Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
Mobile Ad HOC networks (MANET’S) are networks in which all nodes are mobile and
communicate with each other via wireless connections. Nodes can join or leave the network at any
time. There is no fixed infrastructure. Research and industries are recently more interesting and
attracting to the VANET and MANET development domain. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
is a subclass of MANET. In this paper, we propose Bee Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network, in
which a new quality of service multipath routing protocol adapted for the VANET. This algorithm is
a reactive source routing algorithm and consumes less energy as compared to DSDV, AODV, DSR
routing algorithms because a fewer control packets for routing are sent as compared to other
networks.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOM NEURAL NETWORK BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING HIERARCHI...ijassn
Cluster-Based Routing Protocols is a renowned scheme to extend the lifetime and energy consumption simultaneously for the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Every sensor node work homogenously or heterogeneously which is energy constrained when energy and memory capacity is limited. Congregating information resourcefully in perilous situations in the sensor network for a large-scale area and huge time is required an effectual protocol. In this paper, we proposed a cluster-based hierarchical routing path protocol, namely SOM-PEG protocol, which is a modified PEGASIS protocol based on traditional
PEGASIS with the employment of Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network (NN). The simulation is performed on MATLAB simulation tool as well as NN GUI. The performance comparison shows that the proposed protocol provides better network lifetime and ensures less energy consumption compared with
traditional PEGASIS protocol.
Mobile Ad HOC networks (MANET’S) are networks in which all nodes are mobile and
communicate with each other via wireless connections. Nodes can join or leave the network at any
time. There is no fixed infrastructure. Research and industries are recently more interesting and
attracting to the VANET and MANET development domain. A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
is a subclass of MANET. In this paper, we propose Bee Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Network, in
which a new quality of service multipath routing protocol adapted for the VANET. This algorithm is
a reactive source routing algorithm and consumes less energy as compared to DSDV, AODV, DSR
routing algorithms because a fewer control packets for routing are sent as compared to other
networks.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
Current issue- International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems...ijassn
With the availability of low cost, short range sensor technology along with advances in wireless networking, sensor networks has become a hot topic of discussion. The International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal which focuses on applied research and applications of sensor networks. While sensor networks provide ample opportunities to provide various services, its effective deployment in large scale is still challenging due to various factors. This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of high performance computing solutions to problems arising due to the complexities of sensor network systems. It also acts as a path to exchange novel ideas about impacts of sensor networks research.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Enhanced Zigbee Tree Routing In Wireless Sensor Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are particularly critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced zigbee tree routing (EZTR), to satisfy the QoS parameters. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Wireless Sensor Network Based Clustering Architecture for Cooperative Communi...ijtsrd
We propose clusters based cooperatives based verbal architecture coop on the cellular ad hoc wireless sensor network Mawsn with the environment fading Rayleigh. The main ability and contributions of this paper are as follows. First, the proposed cage uses a cluster as a underlying system to help stable transmission services. 2D, the proposed enclosure uses a cluster based verbal cooperative exchange to effectively guide the package delivery ratio with multi hop power saving transmission. 0.33, we do not forget reasonable methods mainly based on cellular ad hoc nodes with sensing features and constant sensor nodes in the sensor field along with conventional research for the introduction of constant network sensors. Fourth, we have theoretical analysis with blackouts opportunities for proposed cooperative transmissions. Overall performance evaluation is run through simulation and evaluation. Sweeti Kumari | Dr. Ranjan Kumar Singh "Wireless Sensor Network Based Clustering Architecture for Cooperative Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43670.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/43670/wireless-sensor-network-based-clustering-architecture-for-cooperative-communication/sweeti-kumari
Security Issues and the Energy Consumption in the Optical Burst Switched Netw...ijtsrd
Optical burst switching is an optical network technology that helps in improving the use of the optical networks resources. In OCS, the network is configured to establish a circuit, from an entry to an exit node, by adjusting the optical cross connects circuits in the core routers in a manner that the data signal, in an optical form, can travel in an all optical manner from source to destination node. This approach suffers from all the disadvantages known to circuit switching the circuits require time to set up and to destroy, and while the circuit is established, the resources will not be efficiently used to the unpredictable nature of network traffic. Security is one of the major problems in field of networks. Mainly this work focused on security issues in optical burst switching and to decreased the energy consumption. In this research work, a secure public key cryptography technique is proposed and evaluated as a security solution to measure security threats related to burst packet in optical burst switching networks. Palak Kesar | Mandeep Kaur Sandhu ""Security Issues and the Energy Consumption in the Optical Burst Switched Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23934.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23934/security-issues-and-the-energy-consumption-in-the-optical-burst-switched-networks/palak-kesar
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed for Wireless Sensor Network
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
PREDICTING COMMUNICATION DELAY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR IEEE 802.15.4/ZIGB...IJCNC
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) particularly for real time applications raise fundamental problems
for the scientific community. These problems are related to the limit of energy resource and the real time
constraints on the communication delay. The well functioning of such networks depends mainly on the
network lifetime result of nodes energies and the communication delay which should meet the required
deadlines. Thus, the well design of Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks must be with the prediction of
the energy consumption and the communication delay. Therefore, this paper propose an analytical model
to predict the lifetime and the delay in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee WSN. Our proposed model is based on
realistic assumptions. It considers the most important network features such as idle times from the
Backoff, overhearing and interferences by collisions and transmission errors. Compared to simulation
results and other analytical approaches, our model gives a reliable lifetime and delay prediction.
