advantages of vanadium redox batteries and lithium-ion batteries. A four leg inverter topology is used to interface the renewable energy sources and hybrid energy storage system to the microgrid. A control strategy is developed using second order sliding mode control to manage the power flow between the energy storage systems and improve power quality. Experimental results showed the control strategy was effective at controlling the renewable energy injected into the microgrid and managing the hybrid energy storage system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper discusses the principle of operation, dynamic modeling, and control design for light-to-light
(LtL) systems, whose aim is to directly convert the sun irradiation into artificial light. The system discussed in
this paper is composed by a photo- voltaic (PV) panel, an LED array, a dc–dc converter dedicated to the
maximum power point tracking of the PV panel and a dc–dc converter dedicated to drive the LEDs array. A
system controller is also included, whose goal is to ensure the matching between the maximum available PV
power and the LED power by means of a low-frequency LEDs dimming. An experimental design example is
discussed to illustrate the functionalities of the LtL system.
Design and analysis of high gain diode predistortionijwmn
This paper presents the design and analysis of a high gain, broadband Schottky and PIN diode based RF
pre-distortion linearizer for TWTA. The circuit is using ABCD matrix approach. The simulation is
performed using Agilent ADS software. We have proposed a new linearizer circuit which can achieve a
high gain compared to existing linearizer designs.
This document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of a two-unit Yagi-Uda antenna array for UHF satellite communication. Simulations were conducted using 4NEC2 software to optimize the design for a gain of 18.6 dBi at 437.025 MHz. Field tests validated the antenna array achieved high gain and front-to-back ratio while maintaining low standing wave ratio across the UHF band. The two-unit circularly polarized crossed Yagi array design successfully improved communication link margins for small cube satellites operating with stringent power budgets.
PROTECTION OF MICROGRID FROM HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT USING DIFFERENTIAL RELAYijiert bestjournal
As source of traditional energy is vanishes day by day,importance of microgrid increasing very effectively. In traditional generation and transmission of electrical power we have to rely on frequency and generation of power but in case of microgrid we have to depend on whether condition. Managing these systems to change of atmospheric condition becomes challenging . All study going on all over world related to microgrid protection of microgrid is one of them. Micro grids can either operate connected to the grid,or in the case of a grid fault,in an islanded mod e. Effect of high impedance fault is studied in this paper,by taking help of Matlab - Simulink�s SimPower Systems . We model a microgrid containing mix of renewable DG and one dispatch able source,we then simulate the HIF fault at one of the bus in both gri d - connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods ar e insufficient and propose the use of digital relays which is different from traditional system.
This document summarizes recent developments in microgrid protection techniques. It discusses (1) a differential energy based protection scheme that uses time-frequency transforms to detect faults in grid-connected and island modes, (2) an autonomous protection method for low voltage DC microgrids using current sensors and circuit breakers to isolate faulty lines, and (3) an adaptive protection approach using communication between relays and a central protection unit to dynamically adjust settings based on distributed generator conditions and fault contributions. The challenges of microgrid protection include bidirectional power flow, topological changes, intermittent generation, insufficient fault currents, and potential nuisance tripping.
IRJET- Methods of Voltage Regulation for Radial DC- MicrogridIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for voltage regulation in radial DC microgrids. It focuses on a series voltage regulator (SVR) that uses a dual active bridge DC-DC converter followed by a full-bridge DC-DC converter to dynamically inject voltage into the DC microgrid and regulate the output voltage. A MATLAB simulation is presented that shows the SVR maintaining a constant 400V output despite changes in the 250W solar input or 400W resistive load. The SVR placement in the microgrid and ratings of its components are also analyzed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SVR for voltage stability in radial DC microgrids, especially under varying load conditions.
wireless fault protection and detection for dc microgrid MAHESH M
This document proposes a fault protection and location method for DC microgrid systems using wireless communication and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). The method uses IEDs with current sensors and circuit breakers to monitor currents, detect faults, and isolate faulty sections. A probe power unit is then used to locate faults without needing to reclose circuit breakers. Simulations showed the method can successfully detect, isolate, and locate faults to maintain operation of unfaulted sections and identify permanent faults. The document presents the DC microgrid system, IED operation, possible fault types, protection techniques, the proposed protection system, fault location methods, and concludes the method was demonstrated through successful computer simulations.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR CHARGING LOW POWER DEVICESJournal For Research
Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can’t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.
This document provides an overview of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used in applications like structural health monitoring and battlefield surveillance. WSNs allow for distributed sensing and processing but face challenges around limited energy resources. The document reviews different energy harvesting technologies that could provide sustainable power sources for sensor nodes, like solar, thermal, and kinetic energy harvesting. It examines how these technologies work and their potential to enable long-term operation of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses energy harvesting for sensor nodes. It describes various energy harvesting architectures and technologies that can power sensor nodes, such as solar, piezoelectric, wind, and radio frequency. It provides examples of sensor node implementations that use different energy storage solutions like batteries, supercapacitors, and tiered storage. The document also discusses implications for sensor network design, including performance adaptation techniques at the node and network levels to enable energy neutral operation of harvesting-powered sensor networks.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
These slides presents the different challenges and issues related to DG integration to Micro-grid distribution systems. The possible solutions are also presented. Later of the class I will try to upload the mathematical presentations and simulation results related to each protection scheme. However, your suggestions are always welcome.
- Motivated Electrical Engineer with 1 year of experience in power transmission planning, generator interconnection studies, and NERC compliance studies seeking a position in power systems engineering.
- Master's degree in Electrical Engineering with a focus on power systems and experience in software development.
- Skilled in transmission planning tools like PSSE and experience analyzing power flows, contingencies, and reliability standards.
Optimal dg placement using multiobjective index and its effect on stability 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology. The article discusses optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems using a multi-objective performance index. It studies DG placement on IEEE test feeders and a practical distribution system in India. It analyzes the impact of DG placement on transient stability, voltage, frequency and rotor angle during faults. It also examines coordination of overcurrent protection relays with and without DG, using directional and non-directional relays. The study aims to minimize power losses, improve voltage profiles and ensure reliable protection with high DG penetration.
1) The document discusses a novel control strategy for microgrids that allows operation in both grid-connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration. The proposed controller is based on the synchronverter concept which emulates synchronous generator behavior.
2) Key aspects of synchronverters are described, including emulated inertia, controlled frequency dynamics, and power-frequency droop control for power sharing in island mode.
3) The proposed control strategy involves angle, frequency, and power loops instead of conventional current and voltage loops. It directly controls power output by varying power angle and voltage amplitude.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Energy efficient chaotic whale optimization technique for data gathering in w...IJECEIAES
The document presents a new technique called chaotic whale metaheuristic energy optimized data gathering (CWMEODG) to improve energy efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks with minimal energy consumption, packet loss, and delay. The CWMEODG technique uses chaotic whale optimization and selects sensor nodes with higher residual energy as the "current best" to transmit data packets to the sink node. Simulation results showed that the CWMEODG technique improves data gathering performance and network lifetime more than existing state-of-the-art methods.
