In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Wide area protection systems aim to address vulnerabilities in modern power systems. Conventional protection systems provide local views but no overall system view, and actions are uncoordinated. Wide area protection systems fill this gap by analyzing real-time measurements across wide areas to recommend control strategies. They can help increase transmission capacity and reliability by taking action to prevent contingencies from causing instability. This paper surveys applications of synchrophasor-based wide area protection, including existing systems, case studies of disturbances, and technologies enabling wide area protection implementations.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
Wide area protection-research_in_the_smart_gridAlaa Eladl
This document discusses wide-area protection research in the context of the smart grid. It describes how technologies enabled by the smart grid like synchronized phasor measurement, improved communication networks, and standard protocols allow for the development of wide-area protection systems. These systems provide monitoring, control, and backup protection across large geographical areas. The document outlines some key technologies that wide-area protection relies on like wide-area measurement systems and communication networks. It also discusses trends like adaptive protection schemes that utilize system-wide information in real-time and agent-based control architectures.
The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults.
Therefore one promising way is to provide the system a wide protection and control named as “Wide Area Measurement and Control System” /PMU is required.
This document presents a preliminary study on developing a Wide Area Protection Monitoring System (WAPMS) that would automatically collect and analyze data from protection devices. The proposed system would gather information through various communication protocols, analyze the data to determine fault types and locations, and generate reports with diagnoses for operators. This would provide operators a comprehensive overview of the power system's behavior during faults to help make better decisions. The system is currently being tested in Colombia and future work involves predictive analytics to identify potential protection device failures.
Wide area protection-and_emergency_control (1)Alaa Eladl
This document discusses wide-area protection and emergency control in power systems. It describes how major disturbances can stress power systems beyond their planned operating limits due to unpredictable events. It explores using advanced wide-area monitoring and control systems based on communication and synchronization technologies to automatically detect and respond to disturbances across large regions in order to minimize their impacts. Such systems have potential to provide faster, more coordinated responses than traditional local protection schemes or human operators. The document outlines different types of power system disturbances and remedial measures needed to maintain stability.
IRJET- Analysis of Load Frequency Control for a Distributed Grid System Invol...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants using conventional and fuzzy logic controllers. It models a three-area system with area 1 containing a thermal plant, area 2 containing a hydro plant, and area 3 containing wind generation. It simulates the system responses to a 1% load disturbance in one area using each controller and compares the undershoot and settling time. The fuzzy logic controller provides better dynamic response with lower undershoot, overshoot, and faster settling time compared to the conventional PI controller. This shows fuzzy logic control is more effective at maintaining frequency stability in an interconnected power system with various generation sources.
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
Wide area protection systems aim to address vulnerabilities in modern power systems. Conventional protection systems provide local views but no overall system view, and actions are uncoordinated. Wide area protection systems fill this gap by analyzing real-time measurements across wide areas to recommend control strategies. They can help increase transmission capacity and reliability by taking action to prevent contingencies from causing instability. This paper surveys applications of synchrophasor-based wide area protection, including existing systems, case studies of disturbances, and technologies enabling wide area protection implementations.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
Wide area protection-research_in_the_smart_gridAlaa Eladl
This document discusses wide-area protection research in the context of the smart grid. It describes how technologies enabled by the smart grid like synchronized phasor measurement, improved communication networks, and standard protocols allow for the development of wide-area protection systems. These systems provide monitoring, control, and backup protection across large geographical areas. The document outlines some key technologies that wide-area protection relies on like wide-area measurement systems and communication networks. It also discusses trends like adaptive protection schemes that utilize system-wide information in real-time and agent-based control architectures.
The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults.
Therefore one promising way is to provide the system a wide protection and control named as “Wide Area Measurement and Control System” /PMU is required.
This document presents a preliminary study on developing a Wide Area Protection Monitoring System (WAPMS) that would automatically collect and analyze data from protection devices. The proposed system would gather information through various communication protocols, analyze the data to determine fault types and locations, and generate reports with diagnoses for operators. This would provide operators a comprehensive overview of the power system's behavior during faults to help make better decisions. The system is currently being tested in Colombia and future work involves predictive analytics to identify potential protection device failures.