A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.
This paper focuses on various issues, architecture and routing protocols in cellular, adhoc and sensor networks. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)IJCNCJournal
A wireless sensor network consists of severalsensor nodes. Sensor nodes collaborate to collect meaningful environmental information and send them to the base station. During these processes, nodes are prone to failure, due to the energy depletion, hardware or software failure, etc. Therefore, fault tolerance and energy efficiency are two important objectives for reliable packet delivery. To address these objectives a novel method called fuzzy informer homed routing protocol is introduced. The proposed method tries to distribute the workload between every sensor node. A fuzzy logic approach is used to handle uncertainties in cluster head communication range estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce energy consumption as compared with IHR and DHR protocols. Furthermore, results revealed that it performs better than IHR and DHR protocols in terms of first node dead and half of the nodes alive, throughput and total remaining energy. It is concluded that the proposed protocol is a stable and energy efficient fault tolerance algorithm for wireless sensor networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNijngnjournal
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
OPTIMUM NEIGHBORS FOR RESOURCECONSTRAINED MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
This paper presents an investigation on the optimum number of neighbors for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). The MANETs are self-configuring and self-organizing networks. In such a network, energyconstrained mobile nodes share limited bandwidth to send their packets to the destinations. The mobile nodes
have a limited transmission range and they rely on their neighbors to deliver their packets. Hence, the mobile
nodes must be associated with the required (i.e., optimum) number of neighbors. As the number of neighbors
is varied, a trade-off exists between the network connectivity and available bandwidth per mobile node. To
investigate this issue, we consider Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as the routing protocol and IEEE 802.11
as the MAC layer protocol in this work. We consider both static and dynamic scenarios in this work. We
simulated the ad hoc networks via network simulator (NS-2) and the simulation results show that there exists
an optimum number of neighbors for the static case. We also show that mobility has a grave impact on the
performance of the MANETs in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and
packet loss. Hence, we need to increase the number of neighbors under mobility conditions. However, there
is no global optimum number of neighbors for the mobility case.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Enhanced Zigbee Tree Routing In Wireless Sensor Networkpaperpublications3
Abstract: Multipath routing is an efficient technique to route data in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it can provide reliability, security and load balance, which are particularly critical in the resource constrained system such as WSNs. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced zigbee tree routing (EZTR), to satisfy the QoS parameters. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Wireless Sensor Network Based Clustering Architecture for Cooperative Communi...ijtsrd
We propose clusters based cooperatives based verbal architecture coop on the cellular ad hoc wireless sensor network Mawsn with the environment fading Rayleigh. The main ability and contributions of this paper are as follows. First, the proposed cage uses a cluster as a underlying system to help stable transmission services. 2D, the proposed enclosure uses a cluster based verbal cooperative exchange to effectively guide the package delivery ratio with multi hop power saving transmission. 0.33, we do not forget reasonable methods mainly based on cellular ad hoc nodes with sensing features and constant sensor nodes in the sensor field along with conventional research for the introduction of constant network sensors. Fourth, we have theoretical analysis with blackouts opportunities for proposed cooperative transmissions. Overall performance evaluation is run through simulation and evaluation. Sweeti Kumari | Dr. Ranjan Kumar Singh "Wireless Sensor Network Based Clustering Architecture for Cooperative Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43670.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/43670/wireless-sensor-network-based-clustering-architecture-for-cooperative-communication/sweeti-kumari
Security Issues and the Energy Consumption in the Optical Burst Switched Netw...ijtsrd
Optical burst switching is an optical network technology that helps in improving the use of the optical networks resources. In OCS, the network is configured to establish a circuit, from an entry to an exit node, by adjusting the optical cross connects circuits in the core routers in a manner that the data signal, in an optical form, can travel in an all optical manner from source to destination node. This approach suffers from all the disadvantages known to circuit switching the circuits require time to set up and to destroy, and while the circuit is established, the resources will not be efficiently used to the unpredictable nature of network traffic. Security is one of the major problems in field of networks. Mainly this work focused on security issues in optical burst switching and to decreased the energy consumption. In this research work, a secure public key cryptography technique is proposed and evaluated as a security solution to measure security threats related to burst packet in optical burst switching networks. Palak Kesar | Mandeep Kaur Sandhu ""Security Issues and the Energy Consumption in the Optical Burst Switched Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23934.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23934/security-issues-and-the-energy-consumption-in-the-optical-burst-switched-networks/palak-kesar
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed for Wireless Sensor Network
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
PREDICTING COMMUNICATION DELAY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR IEEE 802.15.4/ZIGB...IJCNC
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) particularly for real time applications raise fundamental problems
for the scientific community. These problems are related to the limit of energy resource and the real time
constraints on the communication delay. The well functioning of such networks depends mainly on the
network lifetime result of nodes energies and the communication delay which should meet the required
deadlines. Thus, the well design of Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks must be with the prediction of
the energy consumption and the communication delay. Therefore, this paper propose an analytical model
to predict the lifetime and the delay in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee WSN. Our proposed model is based on
realistic assumptions. It considers the most important network features such as idle times from the
Backoff, overhearing and interferences by collisions and transmission errors. Compared to simulation
results and other analytical approaches, our model gives a reliable lifetime and delay prediction.