A-Virtual-Electrode-through-Summation-of-Time-Offset-PulsesTrevor Davis
This paper presents a technique for creating virtual electrodes between physical electrodes in a retinal prosthesis. The technique involves stimulating two adjacent physical electrodes with identical pulses that have pulse widths too short to activate neurons on their own. However, one pulse is time-offset from the other. This results in a virtual electrode appearing in the center of the two physical electrodes, with a pulse width that is the sum of the two individual pulses. This combined pulse width is long enough to activate neurons. Experimental results show that when two electrodes 250 μm apart were stimulated with 1 ms pulses offset by 1 ms, a virtual electrode appeared between them with a pulse width of 2 ms, matching the expected results. This virtual electrode technique could help increase the effective resolution of
A novel energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using...ijwmn
There are numerous applications for wireless sensor networks which are inevitable now a day in our daily
life. Majority of such applications which use wireless sensor networks will be in areas where the direct
human intervention is impossible. So the limited energy available in such sensors is a threat for prolonging
the life of the entire network. The need of energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks is a hot research
topic in which lot of new strategies for improvement in energy efficiency has been sought after. As
communication process consumes more energy, an energy efficient routing strategy can probably reduce
the energy consumption to a great extend. This paper gives an overview of the different routing techniques
in which mobile sinks are used to facilitate the routing process which can effectively reduce the energy use.
A new routing strategy with mobile sinks and a static sink is proposed and is compared based on the
matrices life time and average energy of the nodes with the existing Shortest Hop path (SH) algorithm. The
simulation results shows the proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing one.
Design and Optimization of Inductively Coupled Spiral Square Coils for Bio-Im...IJECEIAES
Due to the development of biomedical microsystems technologies, the use of wireless power transfer systems in biomedical application has become very largely used for powering the implanted devices. The wireless power transfer by inductive resonance coupling link, is a technic for powering implantable medical devices (IMDs) between the external and implanted circuits. In this paper we describe the design of an inductive resonance coupling link using for powering small bio-implanted devices such as implantable bio-microsystem, peacemaker and cochlear implants. We present the reduced design and an optimization of small size obtained spiral coils of a 9.5 mm2 implantable device with an operating frequency of 13.56 MHz according to the industrial scientific-medical (ISM). The model of the inductive coupling link based on spiral square coils design is developed using the theoretical analysis and optimization geometry of an inductive link. For a mutual distance between the two coils at 10mm, the power transfer efficiency is about 79% with , coupling coefficient of 0.075 and a mutual inductance value of 2µH. In comparison with previous works, the results obtained in this work showed better performance such as the weak inter coils distance, the hight efficiency power transfer and geometry.
IRJET- Review Paper Hybrid Energy Storage System Micro Grid Integration with ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper on integrating a hybrid energy storage system into a microgrid using a four leg three level neutral point clamped inverter. The hybrid energy storage system combines the advantages of vanadium redox batteries and lithium-ion batteries. A four leg inverter topology is used to interface the renewable energy sources and hybrid energy storage system to the microgrid. A control strategy is developed using second order sliding mode control to manage the power flow between the energy storage systems and improve power quality. Experimental results showed the control strategy was effective at controlling the renewable energy injected into the microgrid and managing the hybrid energy storage system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper discusses the principle of operation, dynamic modeling, and control design for light-to-light
(LtL) systems, whose aim is to directly convert the sun irradiation into artificial light. The system discussed in
this paper is composed by a photo- voltaic (PV) panel, an LED array, a dc–dc converter dedicated to the
maximum power point tracking of the PV panel and a dc–dc converter dedicated to drive the LEDs array. A
system controller is also included, whose goal is to ensure the matching between the maximum available PV
power and the LED power by means of a low-frequency LEDs dimming. An experimental design example is
discussed to illustrate the functionalities of the LtL system.
Design and analysis of high gain diode predistortionijwmn
This paper presents the design and analysis of a high gain, broadband Schottky and PIN diode based RF
pre-distortion linearizer for TWTA. The circuit is using ABCD matrix approach. The simulation is
performed using Agilent ADS software. We have proposed a new linearizer circuit which can achieve a
high gain compared to existing linearizer designs.
This document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of a two-unit Yagi-Uda antenna array for UHF satellite communication. Simulations were conducted using 4NEC2 software to optimize the design for a gain of 18.6 dBi at 437.025 MHz. Field tests validated the antenna array achieved high gain and front-to-back ratio while maintaining low standing wave ratio across the UHF band. The two-unit circularly polarized crossed Yagi array design successfully improved communication link margins for small cube satellites operating with stringent power budgets.
An efficient model for reducing soft blocking probability in wireless cellula...ijwmn
One of the research challenges in cellular networks is the design of an efficient model that can reduce call
blocking probability and improve the quality of service (QoS) provided to mobile users. Blocking occurs
when a new call cannot be admitted into the network due to channel unavailability caused by limited
capacity or when an ongoing call cannot be continued as it moves from one base station to another due to
mobility of the user. The proposed model computes the steady state probability and resource occupancy
distribution, traffic distribution, intra-cell and inter-cell interferences from mobile users. Previously
proposed models are reviewed through which the present model is built for use in emerging wireless
networks so as to obtain improved QoS performance. The developed model is validated through simulations
in MATLAB and its equations implemented using Java Programming Language. The results obtained
indicate reduced call blocking probability below threshold.
Performance evaluation of different spectrum sensing techniques for realistic...ijwmn
In this paper, the performance assessment of five different detection techniques from spectrum sensing
perspective in cognitive radio networks is proposed and implemented using the realistic implementation
oriented model (R-model) with signal processing operations. The performance assessment of the different
sensing techniques in the existence of unknown or imprecisely known impulsive noise levels is done by
considering the signal detection in cognitive radio networks under a non-parametric multisensory detection
scenario. The examination focuses on performance comparison of basic spectrum sensing mechanisms as,
energy detection (ED) and cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD) along with the eigenvalue-based
detection methods namely, Maximum-minimum eigenvalue detection (MMED), Roy’s largest Root Test
(RLRT) which requires knowledge of the noise variance and Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT)
which can be implemented as a test of the largest eigenvalues vs. Maximum-likelihood estimates a noise
variance. From simulation results it is observed that the detection performance of the GLRT method is
better than the other techniques in realistic implementation oriented model.
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF PAPR REDUCTION FOR OFDM SIGNAL IN LTE SYSTEMijwmn
This document discusses performance improvement of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in long-term evolution (LTE) systems. It proposes an improved amplitude clipping and filtering method for PAPR reduction that shows significant improvement over existing methods, with a slight increase in bit error rate. The document provides background on OFDM, PAPR issues in OFDM, and motivations for reducing PAPR such as improving power amplifier efficiency.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB System using Two Pulse Shaping Techniqu...ijwmn
In Cognitive radio (CR) applications Ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) signals can be designed
such as they can co-exist with licensed primary users. The pulse shape should be adjusted such that the
power spectral characteristics not only meet the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) constrains,
but also mitigate multiple narrow-band interference at the locations of existing primary users. In this
paper, the Parks-McClellan (PM) Algorithm and the Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD) approach for
UWB impulse radio waveform shaping are considered. The power spectral density (PSD) and the bit-errorrate
(BER) performance of the two methods are compared in the presence of single and double narrowband
interference (NBI). The interference rejection capabilities of the two methods are evaluated and
compared for different interference and additive noise levels. In particular, the simulations consider the
coexistence of practical IEEE 802.15.4a UWB systems with both IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN systems
operating at 5.2 GHz and radio location services operating at 8.5 GHz.