Wide area protection-and_emergency_control (1)Alaa Eladl
This document discusses wide-area protection and emergency control in power systems. It describes how major disturbances can stress power systems beyond their planned operating limits due to unpredictable events. It explores using advanced wide-area monitoring and control systems based on communication and synchronization technologies to automatically detect and respond to disturbances across large regions in order to minimize their impacts. Such systems have potential to provide faster, more coordinated responses than traditional local protection schemes or human operators. The document outlines different types of power system disturbances and remedial measures needed to maintain stability.
IRJET- Analysis of Load Frequency Control for a Distributed Grid System Invol...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants using conventional and fuzzy logic controllers. It models a three-area system with area 1 containing a thermal plant, area 2 containing a hydro plant, and area 3 containing wind generation. It simulates the system responses to a 1% load disturbance in one area using each controller and compares the undershoot and settling time. The fuzzy logic controller provides better dynamic response with lower undershoot, overshoot, and faster settling time compared to the conventional PI controller. This shows fuzzy logic control is more effective at maintaining frequency stability in an interconnected power system with various generation sources.
Phasor measurement unit and it's application pptKhurshid Parwez
The effective operation of power systems in the present and the future depends to a large extent on how well the emerging challenges are met today. Power systems continue to be stressed as they are operated in many instances at or near their full capacities. In order to keep power systems operating in secure and economic conditions, it is necessary to further improve power system protection and control system. Phasor measurement unit (PMUs), introduced into power system as a useful tool for monitoring the performance of power system, has been proved its value in the extensive applications of electric power system. In response, a research program that is specifically aimed at using PMU to improve the power system protection and control. To ensure that the proposed research program is responsive to particular industry needs in this area, and participants of the workshop identified two major research areas in which technological and institutional solutions are needed: 1) PMU implementation, 2) PMU applications. It’s recommends research, design, and development (RD&D) projects in this report. The objective of these projects is to improve the reliability of local and wide transmission grid by enabling and enhancing the system protection and control schemes by using PMU measurement data, reduce the economic burden of utilizes to implement PMUs.
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
This document discusses wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) and their components. WAMS use phasor measurement units (PMU) synchronized by GPS to measure voltage and currents across large areas of the power grid. A phasor data concentrator (PDC) collects PMU data and performs monitoring, alarming, event triggering, and quality checks. WAMS allow real-time monitoring of grid dynamics to detect and prevent instability issues, providing benefits over traditional SCADA systems with slower sampling. The document reviews several WAMS implementations at utilities in countries like Finland, Switzerland, Croatia, Austria, and Thailand.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
PMUs provide time-synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors at high sampling rates to improve situational awareness over traditional SCADA. However, there are several challenges to widespread PMU adoption including a lack of standards resulting in diverse utility requirements, high upfront investment costs, and difficulties in optimally placing PMUs and visualizing large volumes of data. Computational challenges also exist for applications like oscillation monitoring and online stability assessment that require processing PMU measurements.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
This document discusses the benefits of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology for various power grid applications. PMU technology provides real-time monitoring of power systems using high-resolution synchronized phasor measurements. This allows grid operators to monitor system conditions in real-time and prevent problems like voltage instability. The document outlines applications of PMUs, including tools to help operators avoid instability issues and monitor generator response during frequency disturbances. It also presents the architecture of wide-area monitoring, protection and control systems which integrate PMU data.
This document discusses condition monitoring systems for fixed-speed wind turbines up to 1,500 kW. It introduces the VIBNODE® Wind system, which continuously monitors vibration and other parameters over the entire operating range of wind turbines. VIBNODE® Wind autonomously performs in-depth analysis and preliminary evaluations of measurement data. It automatically sends alerts and data to a central diagnostic center without requiring large data transfers. VIBNODE® Wind is a cost-effective condition monitoring solution for small wind turbines.