A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.
This paper focuses on various issues, architecture and routing protocols in cellular, adhoc and sensor networks. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC)IJCNCJournal
A wireless sensor network consists of severalsensor nodes. Sensor nodes collaborate to collect meaningful environmental information and send them to the base station. During these processes, nodes are prone to failure, due to the energy depletion, hardware or software failure, etc. Therefore, fault tolerance and energy efficiency are two important objectives for reliable packet delivery. To address these objectives a novel method called fuzzy informer homed routing protocol is introduced. The proposed method tries to distribute the workload between every sensor node. A fuzzy logic approach is used to handle uncertainties in cluster head communication range estimation. The simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce energy consumption as compared with IHR and DHR protocols. Furthermore, results revealed that it performs better than IHR and DHR protocols in terms of first node dead and half of the nodes alive, throughput and total remaining energy. It is concluded that the proposed protocol is a stable and energy efficient fault tolerance algorithm for wireless sensor networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSNijngnjournal
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
OPTIMUM NEIGHBORS FOR RESOURCECONSTRAINED MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
This paper presents an investigation on the optimum number of neighbors for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). The MANETs are self-configuring and self-organizing networks. In such a network, energyconstrained mobile nodes share limited bandwidth to send their packets to the destinations. The mobile nodes
have a limited transmission range and they rely on their neighbors to deliver their packets. Hence, the mobile
nodes must be associated with the required (i.e., optimum) number of neighbors. As the number of neighbors
is varied, a trade-off exists between the network connectivity and available bandwidth per mobile node. To
investigate this issue, we consider Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as the routing protocol and IEEE 802.11
as the MAC layer protocol in this work. We consider both static and dynamic scenarios in this work. We
simulated the ad hoc networks via network simulator (NS-2) and the simulation results show that there exists
an optimum number of neighbors for the static case. We also show that mobility has a grave impact on the
performance of the MANETs in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and
packet loss. Hence, we need to increase the number of neighbors under mobility conditions. However, there
is no global optimum number of neighbors for the mobility case.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
A Review of Sensor Node in Wireless Sensor Networksijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are collection of tiny sensor nodes capable of sensing, processing and broadcasting data correlated to some occurrence in the network area. The sensor nodes have severe limitation, such as bandwidth, short communication range, limited CPU processing facility, memory and energy. Enhancing the lifetime of wireless sensors network and efficient utilizations of bandwidth are essential for the proliferation of wireless sensor network in different applications. We provide an in depth study of applying wireless sensor networks WSNs to real world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements were developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the sensor network software, protective enclosures, and system architecture to meet the requirements of biologists. Although researchers anticipate some challenges arising in real world deployments of WSNs, many problems can only be discovered through experience. We present a set of experiences from a four month long deployment on a remote island. We analyze the environmental and node health data to evaluate system performance. The close integration of WSNs with their environment provides environmental data at densities previously impossible. We show that the sensor data is also useful for predicting system operation and network failures. Based on over one million data readings, we analyze the node and network design and develop network reliability profiles and failure models. Jobanputra Paresh Ashokkumar | Prof. Arun Jhapate ""A Review of Sensor Node in Wireless Sensor Networks"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23620.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23620/a-review-of-sensor-node-in-wireless-sensor-networks/jobanputra-paresh-ashokkumar
LIFETIME IMPROVEMENT USING MOBILE AGENT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKJournal For Research
Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention in the research community over the last few years, driven by a wealth of theoretical and practical challenges and an increasing number of practical civilian application. ‘one deployment, multiple applications’ is an emerging trend in the development of WSN, due to the high cost of deploying hundreds and thousands of sensors nodes over a wide geographical area and the application-specific nature of tasking a WSN. A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. To reduce the energy consumption, the transmission of data between sensor nodes must be reduced in order to preserve the remaining energy in cluster node. We propose a new energy balancing architecture based on cluster with hexagonal geometry with radius R.select the base station and after select the cluster head with maximum energy of the node and after select mobile agent in minimum distance to cluster head and second highest maximum energy. And then send the data mobile agent to cluster head and cluster head to base station.and we have energy management must be followed to balance the energy in the whole network and improving network lifetime.