EFFECTS OF FILTERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DVB-T RECEIVERijwmn
Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) is an international standard for digital television
services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the core of this technology. OFDM
based system like DVB-T can handle multipath fading and hence it can minimize Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI). DVB-T has some limitations too namely large dynamic range of the signals and
sensitivity to frequency error. In order to overcome these limitations DVB-T receivers should be optimally
designed. In this paper we address the issues related to optimal DVB-T receiver design. There of several
signal processing units in a DVB-T receiver. A low-pass filter is one of them. In this paper, we consider
some classic filters namely Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic in the DVB-T receiver. The effects of
different filters on the performances of DVB-T receiver have been investigated and compared in this
paper under AWGN channel condition
The delivering of both good quality of service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) in any competitive mobile
communication environment is a major factor to reducing subscribers’ churn rate. Therefore, it is
important for wireless mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency by delivering a
consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. This can only be achieve by
conducting a regular network performance monitoring and optimisation as it directly impacts the quality of
the offered services and hence user satisfaction. In this paper, we present the results of network
performance evaluation and optimisation of a GSM network on cell cluster-basis, in Asaba region, South
East Nigeria. We employ a combination of essential key performance indicators such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the GSM
network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction
rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across
the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and
0.00% respectively. Furthermore, ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved
from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average
throughput has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
S URVEY OF L TE D OWNLINK S CHEDULERS A LGORITHMS IN O PEN A CCESS S IM...ijwmn
he LTE/LTE-A has become a catchphrase for research
and lot of research are being conducted and
carried out in LTE in various issues by various peo
ple. New tools are developed and introduced in the
market to interpret the results of the new algorith
ms proposed by various people. Some tools are open
access which are free to use but some tools are pro
duced by the companies which are not open access. I
n
this paper some of the open access simulation tools
like LTE-Sim and NS-3 are analyzed and LTE downlin
k
scheduler algorithms are simulated using those tool
s. In LTE systems, the downlink scheduler is an
important component for radio resource management;
hence in the context of LTE simulation, a study
between the downlink scheduler models between the s
imulators are performed.
Performance analysis and implementation for nonbinary quasi cyclic ldpc decod...ijwmn
Non-binary low-density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes are an extension of binary LDPC codes with
significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms
have been proposed, there is a big challenge for VLSI implementation of NBLDPC decoders due to its high
complexity and long latency. In this brief, highly efficient check node processing scheme, which the
processing delay greatly reduced, including Min-Max decoding algorithm and check node unit are
proposed. Compare with previous works, less than 52% could be reduced for the latency of check node
unit. In addition, the efficiency of the presented techniques is design to demonstrate for the (620, 310) NBQC-
LDPC decoder.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR DELAY TOLERANT NETWORKS: SURVEY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONijwmn
Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) is a promising technology that aims to provide efficient communication
between devices in a network with no guaranteed continuous connectivity. Most existing routing schemes
for DTNs exploit the advantage of message replication to achieve high message delivery rate. However,
these schemes commonly suffer from large communication overhead due to the lack of efficient mechanisms
to control message replication. In this paper we give a brief survey on routing protocols designed for
DTNs, and evaluate the performance of several representative routing protocols including Epidemic, Spray
and Wait, PRoPHET, and 3R through extensive trace-driven simulations. Another objective of this work is
to evaluate the security strength of different routing schemes under common DTN attacks such as the black
hole attack. The results and analysis presented in this paper can provide useful guidance on the design and
selection of routing protocols for given delay-tolerant applications.
SELECTION OF SPECTRUM SENSING METHOD TO ENHANCE QOS IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKSijwmn
The massively increasing number of wireless communication devices has led to considerable growths in
radio traffic density, resulting in a predictable shortage of the available spectrum. To address this potential
shortage, the Cognitive Radio (CR) technology offers promising solutions that aim to improve the spectrum
utilization. The operation of CR relies on detecting the so-called spectrum holes, i.e., the frequency bands
when they are unoccupied by their licensed operators. The unlicensed users are then allowed to
communicate using these spectrum holes. Consequently, the performance of CR is highly dependent on the
employed spectrum sensing methods. Several sensing methods are already available or literarily proposed.
However, no individual method can accommodate all possible CR operation scenarios. Hence, it is fair to
ascertain that the performance of a CR device can be improved if it is capable of supporting several
sensing methods. Then it should be able to effectively select the most suitable method. In this paper, several
spectrum sensing methods are compared and analyzed, aiming to identify their advantages and
shortcomings in different CR operating conditions. Furthermore, it identifies the factors that need to be
considered while selecting a proper sensing method from the catalog of available methods.
A COGNITIVE RADIO SCHEME FOR DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION BASED ON QOEijwmn
This paper introduces a cognitive radio scheme based on quality of experience (QoE). QoE involves the
mobile end user’s preferences. Considering QoE can lead to an improved cognitive radio resource
management strategy. The cognitive radio scheme aims to manage the traffic flow in dynamic systems; it is
a new way of thinking about dynamic resource management in cellular systems. The Use of the cognitive
radio techniques in cellular systems will improve the resource assignment in wireless communication. The
cognitive radio is a self-aware communication system that aims to use the resource assignment in an
efficient way. The proposed algorithm is very successful at handling the call-blocking rate based on QoS
and QoE.
DISCRETE COSINETRANSFORM-II FOR REDUCTION IN PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO OF O...ijwmn
Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most familiar word in telecommunication
and wireless communication systems as it provides enhanced spectral efficiency than Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).Although it is sustaining an orthogonal relation betweencarriers but high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main disadvantages of OFDM system.Various PAPR reduction
techniques have been used, including techniques based on companding. Incompanding, -Law
companding has potential to reduce the PAPR of OFDMsignals. -Law Companding technique
preserves the dynamic range of samples at low amplitudes.A new method named as precoding which is
having less complexity compared to the other power reduction techniques is proposed to reduce PAPR.
This paper put forward combination of two existing techniques namely -Law Companding Transform
and Discrete Cosine Transform-II precoding technique. The simulation results show that, the proposed
combinedscheme gives better result for PAPR Reduction and results in no distortion.
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
- The document proposes a grouped hierarchical architecture and scheduling technique for smart meter communications over LTE networks. Smart meters are divided into groups, with each group connected to a data concentrator.
- The data concentrator collects smart meter readings and sends a total consumption message to the LTE network on a scheduled basis. It also sends individual smart meter readings.
- This grouped approach reduces the number of LTE modules needed and ensures real-time monitoring while avoiding overloading the LTE network, making LTE a promising solution for smart grid communications.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
EFFICIENT MIXED MODE SUMMARY FOR MOBILE NETWORKSijwmn
This document proposes a new lossless compression scheme called Mixed Mode Summary-based Lossless Compression for Mobile Networks log files (MMSLC). MMSLC uses the Apriori algorithm to mine frequent patterns from log files. It then assigns unique codes to frequent patterns based on their compression gain. MMSLC exploits correlations between consecutive log files by using a mixed online and offline compression approach. It applies frequent patterns mined from previous files during online compression of current files, while also mining patterns from current files for future compression. The method achieves high compression ratios and provides summaries of frequent patterns to aid in network monitoring.