Deep learning techniques like deep belief networks and deep autoencoders are being applied by UTC to problems in aerospace and building systems. Specifically, deep belief networks are used for aircraft sensor diagnostics, prognostic health monitoring of elevators, and chiller power estimation. Deep autoencoders are used with elevator sensor data for predictive maintenance. The applications demonstrate the potential of deep learning for analyzing large amounts of industrial sensor data.
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring a...journalBEEI
This document discusses wide area monitoring and control (WAMC) in smart grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It outlines several applications of PMU-based WAMC including voltage stability monitoring, oscillation monitoring, and fault detection/location. It also discusses challenges of implementing WAMC including data handling of large PMU data streams and communication delays over different network infrastructures that can impact system control performance. Overall, the document provides an overview of the potential applications and technical challenges of deploying PMU-based WAMC in modern power systems.
A CAN BUS BASED SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN WIND TURBINE Own preparations
A CAN based architecture is designed for the purpose of intensive monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind turbine. It provides a full automation system. CAN (Controller Area Network) Bus is a high speed serial data bus with high transmission rate. CAN Bus interface technique with an integration of electro-mechanical subsystems that embeds network control systems is proposed along with ARM controller to monitor and diagnose the problems in the wind turbine application. CAN BUS will enable the data transmission between two units at the same time without any disturbances. The transmission time of data is decreased with this CAN protocol. ARM core1 (LPC2148) interfaced with CAN transceiver and wind turbine sensing units. ARM core2 is interfaced with fault diagnose and monitoring section. Weather Condition (WC) monitoring and Generation Voltage (GV) display is also added in this design. Data acquisition node collects the sensed data through CAN protocol. This technique reduces the possibility of fault and increase the monitoring of wind turbine.
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of Power Sys...IJECEIAES
This paper describes the importance of FACTS devices; it presents the outcome of the study of its reflectance on the performance of power system networks. It seeks to increase and guarantee the fact and accuracy of response systems under disturbance conditions when the phase measurement units are introduced as Real-Time Measurement (RTM) stations. This paper also describes the importance of FACTS devices. The combination of FACTS devices and PMUs is presented to increase the controllability performance of power systems. This paper demonstrates how PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. It provides, through a communication link, a Phase Angle Data Concentrator (PDC) to make an appropriate decision to correct the power system state using the FACTS device (TCSC). We utilized the Graph-Theoretic Algorithm to optimize the number and location of PMUs. The technique proposed was tested on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, Diyala City’s regional 10bus network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system. The MATLAB/PSAT package was utilized for the simulation of results. It is evident that our proposed algorithm and technique achieved the purpose of this paper as confirmed by the level of accuracy of the results obtained from most of the cases tested.
This document discusses using data mining algorithms to predict faults in wind turbines. It presents a three-stage process: 1) Predict any fault, 2) Predict specific faults, and 3) Identify unseen faults. The authors analyzed data from 17 wind turbines over 4 months using various data mining algorithms. Random forest algorithms provided the most accurate predictions. The models were validated on previously unseen fault data from the turbines. The research aims to help improve wind turbine operations and maintenance through condition-based fault prediction.
This paper presents a novel optimization technique using genetic algorithms to develop an optimized emergency defence plan for power systems. The technique determines the optimal combination of generator tripping, load shedding, and islanding to regain system stability following severe contingencies. It was applied to the Libyan power system using time-domain simulations to evaluate solutions. Results showed the optimized defence plan required less load shedding than the existing Libyan plan and improved system response during a 2003 blackout event.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Controller based Pitch...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for pitch angle control of a wind turbine connected to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system. A cascaded ANFIS-PI controller is introduced to control the wind turbine speed. The ANFIS controller integrates the advantages of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic controllers to better handle the non-linear dynamics of the system compared to a conventional PI controller. Simulations show that the ANFIS controller more efficiently controls the reactive power requirements and rotor speed of the PMSG-based system during grid disturbances compared to a PI controller alone.