Exploring Wireless A Comprehensive Review on Sensor Node Integration and Ener...ijtsrd
WSNs encompass a multitude of spatially distributed sensor nodes or devices employing radio signals for communication. Positioned strategically in a geographical area, these sensor nodes operate independently to collect information from their surroundings. Given their often remote and inaccessible locations, human interaction with deployed sensor nodes is limited. The core function of sensor nodes in WSNs involves sensing environmental data and transmitting it to a centralized base station or sink node. Subsequently, the collected data undergoes analysis, demonstrating the vital role of WSNs in facilitating data driven insights within the realm of computer science. In this paper review of different research paper on the based of wireless sensor networks technology and different sensors for optimization of energy dissipation. Vijay Malviya | Dr. Sachin Patel "Exploring Wireless: A Comprehensive Review on Sensor Node Integration and Energy Optimization Strategies for Enhanced Environmental Data Collection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62401.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/62401/exploring-wireless-a-comprehensive-review-on-sensor-node-integration-and-energy-optimization-strategies-for-enhanced-environmental-data-collection/vijay-malviya
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbineschokrio
In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Fuzzy Logic Approach to Improving Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Hete...chokrio
The wireless sensor network is composed of a set of nodes which energy is limited in terms of computing, storage and communication power. In this network, a few nodes become cluster head which causes the energetic heterogeneity of the network, therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable as soon as the life of the first node is elapsed. SEP has proposed the extension of time to network stability before the death of the first node and the reduction of unstable time before
the death of the last node. This protocol is based on the election
of cluster head by the balance of the probabilities of the
remaining energy for each node. In this paper, we propose to improve SEP by fuzzy logic (SEP-FL). We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed method increases the stability period and decreases the instability of the sensor network compared with LEACH, LEACH-FL and SEP taking into account the energy level and the distance to the base station. We conclude by studying the parameters of heterogeneity as the protocol proposed (SEP-FL) provides a longer interval of stability for large values of additional energy brought by the more powerful nodes (advanced).
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Performance Analysis of Faults Detection in Wind Turbine Generator Based on H...chokrio
Electrical energy production based on wind power has become the most popular renewable resources in the recent years because it gets reliable clean energy with minimum cost. The major challenge for wind turbines is the electrical and the mechanical failures which can occur at any time causing prospective breakdowns and damages and therefore it leads to machine downtimes and to energy production loss. To circumvent this problem, several tools and techniques have been developed and used to enhance fault detection and diagnosis to be found in the stator current signature for wind turbines generators. Among these methods, parametric or super-resolution frequency estimation methods, which provides typical spectrum estimation, can be useful for this purpose. Facing on the plurality of these algorithms, a comparative performance analysis is made to evaluate robustness based on different metrics: accuracy, dispersion, computation cost, perturbations and faults severity. Finally, simulation results in MATLAB with most occurring faults indicate that ESPRIT and R-MUSIC algorithms have high capability of correctly identifying the frequencies of fault characteristic components, a performance ranking had been carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the studied methods in faults detecting.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Efficiency Evaluation Metrics for Wireless Intelligent Sensors Applicationschokrio
The metrology field has been progressed with the
appearance of the wireless intelligent sensor systems providing more capabilities such as signal processing, remote multisensing fusion etc. This kind of devices is rapidly making their way into medical and industrial monitoring, collision avoidance, traffic control, automotive and others applications. However, numerous design challenges for wireless intelligent sensors systems are imposed to overcome the physical limitations in data traffic, such as system noise, real time communication,
signal attenuation, response dynamics, power consumption, and effective conversion rates etc, especially for applications requiring specific performances. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of the mentioned sensing devices systems which stands for superior measurement, more accuracy and reliability. Study findings prescribe researchers, developers/ engineers and users to realizing an optimal sensing motes design strategy that offers operational advantages which can offer cost-effective solutions for an application.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based on Passive RFID Implementation
1. ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021
ISSN (Print) : 2319-5940
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6647
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC
Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based on
Passive RFID Implementation
Elahmadi Cheikh1
, Chakkor Saad2
, Baghouri Mostafa3
, Hajraoui Abderrahmane4
Department of Physics, Team: Communication and Detection Systems, University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Faculty of
Sciences, Tetouan, Morocco1,2,3
Abstract: Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies
which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication
stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit
in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base
station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method
presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
Keywords: Wireless sensor network, TDEEC, Passive RFID, Energy, routing, clustering.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology that
has a wide range of potential applications including
environment monitoring, smart spaces, medical systems
and robotic exploration... Such a network normally
consists of a large number of distributed nodes that
organize themselves into a multi-hop wireless network [1].