Programmable timer triggered energy harvesting wireless sensor-node using lo...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an energy harvesting wireless sensor node using a programmable timer and long range radio access technology. The sensor node is designed to harvest energy from a solar panel using a BQ25570 energy management chip. Energy is stored in a supercapacitor. A programmable timer is used to power on the microcontroller, sensors, and LoRa transceiver only when needed, in order to reduce energy consumption compared to existing deep sleep mechanisms. Experimental results showed the sensor node could operate for over 7 days on a single charge in low light conditions. The use of a programmable timer provides a more efficient power optimization approach than existing deep sleep methods.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
Ad hoc & sensor networks, Adaptive applications, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, AI and Image Recognition, Allied engineering materials, Applied mechanics,
Architecture & Planning, Artificial intelligence, Audio Engineering, Automation and Mobile Robots
Automotive Engineering….
This document outlines the contents, introduction, literature review, problem identification, objective, proposed methodology, and conclusions of a project related to microgrids and power quality improvement. The objectives are to design an SRF-based control algorithm for a DSTATCOM to reduce total harmonic distortion through simulations. Harmonics from nonlinear loads reduce power quality in microgrids. The methodology involves detecting harmonic current, generating a reference signal, producing switching pulses, and injecting a compensating current to mitigate harmonics.
This white paper discusses important design considerations for low-power sensor systems, including sensor types, power budgets, energy storage, energy harvesting, microcontrollers, power management, and wireless connectivity. It provides an example of a glass break sensor design that uses an energy harvesting power source, rechargeable battery for energy storage, low-power microcontroller, and wireless communication module. The key points are that energy harvesting allows sensors to operate continuously for decades without replacements, and careful attention to power management is needed when designing systems powered by intermittent energy sources.
This white paper discusses the design of low-power sensor systems that can operate continuously for extended periods without power connections or battery replacements using energy harvesting technology. It covers key components like sensors, energy storage, energy harvesting solutions, microcontrollers, power management and wireless connectivity. An example security alarm design is provided to illustrate how these components come together in a typical very low power sensor product powered by energy harvesting.
This white paper discusses the design of low-power sensor systems that can operate continuously for extended periods without power connections or battery replacements using energy harvesting technology. It covers key components like sensors, energy storage, energy harvesting solutions, microcontrollers, power management and wireless connectivity. An example security alarm design is provided to illustrate how these components come together in a typical very low power sensor product powered by energy harvesting.
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
SINK RELOCATION FOR NETWORK LIFETIME ENHANCEMENT METHOD IN WSNEditor IJMTER
The document proposes an energy-aware sink relocation (EASR) method to enhance the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The EASR method uses information on the residual battery energy of sensor nodes to adaptively change their transmission ranges and determine where the sink should relocate to. It incorporates an energy-aware transmission range adjustment that sets smaller ranges for nodes with lower battery levels, and a sink relocation mechanism that moves the sink to alleviate energy consumption at hotspot nodes nearing energy depletion. Analysis and simulations show the EASR method can significantly extend network lifetime compared to traditional strategies.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This document summarizes an optimized projected strategy for enhancing wireless sensor networks using genetic algorithms. It describes a heterogeneous wireless sensor network model with normal, intermediate, and advanced sensor nodes having different initial energy levels. The proposed approach selects cluster heads based on the nodes' battery power and residual energy, giving intermediate and advanced nodes a higher probability of becoming cluster heads to balance energy consumption across the network. The strategy aims to increase the stability period when the first node dies and the overall network lifetime.
IRJET- DC Micro Grid for Wind and Solar Electric System Power IntegrationIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a proposed DC microgrid system for integrating wind and solar power. It would include photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine generator, and battery storage connected to a DC bus.
2. Control mechanisms and power electronics would be used to regulate the flow of power between the AC and DC subgrids and optimize the system.
3. MATLAB simulations were used to test the microgrid concept and voltage-power droop control approach for balancing supply and demand in real-time while maintaining storage state of charge.
Energy Harvesting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks – A SurveyFarwa Ansari
Wireless sensor networks are being used widely for applications like environmental monitoring, security, and object tracking. They suffer from energy consumption issues as sensor nodes require continuous power but are often deployed in remote locations. To address this, energy harvesting techniques capture ambient energy sources like radio waves, solar power, thermal gradients, wind, and human motion and convert it to electrical energy to power the sensor nodes. Common techniques include radio frequency, solar, thermal, and mechanically-driven harvesting. Harvesting ambient energy helps extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
The document discusses power challenges for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and proposes energy harvesting solutions using piezoelectric transducers. It describes a typical wireless sensor node design with an MCU, sensors and wireless connectivity requiring self-contained power. Piezoelectric materials can convert vibrational energy into electricity. The document outlines a circuit design that uses a piezoelectric generator to charge a capacitor and power the sensor node. It also discusses using an active piezoelectric harvesting technology to improve energy extraction and power wireless sensor networks through ambient vibrations.
This document summarizes research on energy efficient multipath routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. It reviews 24 related works that propose and evaluate various multipath routing protocols to increase network lifetime and balance energy consumption. The routing protocols are categorized based on path establishment, network structure, and protocol operation. Key goals of multipath routing include minimizing total energy consumption, extending network lifetime, improving load balancing, and providing reliable and efficient data transmission.
This document provides a project proposal for designing an apparatus for wireless energy transfer via resonant inductive coupling. The project aims to power and charge electrical devices up to 1 meter away without wires. It will involve theoretical study of resonant wireless charging, simulating coil designs using software, and building a physical prototype. Key aspects that will be analyzed include Q-factor, bandwidth, coupling coefficient, mutual inductance, and impacts of coil geometry, size, and magnetic shielding. The project objectives, constraints, background, and proposed methods are outlined over 15 pages with tables, figures, and a work breakdown structure.
An in-depth study of the electrical characterization of supercapacitors for r...VIT-AP University
The Energy Storage System (ESS) is geared toward sophisticated systems with increased operating time for a variety of real-time applications such as an electric vehicle, a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), a Capa bus, and so
on. Its primary focus is on supplying these kinds of systems with additional capacity in recent development, and
this will continue to be its primary focus. Because of their exceptionally high specific power, rapid charging, and
low ESR (Effective Series Resistance), electric double-layer (EDLC) capacitors or supercapacitors are encouraged
for use because they can be integrated more easily with battery technology that can be used in electric vehicles
and other electronic devices. The supercapacitor calls for a precise and accurate characterization in order to
facilitate the development of improved applications and more effective energy storage devices and technologies.
In this article, we studied various supercapacitor electrode components, electrolytic solutions, analogous circuit
models, electrical energy storage properties, and some real-time supercapacitor applications in the automotive,
manufacturing, construction, and consumer electronics industries. In addition, we have discussed on hybrid
material that was just recently developed with the goal of enhancing the conductivity and effectiveness of supercapacitors. Aside from this, we have discussed about the behaviour of supercapacitors in terms of how their behaviour is dependent on current and voltage with detailed analysis.
Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN Based and Autonomous...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Network WSN applications in the industry, domestic and commercial sectors are becoming quite interesting and exciting. For instance, since January 2005, major International Oil and Gas companies IOCs operating in Nigeria Niger Delta region have made wireless sensor network the defacto monitoring system for their vast oil and gas pipelines, oil wells and other facilities. This is because wireless technology has vast advantages over their wired counterpart. Despite the interest generated by the varied advantage of wireless sensor nodes in the oil and gas industry and other sectors, the biggest challenge lie in the limited battery energy of these tiny wireless sensor nodes. Battery energy of the wireless sensors are so limited that it will take maximum of one year to deplete and that will require massive replacements of the batteries so that the network will still be functional. This is almost impossible or very costly for a field of thousands or millions of wireless sensor nodes. This paper will examine the possibility of harvesting ambient or environmental energy sources such as RF, solar, piezoelectric, thermal etc to store and power these wireless sensor nodes so that the need for massive battery replacements will be avoided and costs saved. Fidelis C. Obodoeze | Ndidi Fidelia Ugwoke | Edith Angela Ugwu "Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN-Based and Autonomous Monitoring Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29131.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29131/energy-harvesting-alternatives-for-powering-critical-wsn-based-and-autonomous-monitoring-systems/fidelis-c-obodoeze
This document discusses energy-efficient power allocation in cognitive radio sensor networks. It formulates the problem of determining the power allocation that maximizes the energy efficiency of such networks as a constrained optimization problem, where the objective is to maximize the ratio of network throughput to network power. This fractional programming problem is transformed into an equivalent concave optimization problem using Charnes-Cooper Transformation. The transformed problem has a water-filling type power allocation policy as its structure. The original problem is also transformed into a parametric form for which an iterative solution exists and is proven to converge. Numerical solutions are presented and compared to the optimal solution from the concave transformation. The effects of system parameters on the performance of the algorithms are investigated.
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1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
ENERGY HARVESTING WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS: DESIGN AND MODELING
Hussaini Habibu1, Adamu Murtala Zungeru2, Ajagun Abimbola Susan3, Ijemaru
Gerald4
1,3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
2,4Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor nodes are usually deployed in not easily accessible places to provide solution to a wide
range of application such as environmental, medical and structural monitoring. They are spatially
distributed and as a result are usually powered from batteries. Due to the limitation in providing power
with batteries, which must be manually replaced when they are depleted, and location constraints in
wireless sensor network causes a major setback on performance and lifetime of WSNs. This difficulty in
battery replacement and cost led to a growing interest in energy harvesting. The current practice in energy
harvesting for sensor networks is based on practical and simulation approach. The evaluation and
validation of the WSN systems is mostly done using simulation and practical implementation. Simulation is
widely used especially for its great advantage in evaluating network systems. Its disadvantages such as the
long time taken to simulate and not being economical as it implements data without proper analysis of all
that is involved ,wasting useful resources cannot be ignored. In most times, the energy scavenged is directly
wired to the sensor nodes. We, therefore, argue that simulation – based and practical implementation of
WSN energy harvesting system should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis and design
procedures. In this work, we designed and modeled the energy harvesting system for wireless sensor nodes
based on the input and output parameters of the energy sources and sensor nodes. We also introduced the
use of supercapacitor as buffer and intermittent source for the sensor node. The model was further tested in
a Matlab environment, and found to yield a very good approach for system design.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs); Mathematical Analysis; Energy Harvesting; Simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are large networks consisting of small sensor nodes (SNs),
with limited computing resources used to gather , process data and communicate. A major
challenge in a lot of sensor network applications requires long period of life for network survival,
which leads to high consumption of energy. The small sensor nodes are devices driven by battery
and due to its high energy demand, the conventional low-power design techniques and structure
cannot provide an adequate solution [1]. Wireless sensor nodes normally run on disposable
batteries, which have a finite operating life. Based on the application and availability of potential
ambient energy sources, using energy harvesting techniques to power a wireless sensor node is a
wonderful thing to do.
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2014.6502 17
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
Wireless Sensor nodes have wide range of applications in our day to day activities. Ranging from
a Bluetooth equipped chest band that convey human heart rate to a treadmill, wireless
electrocardiograph (ECG) temporarily connected to communicate human cardiac activity to a
doctor, Zigbee equipped smart meter that monitors energy usage in a household and provides
feedback to the user for decision making [2]. In general, wireless sensor nodes applications
include structural monitoring, industrial monitoring, security, location tracking, and radio
frequency identification (RFID). These wireless sensor nodes will work efficiently for several
years between battery replacements. This can be accomplished by the use of energy harvesting,
utilizing ambient sources to prolong the life of the batteries in wireless sensor nodes.
Thin- film batteries are usually paired with a supercapacitor in order to handle the current surge
when a wireless node transmits. As a result, supercapacitors are an unsubtle choice as energy
buffers in energy harvesting applications. Unlike batteries, supercapacitors show extremely good
cycle life and no issues relating to overcharge and over discharge. When the energy harvesting
source is sufficient to meet the requirement of the wireless sensor node, then an adequately large
supercapacitor may totally get rid of the need for a battery [1].
The energy harvesting system is made up of energy collection and energy storage. The collection
part consists of the solar array. The energy storage device (supercapacitor), will as well serve as a
power supply source to the SN. The sensor node in this project operates at RF 315MHz and is
powered by a solar energy harvesting source. In order to properly power the sensor node, a
supercapacitor of value 1.2F, and in most cases, operate at a voltage of 2.3 to 2.
The objective of this work is to save cost by independently powering wireless sensor nodes with
an energy harvesting source without the use of disposable batteries that require constant
replacement. In situation where the batteries are still in use by sensor nodes, a supercapacitor
allows the sensor node to transmit its final data to the sink node, in the event of power failure,
preventing data loss and its associated problem. Sometimes, the system in question is not properly
studied. Also, it will be wise enough to gain more knowledge of how the energy harvested
degrades with time through system modeling.
The paper is organised as follows: The introductory part of the paper provided in Section 1, deals
with the general perspective and objective of the work. Section 2 reviews relevant work in energy
harvesting, energy harvesting power sources and energy storage. Section 3 gives a detailed
explanation of the system design and implementation, which includes design specification,
methodology, modeling of the supercapacitor discharge and sizing of the supercapacitor. The
result of the modeling and its discussion was presented in Section 4. The conclusion and future
work that to be done was presented in Section 5.
2. REVIEW OF RELEVANT WORK IN ENERGY HARVESTING
SYSTEM
Aaron et al. [3] worked on a wireless sensing platform utilizing ambient RF energy. They work
on an ambient RF energy harvesting sensor node, which has onboard sensing and communication
characteristics, and the system was developed and tested. In a similar development, Authors in
[4], work on conventional MEMS generators, nanogenerators, and show that they have an added
advantage of being flexible and foldable power sources, and mostly suited in the implantable
biomedical sensors applications. Several work were done ranging from energy harvesting power
sources [2,5,6]. In [2], it was shown that, the thermal energy harvesting is based on seebeck
effect, and the available voltage is approximated by
18
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
V = (1)
where represents seebeck coefficients of each metal and beeing the temperature difference
between them.
A summary of the amount of power available from each of the sources discussed above, which
will help in in decision making and power budget can be viewed from [11].
19
2.1. Energy Storage
The free sources of energy for harvesting is not readily available. This poses as a disadvantage,
therefore different methods of storing excess power to enable supply meet demand is very crucial.