Application of scada for system automation on smart grid rev2Ezechukwu Ukiwe
SCADA systems play a critical role in monitoring and controlling modern power grids and remain essential components of smart grid systems. SCADA provides real-time monitoring of power systems through continuous measurement of parameters across the network. It enables utilities to automate operations like load dispatching and frequency control. As power grids increase in complexity with smart grid technologies, SCADA takes on greater importance in integrating distributed generation, accommodating bidirectional power flows, and ensuring overall network reliability and security.
The Schneider Electric MetConsole® Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS) – a module of the company’s MetConsole Aviation Weather Suite – provides the reliable and timely information and alerting to the gust fronts, downbursts or microbursts induced by thunderstorms. It helps minimize disruptions, caused by these wind shear conditions, to aircraft flying below 1,000 feet while approaching and departing airports.
A Review on Energy Consumption Monitoring and Analysis SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses energy consumption monitoring and analysis systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines the phases of an energy audit from basic walkthrough surveys to complex modeling. It then discusses remote monitoring systems using wireless sensors for industries. The paper reviews available solutions and research being done to improve these systems. It provides details on how energy management systems work, including using multifunctional energy meters, data loggers, and monitoring software to analyze energy usage data from industries in order to identify opportunities to reduce consumption. Charts and figures are included to illustrate typical energy reports.
A transition from manual to Intelligent Automated power system operation -A I...IJECEIAES
This paper reviews the transition of the power system operation from the traditional manual mode of power system operations to the level where automation using Internet of Things (IOT) and intelligence using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is implemented. To make the review paper brief only indicative papers are chosen to cover multiple power system operation based implementation. Care is taken there is lesser repeatation of similar technology or application be reviewed. The indicative review is to take only a representative literature to bypass scrutinizing multiple literatures with similar objectives and methods. A brief review of the slow transition from the traditional to the intelligent automated way of carrying out power system operations like the energy audit, load forecasting, fault detection, power quality control, smart grid technology, islanding detection, energy management etc is discussed .The Mechanical Engineering Perspective on the basis of applications would be noticed in the paper although the energy management and power delivery concepts are electrical.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring Test Rig for Circuit Breaker OperationIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an automated monitoring system for circuit breakers that records voltage, current, and switching time data.
2) The system uses a microprocessor, sensors, and wireless communication to acquire and transmit data from multiple circuit breakers to a central computer for analysis.
3) Analyzing circuit breaker operation data and the sequence of events during faults can help evaluate breaker performance, detect issues, and ensure the power system's topology and protection operate as intended.
A vertical wind turbine monitoring system using commercial online digital das...IJECEIAES
The output of a green energy generator is required to be monitor continuously. The monitoring process is important because the performance of the energy gen- erator needs to be known and evaluate. However, monitoring the generator manu- ally and efficiently is troublesome. Moreover, when most of the energy generator located at uneasy to reach or at a very remote place. Added to the cost, human intervention for the monitoring process contributes to the unnecessary bill. All the highlighted limitations can be overcome using an internet cloud base system and application. Most of the existing data logging instruments use a memory card or personal computer in their operation. The stored data is accessible only at a dedicated computer alone. This work presented a complete energy generator interface with a commercial online digital dashboard. The digital dashboard, parameters of the wind turbine, such as the amount of power generates and the magnitude of instantaneous voltage can be monitored, and the recorded data can be accessed quickly, at any time and anyplace.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
LinkChamp DC-AC is the only Taiwan manufacture with a full range of
inverters from 150 watts to 20Kw using its patented Intelligent Microprocessor
soft start design for Dc-AC Power Inverters, Battery Chargers, and Solar
Charger/Inverters . At the QC Quality Control a staff of 19 assure 100% of all
devices are tested before shipping. OEM/ODM Capability is offered with all
devices CE,LVD,EMC and E-Mark accreditation.
Voltage Stability Assessment using Phasor Measurement Units in Power Network ...Satyendra Singh
This paper presents the assessment methodology for
voltage stability using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) with
complete system observability. For full power system
observability, the PMU placement is considered with and without
conventional power flow as well as injection measurement such
that minimum number of PMU’s is used. Data obtained by
PMU’s are used for voltage stability assessment with the help of
L-Index. As the PMU gives real time voltage and current phasors
and L-index is dependent on voltage and admittance values, thus
the L-index so obtained can be used as real time voltage stability
indicator. The case study has been carried out on IEEE-14 bus
system.