However, the sensor nodes are usually powered by
batteries and thus have very limited lifetime if no power
management is performed. The sensor node contains four
basic building blocks of components, those are sensing
unit, processing unit, radio unit, and power unit [2]. These
sensors are able to communicate with each other to
collaboratively detect objects, collect information and
transmit messages. However, as sensors are usually small
in size, they have many physical limitations such as
battery, computational power and memory. The important
part of energy is consumed in the communication circuit
which must be minimized. Because of those limitations,
energy-efficient techniques are main research challenges
in wireless sensor networks. A number of techniques have
been proposed to solve these problems. The major
challenge is the energy consumption, In order to support
data aggregation through efficient network organization;
nodes can be partitioned into a number of small groups
called clusters. Each cluster has a cluster head, and a
number of member nodes [2].In clustering WSNs, the
imbalanced power consumption among nodes is the main
factor modifying the WSN lifetime. Wireless sensor nodes
can be divided into various types based on the various
capabilities in sensing, energy and communication. The
heterogeneity is not unusual in the WSNs [3]. DEEC
(Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering
algorithm) [4], is used in heterogeneous wireless sensor
networks. This protocol is based on the election of cluster
head by the balance of the probabilities of the remaining
energy for each node, it use the average energy of the
network as the reference energy, the cluster-heads are
elected by a probability based on the ratio between the
residual energy of each node and the average energy of the
network. Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient
Clustering protocol [18] propose an energy efficient
cluster head scheme, for heterogeneous wireless sensor
networks, by modifying the threshold value of a node
based on which it decides to be a cluster head or note.
Locating the heterogeneous nodes in WSN and clarifying
cluster members by HELLO packet are unfavorable ways
to affect network energy consumption and stability of
WSN. RFID (radio frequency identification) [20] is a
means of storing and retrieving data through
electromagnetic transmission using a radio frequency
(RF)-compatible integrated circuit An RFID system
usually consists of two main components: tags and
readers. A tag has a unique identification number (ID) and
memory that stores additional data such as manufacturer
name, product type, and environmental factors including
temperature, humidity, and so on. The reader can read
and/or write data to tags through wireless transmissions.
By integrating RFID technology with WSN [21], we can
route RFID data from readers to base stations by using
existing WSN clustering protocols. The integration of
RFID and sensor networks can increase their utilities to
other scientific and engineering fields by exploiting the
advantages of both technologies. There are several ways of
integrating RFID with WSN [20,21]. In an RFID enhanced
WSN, it is acceptable that we consider the energy of all
2. ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021
ISSN (Print) : 2319-5940
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6648
nodes are not equal and these networks are heterogeneous
[5]. In our proposed method, for increasing the lifetime
period and enhance the network performance , we present
a cluster-based protocol for heterogeneous RFID
enhanced based on exploiting the advantages offered by
the RFID technology to recover the energy lost during the
localization HELLO packet transmission. The remains of
this paper are organized as follows. In section 2 we
defined Integration of RFID and Wireless Sensor
Networks. In Section 3, we described the related work. In
Section 4, we defined the heterogeneous model and
performance measures for WSN. In section 5 we show the
performance of our approach by simulations and compare
it with DEEC. Section 6 contains our concluding remarks.
II. INTEGRATION OF RFID AND WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
Radio frequency identification and wireless sensor
networks are two important wireless technologies that
have a wide variety of applications in current and future
systems. RFID facilitates detection and identification of
objects that are not easily detectable or distinguishable by
using conventional sensor technologies. However, it does
not provide information about the condition of the objects
it detects. WSN, on the other hand, not only provides
information about the condition of the objects and
environment but also enables multi-hop wireless
communications. Hence, the integration of these
technologies expands their overall functionality and
capacity [6]. By joining RFID tags to WSN nodes, it is
possible to remotely „wake up‟ the processor and other
parts on demand. The RFID prods technique can use either
a passive or an active RFID tag [7]. In integrating RFID
readers with a WSN node scenario, integrated RFID
readers-sensor nodes are assumed [8]. Zhang et al. [5]
present possible architectures for integrating RFID and
WSN, and provide a detailed list of real world
applications.