Energy is usually stored in a battery or a capacitor depending on its application. The second is
used when the application needs to provide huge energy spikes while the first is used when
devices needs to provide a steady flow of energy because it leaks less energy[5]. In order for thin
film batteries to be capable of handling the current surge when a wireless node transmits; a large
capacitor or supercapacitor is paired with them. Ultra- high density supercapacitors are preferable
as energy buffers in energy harvesting [2].
Supercapacitors are used in this work as storage device to provide for long term back-up power to
the wireless sensor nodes and help to get rid of battery back-up units, along with its maintenance
and monitoring problems. It also helps to eliminate the environmental compliance issues that
comes with battery disposal, and offers superior shelf life compared to batteries. A well sized
supercapacitor will last for a long period of time.
2.1.1. Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors are also known as electric double- layer capacitor (EDLC). Ultracapacitor is the
generic name used for a family of electrochemical capacitors. Capacitors are generally
constructed by placing dielectric between opposed electrodes, which acts as capacitors by
storing charges. Conventionally, energy is stored in capacitors when charge carriers (electrons)
are removed from one metal plate and deposited on another. The potential between the two plates
is created due to the charge separation, which can be utilized in an external circuit.
Supercapacitors have a rare high energy density of several orders of magnitude greater than a
high capacity electrolytic capacitor compared to common capacitors , though do not have a
conventional solid dielectric. It utilizes the phenomena usually known as the electric double layer.
The effective thickness of the “dielectric” is extremely thin in the double layer, and because of the
porous nature of the carbon the surface area is exceedingly high, which means a very high
capacitance.
The following are some of the advantages of supercapacitor as a storage device.
• They have high energy storage capacity compared to conventional capacitors;
• Their equivalent series resistance (ESR) is low compared to batteries, hence
providing high power density;
• The can operate in low temperature up to – 40 with minimal effect on efficiency;
• They have a simple charging method;
• They have high power density;
• Very fast charge and discharge;
• They are rugged and can be operated in harsh environmental condition due to their
epoxy resin sealed case which is non-corrosive;
• Improve environmental safety;
4. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
20
• They have virtually unlimited cycle life.
The following are some of the disadvantages associated with supercapacitor as a storage device.
• They have a low voltage per cell, typically about 2.7V. In high voltage application, cells
have to be connected in series;
• Due to their time constant, not suitable in Alternating and high frequency circuits.
Typically,they are used in applications where batteries have a shortfall when it comes to high
power and life, and conventional capacitors cannot be used because of their inability to store
enough energy. They offer a high power density along with adequate energy density for most
short-term high power applications. A comparison of advantages and disadvantages of
supercapacitors with other energy storage devices susc as batteries and the conventional capacitor
can be found in a journal – Carbon materials for energy [9].
Figure 1. A real view of a supercapacitor
3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 System Design Specifications
• CAP XX Supercapacitor: 1.2F, ESR of 50m, rated voltage 5.5V, operating voltage (2.3
– 2.7) V cell.
• Sensor Node Voltage rating: (3 – 5) V.
• Power and current consumption of sensor node: 32mW and 8mA.
• Operating ambient temperature of Sensor node: (-20 to +85)0C.
• Solar panel rating: Maximum Power Voltage = 5.82V, Maximum Power Current =
0.52A, Short circuit current = 0.55A, Open circuit voltage =7.38V, Output Power
tolerance = 3%.
3.2. Design Methodology
This section gives an overview of the modules and operation of the entire system. The modules
are as shown in Figure 2.
5. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
21
3.2.1. Operating Principle of the Energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes
The functional block diagram for the intended system is shown in Figure 3.1. The voltage source
(Transducer) helps in converting the solar energy into an electrical signal (voltage). The voltage
source is protected by an overvoltage circuit (shunt regulator). The third stage, the charging
circuit, is a current-limiter circuit, and uses MOSFET to charge the supercapacitor in the final
circuit (output circuit), which in turn store the energy used to charge the sensor battery or directly
supply the sensor node. The overall system is subdivided into 4 basic modules.
PHOT
ONS
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
OVERVO
LTAGE
PROTEC
TION
CIRCUIT
CHAR
GING
CIRC
UIT
OUTP
UT
CIRCU
IT
Figure 2. Block diagram of energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes
3.2.1.1. Voltage Source
WIR
ELES
S
SEN
SOR
NOD
E
Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy in the form of the voltage signal using solar
cells or panel. The solar energy is as a result of illuminated junction of the cells. Its circuit model
is shown in Figure 3. The current source, I1, represents the current produced from electron-hole
pair recombination due to solar radiation. The diode represents the solar cell’s P-N junction
characteristics. Current will pass through the solar cell just like it would pass througha diode
when voltage is applied or produced across the terminals. The diode is characterized by its
ideality factor, n, and its reverse saturation current. R2 is the parallel resistance of the
semiconductor materials, and diode current. R1 is the series resistance of the metals used in the
solar cell leads and contacts. Typically, R2 R1. The solar panel operating current and voltage is
0.52A and 5.82V respectively. It also has an open circuit voltage of 7.38V.
6. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
22
Figure 3. Solar cell circuit model
I1
0.52A
3.2.1.2. Overvoltage Protection Circuit
Supercapacitors charges best by accumulating maximum current from the source of supply since
they do not charge at a constant voltage like battery does. In our design specifications, the energy
source’s open-circuit voltage is greater than the supercapacitor’s voltage, as such, we then
requires overvoltage protection for our supercapacitor using a shunt regulator. It is usually used
because of its simplicity and low cost. Once the supercapacitor is fully charged, it does not matter
whether the excess energy dissipates. Figure 3.3 shows the overvoltage protection circuit.
Figure 4. Fixed output voltage regulator
The voltage regulator used is LM7805, a 5V, 1A regulator. Since its minimum input voltage is
7V, it is suitable to function properly with the 7.38V delivered by the solar panel and it will
maintain an output voltage of 5V.
3.2.1.3. Charging Circuit
This is basically switching/current limiting stage. We will be using a MOSFET for this purpose.
In this case, we shall be using MOSFET in load switching application. In this module, we
employed CAP-XX supercapacitor with high capacitance and low ESR on the power rail, which
will now serves as the load that the MOSFET will be seeing. The supercapacitor is re-charged
between load pulses. We will be using MOSFET to charge the supercapacitor in a current-limiting
mode.
D1
DIODE
R1
5
R2
100
VI
1
VO
3
GND
2
U2
7805
7. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
23
R3
200
D2
1N4731A
Q1
IRFZ44N
C1
1.2F
C2
1.2F
3
2
1
4 8
U1:A
LM358N
Figure 5. Simple solar cell charging circuit
The charge controller is built around the IC LM358 low power dual operational amplifier
configured as a comparator. A 4.3V zener diode is connected to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of
the IC leading to a constant 4.3V at this input pin. The zener diode current available at this pin is
obtained as
I =
8. (2)
Where, I = current, Vin= input Voltage = 5V,
Vout = output voltage = 4.3V and
R = Series resistance = 200
Therefore, I= 3.5mA which is greater than the typical input offset current required by the IC (i.e.
2nA).