This document discusses wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) and their components. WAMS use phasor measurement units (PMU) synchronized by GPS to measure voltage and currents across large areas of the power grid. A phasor data concentrator (PDC) collects PMU data and performs monitoring, alarming, event triggering, and quality checks. WAMS allow real-time monitoring of grid dynamics to detect and prevent instability issues, providing benefits over traditional SCADA systems with slower sampling. The document reviews several WAMS implementations at utilities in countries like Finland, Switzerland, Croatia, Austria, and Thailand.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
PMUs provide time-synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors at high sampling rates to improve situational awareness over traditional SCADA. However, there are several challenges to widespread PMU adoption including a lack of standards resulting in diverse utility requirements, high upfront investment costs, and difficulties in optimally placing PMUs and visualizing large volumes of data. Computational challenges also exist for applications like oscillation monitoring and online stability assessment that require processing PMU measurements.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
This document discusses the benefits of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology for various power grid applications. PMU technology provides real-time monitoring of power systems using high-resolution synchronized phasor measurements. This allows grid operators to monitor system conditions in real-time and prevent problems like voltage instability. The document outlines applications of PMUs, including tools to help operators avoid instability issues and monitor generator response during frequency disturbances. It also presents the architecture of wide-area monitoring, protection and control systems which integrate PMU data.
This document discusses condition monitoring systems for fixed-speed wind turbines up to 1,500 kW. It introduces the VIBNODE® Wind system, which continuously monitors vibration and other parameters over the entire operating range of wind turbines. VIBNODE® Wind autonomously performs in-depth analysis and preliminary evaluations of measurement data. It automatically sends alerts and data to a central diagnostic center without requiring large data transfers. VIBNODE® Wind is a cost-effective condition monitoring solution for small wind turbines.
Deep learning techniques like deep belief networks and deep autoencoders are being applied by UTC to problems in aerospace and building systems. Specifically, deep belief networks are used for aircraft sensor diagnostics, prognostic health monitoring of elevators, and chiller power estimation. Deep autoencoders are used with elevator sensor data for predictive maintenance. The applications demonstrate the potential of deep learning for analyzing large amounts of industrial sensor data.
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring a...journalBEEI
This document discusses wide area monitoring and control (WAMC) in smart grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It outlines several applications of PMU-based WAMC including voltage stability monitoring, oscillation monitoring, and fault detection/location. It also discusses challenges of implementing WAMC including data handling of large PMU data streams and communication delays over different network infrastructures that can impact system control performance. Overall, the document provides an overview of the potential applications and technical challenges of deploying PMU-based WAMC in modern power systems.
A CAN BUS BASED SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN WIND TURBINE Own preparations
A CAN based architecture is designed for the purpose of intensive monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind turbine. It provides a full automation system. CAN (Controller Area Network) Bus is a high speed serial data bus with high transmission rate. CAN Bus interface technique with an integration of electro-mechanical subsystems that embeds network control systems is proposed along with ARM controller to monitor and diagnose the problems in the wind turbine application. CAN BUS will enable the data transmission between two units at the same time without any disturbances. The transmission time of data is decreased with this CAN protocol. ARM core1 (LPC2148) interfaced with CAN transceiver and wind turbine sensing units. ARM core2 is interfaced with fault diagnose and monitoring section. Weather Condition (WC) monitoring and Generation Voltage (GV) display is also added in this design. Data acquisition node collects the sensed data through CAN protocol. This technique reduces the possibility of fault and increase the monitoring of wind turbine.