To ensure the heterogeneity of our network by considering
three types of integrations : integrating tags with sensors,
integrating tags with wireless sensor nodes, integrating
readers with wireless sensor nodes. Hence, we can
distinguish among the following node types:
nodes integrated with a passive RFID Tag(too
weak).
nodes integrated with semi passive RFID
Tag(weak nodes).
nodes integrated with active RFID Tag(strong
nodes).
RFID reader enhanced WSN node for
interrogation and reading tags data (very strong node).
Because an RFID radio uses much less energy than an
RF sensor radio for simplicity, we do not consider RFID
tags and readers specifications in our network, and specific
to the needs of our model we considered a WSN with
energy heterogeneity.
III.RELATED WORK
There exist two types of distributed clustering techniques
used to reduce energy consumption: the homogeneous and
heterogeneous clustering algorithms. It is very difficult to
design heterogeneous clustering schemes due to their
complexity on the contrary of homogeneous protocols.
Currently, WSN are more possibly heterogeneous
networks than homogeneous ones. Actually, clustered
routing protocol has gained increasing attention from
researchers because of its potential of extending WSN
lifetime. Heizelman [10]designed and implemented the
first distributed and clustered routing protocol with low
energy consumption [9]. LEACH [11], performs well, but
its performance become badly in the heterogeneous
network as shown by [9], [14]. PEGASIS [12] it is an
improved version of LEACH as nodes will be organized to
form a chain, which can be computed by each node or by
the base station. However, excessive delay is introduced
for distant nodes, especially for large networks. SEP
performs poorly in multi-level heterogeneous networks
and when heterogeneity is a result of operation of the
sensor network [9], [4]. In HEED [13] a stochastic
algorithm used to define the cluster-heads based on
probability election of each node which is correlative to
the residual energy. Q. Li, Z. Qingxin and W. Mingwen
are proposed Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering
Protocol (DEEC) [4]. This clustering protocol is based on
multi level and two level energy heterogeneous schemes.
The cluster heads are selected using the probability
utilizing the ratio between residual energy of each node
and the average energy of the network. The epochs of
being cluster-heads for nodes are different according to
their initial and residual energy. A particular algorithm is
used to estimate the network lifetime, thus avoiding the
need of assistance by routing protocol [4]. Parul Saini,
Ajay K Sharma have proposed an energy efficient cluster
head scheme, for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,
by modifying the threshold value of a node based on
which it decides to be a cluster head or not, called TDEEC
(Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering)
protocol [18]. Since the network nodes are deployed
randomly in a monitoring zone, the aim problem of
clustering algorithms that it aren‟t takes into account the
localization energy consumption to calculate the total
network energy consumption. When multiple cluster heads
are randomly selected within a large number of nodes into
expanded area, a wide additional loss of energy occurs
because the localization energy is approximately
proportional to the number of HELLO packet message
size and the distance between these nodes. In the face of
this scenario, it is necessary to recover the lost energy
ratio by using the RFID technology.
IV.HETEROGENEOUS MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
MEASURES FOR WSN
A. Performance measures
We describe the indicators that apply here to assess the
performance of protocols that are defined in Smaragdakis
et al.[15] and used in our paper. Network stability: first
dead , all-dead ,number of packets messages in each round
finally number of alive nodes received per round.
B. Radio Energy Dissipation Model
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Radio Energy Model used is based on [10, 19]. Energy
model for the radio hardware energy dissipation where the
transmitter dissipates energy to run the radio electronics
and the power amplifier, and the receiver dissipates energy
to run the radio electronics is shown in Figure 1 [10,19].
Figure 1: Radio Energy Dissipation Model
In this model, both the free space (d2
power loss) and
the multipath fading (d4
power loss) channel models
were used, depending on the distance between the
transmitter and receiver [10,19].Power control can
be used to invert this loss by appropriately setting
the power amplifier if the distance is less than a threshold
do, the free space model is used otherwise, the multipath
model is used. Thus, to transmit an L-bit message a
distance, the radio expands.
The electronics energy, Eelec , depends on factors such as
the digital coding, modulation, filtering, and spreading of
the signal defined at [9] ,whereas the amplifier energy,
Efs.d2
or Eamp.d4
, depends on the distance to the receiver
and the acceptable bit-error rate.
C. Contribution and Proposed Method:
In our proposition, we note that energy dissipated for
localization can be covered by integration of RFID passive
tags model datasheet microID® 125 kHz [21].so as we
know the hello packet size is L=512 bytes the localization
energy becomes:
2
(2*8*512) (2*8*512) 0
(512, )
4
(2*8*512) (2*8*512) 0
E d d delec fs
E dTX
E d d dampelec
(2)
We based our work on [16] using the energy model
consumption sending and receiving one byte of data from
node i to node j over a distance d meters, and we consider
that the energy consumption costs:
by calculating the distance d we place the node destination
j on the circle where the node i represent his centre. The
angle of arrival serves for locating the node j on the
segment S and reducing the probability of positioning the
node on all area of the circle. Considering the segment S
proximately similar to line, and using the Euclidian
distance d between node I and j at the instant t we denote
[17]:
The techniques (angle of directional antenna and the
energy of transmission), can sufficiently locate node with
reduced probability.