The inverting input of the IC is connected to the capacitor charging input. Thus, when the
capacitor is charging, the IC compares the capacitor charge voltage with the 4.3V in pin 3. If the
charge voltage is less than 4.3V, the output of the comparator (pin 1) remains at a voltage of Vcc
- 1.5V (LM358 datasheet)
which is obtained as
Vout = Vcc - 1.5V = 5 - 1.5 = 3.5V
This voltage serves as the gate voltage of the N-channel MOSFET IRFZ44N with ratings:
Gate to Source Voltage Vgs = 10V at 25C
Continuous Drain Current ID = 50mA at 25C
Minimum Gate Threshold Voltage Vgs (th) = 2V
From the trans inductance curve of the MOSFET,
9. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
(3)
I_Load
V_SCap ESR V_Load
is the square of the final voltage. But this equation does
24
!
10. !#$
%'()*
K is a constant, thus Drain current ID, for Vgs = 3.5V is obtained as
'+%,-+. / 0+%..)
This means that the MOSFET can conduct up to 1.755A with the input voltage of 3.5V and this
value is ok since only 0.52A flows across the drain current.
3.2.1.4. Output Circuit
The output circuit basically consists of the supercapacitor that feeds the wireless sensor node. The
supercapacitor is to power a sensor node operating at (3 – 5) V. The temperature at which the
nodes operate is also between -20 0C to +85 0C. An ideal supercapacitor circuit model is shown in
Figure 6. The supercapacitor should be sized, because, supercapacitor cells typically operate at
2.3 to 2.7V.
Figure 6. An ideal supercapacitor circuit model
C
3.3. Modeling the Supercapacitor Discharge
Supercapacitor cells typically operate at 2.3 to 2.7V. Limiting its charge voltage to less than the
cell-rated voltage and storing enough energy for a particular application is most efficient and cost
effective method. An easier approach method to sizing it is to calculate the energy necessary to
support the peak power of the application, P.t, and set this value equal to'+. 1 2 1 343356
, where C is the capacitance, 343356
73456
is the square of the supercapacitor’s voltage just
before the peak power burst, and 73456
not allow for any losses in the supercapacitor’s ESR (equivalent series resistance). The load sees a
voltage of Vinitial − ESR×ILoad, where ILoad is the load current. Due to the decrease in load voltage,
the load current increases to achieve the load power. Referring to Figure 6, our supercapacitor
discharge can be modelled as:
11. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
895: ;5= 895: 1 ?@ (4)
25
A895: 895: 1 895: B;5= 895: 1 ?C 1 895:
;5= 1 895:
895: 1 ? (5)
where Vscap is the supercapacitor’s voltage
The equation further leads to load current, i.e.
895: 1 ? ;5= 1 895: D A895: ' (6)
Supercapacitor discharge can then be simply modelled using Matlab as:
895:E F
GHIJKL GHIJ$
12. M1N;1OP
IQ
1N; R (7)
895: ;5=E 895: 1 ? (8)
;5=E D E ;5=E P
IQ1
S
(9)
3.4. Sizing the Supercapacitor
In order to size the supercapacitor the following variables need to be defined.
I. Maximum charged voltage (Vmax), if different from the working voltage (Vw).
II. Minimum Voltage (Vmin)
III. Power (W) or current (I) required.
IV. Discharge duration (t)
V. Duty cycle.
VI. Required life
VII. Average Operating temperature.
The last three (3) variables are used to calculate the life degradation factor to use for the
supercapacitor. This is not part of the project scope. Determination of the appropriate size and
also number of cells required for our application we proceed as follows:
During the discharge cycle of a supercapacitor there are two variables to look at. The voltage drop
due to equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the capacitance, [10].
From [10]; Voltage drop due to the equivalent series resistance is obtained as
N; 895: 1 (10)
Voltage drop due to the capacitance of the supercapacitor
;5=E P
IQ1
S
(11)
The total voltage drop is therefore obtained as:
13. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
26
: 895: 1 ? D P
IQ1
S
(12)
:is the total voltage drop when the capacitor is discharged. This is equal to the difference of Vw
(working voltage) and Vmin (minimum voltage) as shown in Figure 3.6. Allowing a larger :
will reduce the capacitance size used. Usually by allowing the capacitor to drop to 0.5 Vw, 75%
of the capacitor energy is discharged.
895: = current used to discharge the supercapacitor in amperes. For equation (12) we assume
895: to be a constant current discharge.
E = time taken to discharge the capacitor between Vw and Vmin in seconds.
C = Total capacitance of the supercapacitor in farad. If a single cell is used, then it is referred to
as the cell capacitance. The equation 13 below shows the equivalent capacitance gotten from the
number of capacitors in series or parallel when more than one cell is used.
2 2T 1UVWXYZ975=539Z34=5Z566Y6
UVWXYZ975=539Z34YZ3Y
(13)
CC = cell capacitance.
ESR = total resistance of the supercapacitor in ohms. If a single cell is used, then it is called the
cell resistance. The equation 14 below also shows the equivalent resistance based on the same
condition as equation 13.
? []^__ 1 UVWXYZ97ZY39Z34YZ3Y
UVWXYZ97ZY39Z34=5Z566Y6
(14)
From the system design specification;
Vmax = 5V
Vmin = 3V
I = 0.008 A
P = 0.032W
Using the values above let us determine the size of the supercapacitor.
To determine the value of our stack supercapacitor, recall that, Energy is given as
73456
A 1 E '+. 1 2 1 343356
Therefore, 2 1O1
$
14. a
I`
I`
$ 1b+bc1deb
df '+gh
But, ? []^__ 1 UVWXYZ97ZY39Z34YZ3Y
UVWXYZ97ZY39Z34=5Z566Y6
Therefore, ? '+'. 1 / '+0ij(k
From equation (12), neglecting the effect of the ESR,
15. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
27
: P
IQ1
S
, therefore E Q1S
P
IQ
where: . - /
E
/ 1 '+g
'+''
0.'klTimnk /+.(ompElk+
Given Vmax = 5V,
since each supercapacitor cell is usually rated at 2.7V, then we divide Vmax by 2.7 and round up.
e
+q 0+. /rsstiuo(rEln, 2 cells in series are required.
From equation (13), the cell needed will be in the range of
2 2T 1UVWXYZ975=539Z34=5Z566Y6
UVWXYZ975=539Z34YZ3Y
2 2T 1UVWXYZ975=539Z34=5Z566Y6
UVWXYZ975=539Z34YZ3Y d+1d
'+gh
Each of the 1.2F cells will have a rated voltage of 2.7V, since they will be connected in series,
hence the total voltage will be 5.4V which will be enough to drive our wireless sensor node.
Considering the effect of ESR, from equation (12), i.e
: 895: 1 ? D P
IQ1
S
,
E Q
18. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
28
R3
200
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
Figure 7. Overall circuit diagram of energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes
4. Results from Modeling
Table 1.Result of the Modeling of Supercapacitor discharge voltage
Discharge Voltage (V) Discharge duration of the capacitor (minutes)
5.4000 0
4.8073 1
4.2147 2
3.6220 3
3.0294 4
I1
0.52A
D1
DIODE
R1
5
R2
100
D2
1N4731A
Q1
IRFZ44N
C1
1.2F
C2
1.2F
SOLAR PANEL CHARGE CONTROLLER
3
2
1
4 8
U1:A
LM358N
R3(2)
Q1(S)
R3(1)
U1:A(OP)
U1:A(-IP)
U2(VI)
R7
537
VI
1
VO
3
2 G N D
U2
7805
19. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
29
Figure 8.Supercapacitor discharge graph
4.1. Discussion of Results
The result obtained from the modelling of the supercapacitor discharge is as shown in Table 4.0.