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of Power Sys...IJECEIAES
This paper describes the importance of FACTS devices; it presents the outcome of the study of its reflectance on the performance of power system networks. It seeks to increase and guarantee the fact and accuracy of response systems under disturbance conditions when the phase measurement units are introduced as Real-Time Measurement (RTM) stations. This paper also describes the importance of FACTS devices. The combination of FACTS devices and PMUs is presented to increase the controllability performance of power systems. This paper demonstrates how PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. It provides, through a communication link, a Phase Angle Data Concentrator (PDC) to make an appropriate decision to correct the power system state using the FACTS device (TCSC). We utilized the Graph-Theoretic Algorithm to optimize the number and location of PMUs. The technique proposed was tested on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, Diyala City’s regional 10bus network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system. The MATLAB/PSAT package was utilized for the simulation of results. It is evident that our proposed algorithm and technique achieved the purpose of this paper as confirmed by the level of accuracy of the results obtained from most of the cases tested.
This document discusses using data mining algorithms to predict faults in wind turbines. It presents a three-stage process: 1) Predict any fault, 2) Predict specific faults, and 3) Identify unseen faults. The authors analyzed data from 17 wind turbines over 4 months using various data mining algorithms. Random forest algorithms provided the most accurate predictions. The models were validated on previously unseen fault data from the turbines. The research aims to help improve wind turbine operations and maintenance through condition-based fault prediction.
This paper presents a novel optimization technique using genetic algorithms to develop an optimized emergency defence plan for power systems. The technique determines the optimal combination of generator tripping, load shedding, and islanding to regain system stability following severe contingencies. It was applied to the Libyan power system using time-domain simulations to evaluate solutions. Results showed the optimized defence plan required less load shedding than the existing Libyan plan and improved system response during a 2003 blackout event.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Controller based Pitch...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for pitch angle control of a wind turbine connected to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system. A cascaded ANFIS-PI controller is introduced to control the wind turbine speed. The ANFIS controller integrates the advantages of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic controllers to better handle the non-linear dynamics of the system compared to a conventional PI controller. Simulations show that the ANFIS controller more efficiently controls the reactive power requirements and rotor speed of the PMSG-based system during grid disturbances compared to a PI controller alone.
Application of scada for system automation on smart grid rev2Ezechukwu Ukiwe
SCADA systems play a critical role in monitoring and controlling modern power grids and remain essential components of smart grid systems. SCADA provides real-time monitoring of power systems through continuous measurement of parameters across the network. It enables utilities to automate operations like load dispatching and frequency control. As power grids increase in complexity with smart grid technologies, SCADA takes on greater importance in integrating distributed generation, accommodating bidirectional power flows, and ensuring overall network reliability and security.
The Schneider Electric MetConsole® Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS) – a module of the company’s MetConsole Aviation Weather Suite – provides the reliable and timely information and alerting to the gust fronts, downbursts or microbursts induced by thunderstorms. It helps minimize disruptions, caused by these wind shear conditions, to aircraft flying below 1,000 feet while approaching and departing airports.
A Review on Energy Consumption Monitoring and Analysis SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses energy consumption monitoring and analysis systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines the phases of an energy audit from basic walkthrough surveys to complex modeling. It then discusses remote monitoring systems using wireless sensors for industries. The paper reviews available solutions and research being done to improve these systems. It provides details on how energy management systems work, including using multifunctional energy meters, data loggers, and monitoring software to analyze energy usage data from industries in order to identify opportunities to reduce consumption. Charts and figures are included to illustrate typical energy reports.
A transition from manual to Intelligent Automated power system operation -A I...IJECEIAES
This paper reviews the transition of the power system operation from the traditional manual mode of power system operations to the level where automation using Internet of Things (IOT) and intelligence using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is implemented. To make the review paper brief only indicative papers are chosen to cover multiple power system operation based implementation. Care is taken there is lesser repeatation of similar technology or application be reviewed. The indicative review is to take only a representative literature to bypass scrutinizing multiple literatures with similar objectives and methods. A brief review of the slow transition from the traditional to the intelligent automated way of carrying out power system operations like the energy audit, load forecasting, fault detection, power quality control, smart grid technology, islanding detection, energy management etc is discussed .The Mechanical Engineering Perspective on the basis of applications would be noticed in the paper although the energy management and power delivery concepts are electrical.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring Test Rig for Circuit Breaker OperationIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an automated monitoring system for circuit breakers that records voltage, current, and switching time data.