D. Network model
In our model, we assume that there are N sensor nodes,
which are evenly scattered within a MM square region
and organized into clusters hierarchy for aggregate data by
cluster heads to base station which is located at the center
of this region. Nodes have low mobility or stationary as
assumed at [4], [10].In fact we will use the same
conception as mentioned at [4],noted by m fraction of
stronger nodes with a times more energy than the others
which have an initial energyE0. In two and multi-level
heterogeneous networks, the clustering algorithm should
consider the discrepancy of initial energy, Etotal is
expressed by:
10 0
1 1
N N
E E a E N ai itotal i i
(7)
E. TDEEC Cluster-head selection algorithm
In TDEEC protocol, we choose different parameters based
on the residual energy of Ei(r) node s at round r. If nodes
have different amounts of energy, pi of the nodes with
more energy should be larger than popt Let Ē(r) denotes the
2
0
( , )
4
0
LE L d d delec fs
E L dTX
LE L d d dampelec
(1)
2 2
( ) ( )ij i j i jd x x y y
(5)
2 2
2. ( ).sin( )
2
2. ( ) ( ) .sin( )
2
ij
i j i j
S d t
S x x y y
(6)
Figure 2: Representation of the localization method
2
1 2
1
s
ij ij
r
ji
e c c d
e c
(3)
1
2
s
ij
ij
e c
d
c
(4)
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6650
average energy at round r of the network, which can be
obtained by:
1
(1 )
r
E r EtotalN R
(8)
where R denotes the total rounds of the network lifetime,
R can be calculated as:
The total energy dissipated in the network during a round
Eround is equal to:
Where k is the number of clusters, EDA is the data
aggregation cost expended in the cluster-heads. When the
networks are heterogeneous, the reference value of each
node should be different according to the initial energy. In
the model of multi-level heterogeneous networks, the
weighted probability shown as:
1
1
p N a E ropt i i
p s if s Gi iN
N a E ri
i
(12)
Threshold for cluster head selection is calculated based on
ratio of residual energy and average energy of that round
in respect to the optimum number of cluster heads by:
( )
*
1
( ) 1 ( )( mod )
( )
0
p s E ri i
k if s Gopt i
T s p s r E ri
p si
(13
)
where p(si), r, and G represent, respectively, the desired
percentage of cluster-heads, the current round number, and
the set of nodes that have not been cluster-heads in the last
1/ p(si) rounds. Using this threshold, each node will be a
cluster head, just once at some point within 1/ p(si) rounds.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed approach has been implemented in
MATLAB and the performance has been evaluated by
simulation, the lifetime of the network is measured in
terms of rounds when the first sensor node dies. The base
station is assumed in the center of the sensing region. All
the parameters values including the first order radio model
characteristic are mentioned in the table1 below. To
compare the performance of the proposed approach with
TDEEC protocol, the effect caused by signal collision and
interference in the wireless channel is ignored, a multi-
level heterogeneous network is considered.
Table
1 : Simulation Parameters
The effect of varying α on the lifetime of the network and
on the number of packet messages received in the base
station is studied in different scenarios as shown in
table2,where m and m0 are the fraction of the advanced
and super nodes, which own a and b times more energy
than the normal ones [9]:
Thus, each node in the sensor network is randomly
assigned different energy levels between a closed set
[E0,E0(1+amax)]. In the simulation results figures 3and 5
the lifetime evolution of the network for each scenario,
whereas figures 4and 6 shows the number of packet
messages received in the base station per round for each
scenario. The tables 3and 4 provides statistics on the
number of dead nodes per rounds as well as the percentage
increase in the lifetime of the network for the proposed
approach compared to TDEEC protocol. It is very clear
that the proposed approach gives a lifetime network
greater than TDEEC protocol whether for the first dead
node rounds or for all dead nodes rounds due to their
remaining energy. In TDEEC protocol all nodes die early
on the contrary of the proposed approach in which all
nodes die tardily for all studied scenarios. On the other
hand, the energy efficiency of the proposed approach
improves significantly the number of packets message
Etotal
R
Eround
(9)
4 2
(2 )E L NE NE k d N d
round elec DA mp toBS fs toCH
(10)
, 0.765
22
M M
d dtoBS toCH
k
(11)
Parameter Value
Network area 100 m100 m
Number of nodes 100
E0 0.5 J
Eelec 1.3nJ/bit
εfs 10 pJ/bits/m2
εemp 0.0013 pJ/bit/m4
ETx=ERx 50 nJ/bit
EDA 50 nJ/bit/message
0
fs
mp
d
70 m
Packet Size 4096 bits
Popt 0.05
Parameters m m0 α b
Scenario1 0.6 0.4 2 3
Scenario2 0.6 0.4 4 3
Table 2 : Simulation scenarios
*2
2
M N fs
kopt
d amptoBS
(14)
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Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6651
received which increases with a remarkable manner by
increasing α.