In the table, the maximum value the capacitor is charged to is 5.4V and the minimum operating
voltage which the wireless sensor node that was backed up by the capacitor can tolerate before it
stops working is 3.0294V. The specification for the wireless sensor node requires a maximum
voltage of 5V and a minimum voltage of 3V. This implies that , only a part of the stored energy is
available for applications, since the voltage drop and the time constant over the internal resistance
mean that some of the charge stored cannot be accessed. The voltage drop is used in determining
the size of the supercapacitor capacitance to choose for a given application. A larger drop in
voltage when the capacitor is discharged will reduce the capacitance size used. When the voltage
drop is more than the allowable voltage drop, the chosen capacitance is sized up and vice versa.
Typically by allowing the capacitor to drop to half of the working voltage of the supercapacitor,
75% of the capacitor energy is discharged.
5.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In conclusion, it is evident that some form of energy harvesting either from a single or multiple
sources is needed for low power wireless sensor nodes- so as to reduce maintenance and prolong
the lifecycle of the devices. Energy harvesting using solar cell is an interesting alternative source
of energy that has the potential to provide energy independence to wireless sensor devices without
the use of expensive wires, or batteries that will need replacement every now and then. From our
results, it is can be said that, only a part of the stored energyis available for applications, we can
now conclude that a larger drop in voltage when the capacitor is discharged will reduce the
capacitance size used and this knowledge can be used to further strengthened simulation approach
and practical implementation of energy harvesting wireless sensor network.
In general, there is need for optimal design considerations and energy budget for a successful
implementation in any energy harvesting system. Reducing the operation of the energy of
wireless sensor nodes will give room for a smaller storage capacitor value to be used, and by that,
the cost of the system is reduced and sensitivity and efficiency due to the lower parasitic leakage
of smaller capacitors is improved. There is a need for more than one energy harvester for a
successful energy harvesting application.
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30
REFERENCES
[1] Stojcev, M.K., Kosanovic, M.R., and Golubovic, L.R. Power management and energy
harvesting technique for wireless sensor nodes. Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on
Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, and Broadcasting Services, 2009: 65-72.
[2] John Donovan, Energy Harvesting for Lower- Power Wireless Sensor Nodes, Contributed By
Convergence Promotions LLC, 2012 [online]. Available from http://www.digikey.com/en-
US/articles/techzone/2012/feb/energy-harvesting-for-low-power-wireless-sensor-nodes/ [Accessed
16th April, 2014].
[3] Aaron N. Parks, Alanson P. Sample, Yi Zhao, Joshua R. Smith. (2013). “A Wireless Sensing
Platform Utilizing Ambient RF Energy” [Online]. Available from
sensor.cs.washington.edu/……./wisnet_.........[Accessed 17th April, 2014].
[4] Action Nechibvute, Albert Chawanda, and Pearson Luhanga, (2012), “Piezoelectric Energy
Harvesting Devices: An Alternative Energy Source for Wireless Sensors”, Smart Materials
Research, Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 853481, 13 pages [online]. Available from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/853481 [ Accessed 20th April, 2014].
[5] Wikipedia. (2014). Energy harvesting [online]. Available from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_harvesting/ [Accessed 6th April, 2014].
[6] [online] available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectrics#cite_note-14
[7] Wikipedia. (2014). Supercapacitor [online]. Available from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercapacitor/ [Accessed 6th April, 2014].
[8] http://www.tecategroup.com/ultracapacitors-supercapacitors/ultracapacitors-
FAQ.php#What_is_an_ultracapacitor
[9] Pierre Mars (2012). “Coupling a Supercapacitor with a Small Energy Harvesting
Source”,Published in EE Times Design [online]. Available from http://www.cap-xx.com
[Accessed 18th April, 2014].
[10] Maxwell Technology Applications Note: Ultracapacitor Cell.
[11] Adamu Murtala Zungeru, Li-Minn Ang, SRS. Prabaharan, Kah Phooi Seng (2012), “Radio
Frequency Energy Harvesting and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Publisher: CRC
Press, Taylor and Francis Group, USA, [online], Available:
http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b10081-16.
Authors
Hussaini Habibu received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering
from the Federal University of Technology (FUT) Minna, Nigeria in 2010. He is a
Graduate Assistant Lecturer at the Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria from
2012-till date.
His area of research includes energy systems and electrical power and machines. He is
currently an MSc student at the department of
Electronics and Computer Science (ECS), University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
Abimbola Susan Ajagun received her B.Eng. degree in Electrical and Computer
Engineering from Federal University of Technology (FUT) Minna, Nigeria in 2010. She is
a Graduate Assistant Lecturer at the Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
from 2012-till date. Her area of research includes energy systems and power system
protection. She is currently a MEng. student at the department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Federal University of technology, Minna, Nigeria.
21. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 5, October 2014
Gerald K. Ijemaru received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Enugu State University of Science Technology (ESUT), Nigeria in 2004, and
M.Sc. Degree from the Coventry University, U.K, in 2010. Engr. G. K. Ijemaru is a
member of the Institute of Information Communication Technology Development
(ICTD), UK. He is at present, a Lecturer II and researcher with the department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, with
interest in Challenges regarding MIMO in 3G Cellular Systems, Antennas for MIMO
systems, Control systems design and applications and a Space Diversity Technique for Combating Signal
Fading. He has published in reputable Journals.
Dr. Engr. Adamu Murtala Zungeru received his B.Eng. Degree in Electrical and
Computer Engineering from the FUT Minna, Nigeria in 2004, and M.Sc. Degree in
Electrical Engineering from the ABU Zaria, Nigeria in 2009, PhD Degree from the
University of Nottingham in 2013 and Postdoctoral Teaching Certificate from the MIT
USA in 2014. He is, at present, a Senior Lecturer at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti,
Nigeria, and the Head of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He is a
registered Engineer with the COREN, Member of the IEEE and ACM, and the Inventor
of Termite-hill routing algorithm for WSN. He has served as Session Chair, ICSI-2012;
Technical Program Committee Member, IEEE-WCNC 2013 2014; ICCVE 2013; ICIT 2014; CEIT’13
2013; SPPR 2014; Ubic-2014; WiMoA 2014; InWeS-2014; CYBI 2014; SCAI 2014; WiMoNe-2014;
ARIA 2015; SIP 2015. He is an editorial board member of the International Journal of Networking;
IJICS; IJSET; IJCSIT. He has also served as an International reviewer to IEEE Transaction on Industrial
Informatics; IEEE Sensors; JNCA, ELSEVIER; Wireless Networks Springer; IET Networks Journal;
Sensors MDPI; Simulation-transaction of the society for modelling and simulation international;
International Journal of communication systems, Wiley; Journal of Sensors, Hindawi; and numerous
others. His research interests are in the fields of automation, swarm intelligence, wireless sensor networks
(WSNs), energy harvesting, and energy management, where he has published over 30 International
articles. He has done extensive research on the design of routing algorithms for WSNs, and at present
looking at the application of the algorithms designed for WSN in solving World problems.
31