2) The system uses a microprocessor, sensors, and wireless communication to acquire and transmit data from multiple circuit breakers to a central computer for analysis.
3) Analyzing circuit breaker operation data and the sequence of events during faults can help evaluate breaker performance, detect issues, and ensure the power system's topology and protection operate as intended.
A vertical wind turbine monitoring system using commercial online digital das...IJECEIAES
The output of a green energy generator is required to be monitor continuously. The monitoring process is important because the performance of the energy gen- erator needs to be known and evaluate. However, monitoring the generator manu- ally and efficiently is troublesome. Moreover, when most of the energy generator located at uneasy to reach or at a very remote place. Added to the cost, human intervention for the monitoring process contributes to the unnecessary bill. All the highlighted limitations can be overcome using an internet cloud base system and application. Most of the existing data logging instruments use a memory card or personal computer in their operation. The stored data is accessible only at a dedicated computer alone. This work presented a complete energy generator interface with a commercial online digital dashboard. The digital dashboard, parameters of the wind turbine, such as the amount of power generates and the magnitude of instantaneous voltage can be monitored, and the recorded data can be accessed quickly, at any time and anyplace.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
LinkChamp DC-AC is the only Taiwan manufacture with a full range of
inverters from 150 watts to 20Kw using its patented Intelligent Microprocessor
soft start design for Dc-AC Power Inverters, Battery Chargers, and Solar
Charger/Inverters . At the QC Quality Control a staff of 19 assure 100% of all
devices are tested before shipping. OEM/ODM Capability is offered with all
devices CE,LVD,EMC and E-Mark accreditation.
Boruto: The Next Generations - Capítulo 1 [Naruto 3GP]Vitor Figueiredo
O documento fornece um link para um blogspot que contém episódios do anime Naruto em formato 3GP. O blogspot parece conter vídeos de episódios completos do popular anime japonês Naruto em um formato de vídeo compacto para dispositivos móveis.
Small wind power for rural locations - part 2Hanan E. Levy
This document outlines a two-hour presentation on wind energy harvesting basics and its application for off-grid systems. The presentation will include an example project outlining the steps to design a wind energy system including estimating the wind resource, needs, turbine sizing, choosing AC/DC, battery bank sizing, inverter sizing, economics, comparing products, and reviewing case studies from organizations in countries like Peru, Zimbabwe, Israel and Palestine.
1. The document discusses the components of an x-ray generator, including a high tension generator and rectification system. It describes how alternating current is generated and then rectified to produce direct current needed to power the x-ray tube.
2. Key components are the step-up transformer, which increases voltage, the rectifier circuit, which converts AC to DC, and the step-down transformer to provide lower voltage for the filament.
3. The document explains different transformer types like autotransformer and the principles of electromagnetic induction that transformers use to change voltage levels in the x-ray circuit.
When designing generator systems, consulting engineers must ensure that the generators and the building electrical systems that they support are appropriate for the specific application. Whether providing standby power for health care facilities or prime power for rural processing plants, engineers must make decisions regarding generator sizing, load types, whether generators should be paralleled, fuel storage, switching scenarios, and many other criteria. In addition to being up to speed on the applicable codes, consulting engineers must work with the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) to ensure approval for the generator system is attained.
NEW STATCOM CONTROL SCHEME FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIND FARM.sannuthi yaramapu
Now a days we are facing so many problems with power quality issues. So in order to mitigate these problems and to improve the power quality we are using new STATCOM control scheme in wind farm.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the origins of winds and factors that affect wind distribution. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) including the rotor, nacelle, tower, and foundation. It also discusses Betz's law on turbine efficiency and introduces vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative design.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on wind power cars. It introduces the concept of a wind power car that converts wind energy to electrical energy using wind turbines and valves. The first wind-powered car race took place in 2008 in the Netherlands. It describes the working principles of how wind is harnessed and converted to electricity to power the car. Advantages are that it is renewable and produces no pollution, while disadvantages include variable wind strength and potential negative impacts on landscapes. The conclusion is that wind power cars can provide an alternative fuel source and be more environmentally friendly if adopted more widely.