Figure 3: Number of alive nodes over time (Scenario1)
Figure 6: Number of packet messages received per round
(Scenario2)
TDEEC Proposed INCREASE
First dead 1114 1274 14,36 %
All-dead 6152 6174 0.3%
Table 3: Number of dead nodes per rounds (Scenario1)
TDEEC Proposed INCREASE
First dead 1020 1213 18,92%
All-dead 9645 10432 8,15%
Table 4: Number of dead nodes per rounds (Scenario2)
Figure 7: Evolving of lifetime nodes percentage according to different
scenarios
Referred to figure 7, the lifetime percentage decreases
with increasing α for the first dead node time while this
percentage fluctuate between different values and do not
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%
Scenario1
(α=2)
Scenario2
(α=4)
Pourcentage
scenarios
First dead
All-dead
Figure 4: Number of packet messages received per round
(Scenario1)
Figure 5: Number of alive nodes over time (Scenario2)
6. ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021
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Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6652
keep a monotony for the all dead nodes time when α
increase, this is justified by the network instability in this
time period
α=2 α=2.5 α=3 α=4 α=5 α=6
Packet
number
*105
(TDEEC)
2.005 2.488 2.882 4.054 4.725 4.674
Packet
Number *
105
(Proposed)
2.048 2.562 2.966 4.406 5.149 5.464
Packet
number
increasing
4300 7400 8400 35200 42400 79000
Table 5: numerical results for different values of α
It is clear in figures 8 and 9, that the proposed approach
preserves the improvement of the network lifetime
whether for the first dead node rounds or for all dead
nodes rounds compared to TDEEC protocol despite the
increase of multi-level heterogeneity value which takes its
value from 2 to6. Therefore, the number of packets
message received at round=10000 increases also.
Figure 8: Evolving of lifetime nodes percentage according to
different scenarios
Figure 9: packet message evolution
VI. CONCLUSION
By integrating RFID technology with WSN, it can lead to
a heterogeneous network. In such network the major goal
of routing clustering protocol is to improve energy
consumption and increasing lifetime. In our article we
suggest and introduce a cluster-based protocol for
heterogeneous RFID enhanced WSNs that can recover the
Energy consumed during the localization. The simulation
results show that our solution significantly improves the
stability period, and consumes energy in a more efficient
way in the WSNs in comparison with existing clustering
protocol TDEEC at the same time that can increase the
packet message number received during the simulation
time.
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7. ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021
ISSN (Print) : 2319-5940
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
Copyright to IJARCCE www.ijarcce.com 6653
of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887),Volume 9– No.12,
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BIOGRAPHIES
Elahmadi Cheikh was born in
Boujdour Morocco. He‟s a member in the
Physics department, Team
Communication and detection Systems,
Faculty of sciences, University of
Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tetouan Morocco,
and his research area is: improving
performance of sensor networks. He obtained the Master's
degree in Networks and Systems from the Faculty of
Sciences and Techniques of Settat, Morocco in 2009. His
current research interests are in the areas of embedded
systems , wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency,
body sensor networks, and RFID technology.
Chakkor Saad was born in Tangier
Morocco. He‟s a member in the Physics
department, Team Communication and
detection Systems, Faculty of sciences,
University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi,
Tetouan Morocco, and his research area
is: intelligent sensors and theirs
applications. He obtained the Master's degree in Electrical
and Computer Engineering from the Faculty of Sciences
and Techniques of Tangier, Morocco in 2002. He
graduated enabling teaching computer science for
secondary qualifying school in 2003. In 2006, he
graduated from DESA in Automatics and information
processing at the same faculty. He works as teacher of
computer science in the high school.
Baghouri Mostafa is an PhD student in
the Laboratory of Systems Modeling and
Analysis, Team: Communication
Systems, Faculty of sciences, University
of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tetouan
Morocco, his research area is:
Optimization of energy in the wireless
sensors networks. He obtained a Master's degree in
Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Faculty of
Science and Technology of Tangier in Morocco in 2002.
He graduated enabling teaching computer science for
secondary qualifying school in 2004. In 2006, he
graduated from DESA in Automatics and information
processing at the same faculty. He work teacher of
computer science in the high school.