Performance Analysis of Faults Detection in Wind Turbine Generator Based on H...chokrio
Electrical energy production based on wind power has become the most popular renewable resources in the recent years because it gets reliable clean energy with minimum cost. The major challenge for wind turbines is the electrical and the mechanical failures which can occur at any time causing prospective breakdowns and damages and therefore it leads to machine downtimes and to energy production loss. To circumvent this problem, several tools and techniques have been developed and used to enhance fault detection and diagnosis to be found in the stator current signature for wind turbines generators. Among these methods, parametric or super-resolution frequency estimation methods, which provides typical spectrum estimation, can be useful for this purpose. Facing on the plurality of these algorithms, a comparative performance analysis is made to evaluate robustness based on different metrics: accuracy, dispersion, computation cost, perturbations and faults severity. Finally, simulation results in MATLAB with most occurring faults indicate that ESPRIT and R-MUSIC algorithms have high capability of correctly identifying the frequencies of fault characteristic components, a performance ranking had been carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of the studied methods in faults detecting.
ESPRIT Method Enhancement for Real-time Wind Turbine Fault RecognitionIAES-IJPEDS
Early fault diagnosis plays a very important role in the modern energy production systems. The wind turbine machine requires a regular maintenance to guarantee an acceptable lifetime and to minimize production loss. In order to implement a fast, proactive condition monitoring, ESPRIT- TLS method seems the correct choice due to its robustness in improving the frequency and amplitude detection. Nevertheless, it has a very complex computation to implement in real time. To avoid this problem, a Fast- ESPRIT algorithm that combined the IIR band-pass filtering technique, the decimation technique and the original ESPRIT-TLS method were employed to enhance extracting accurately frequencies and their magnitudes from the wind stator current. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated by computer simulations with many fault scenarios. Study results demonstrate the performance of Fast-ESPRIT allowing fast and high resolution harmonics identification with minimum computation time and less memory cost.
Compared to a time-based maintenance schedule, condition-based
maintenance provides better diagnostic information on the health condition
of the different wind turbine components and subsystems. Rather than using
an offline condition monitoring technique, which require the WT to be taken
out of service, online condition monitoring does not require any interruption
on the WT operation. The online condition monitoring system uses different
types of sensors such as vibration, acoustic, temperature, current/voltage etc.
Using a machine learning approach, we aim to establish a data driven fault
prognosis framework. Instead of traditional wired communications, wireless
communication systems such as wireless sensor network have the advantages
of easier installation and lower capital cost. We propose the use of WSN for
collecting and transmitting the condition monitoring data to enhance the
reliability of wind parks. Using data driven approach the collective health of
the WP can be represented based on the condition of the individual wind
turbines, which can be used for predicting the remaining useful life of the
system.
This document describes a condition monitoring system for induction motors that uses both vibration and electrical signals for fault diagnosis. The system includes an embedded device that acquires real-time vibration and electrical data from sensors attached to the motor. It then uses these signals to perform both operating condition monitoring and fault diagnosis analysis. For condition monitoring, it assesses the motor's health based on vibration levels. If an abnormality is detected, it uses a hybrid approach involving both vibration and electrical signals to classify the specific type of fault, such as stator, rotor, bearing, or eccentricity issues. The system is intended to help maintenance workers more efficiently diagnose problems and schedule repairs.
DESIGN THINKING ON FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF FLOATING WIND TURBINE GENERATOR USING A...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial intelligence techniques for fault diagnosis of floating wind turbine generators. It proposes an intelligent fault diagnosis system framework based on AI technology. Specifically, it suggests using an expert system knowledge base and artificial neural networks. Neural networks can continuously learn from the expert system data to improve diagnosis efficiency and accuracy over time. The document provides background on AI and neural networks, reviews related literature, and describes common hardware components used in wind turbine generators like temperature sensors, vibration sensors and PIC microcontrollers.
Condition Monitoring of DC Motor using Artificial Intelligence Techniqueijsrd.com
The complexity of most steel industry always tends to create a problem in monitoring and supervision system. Prompt fault detection and diagnosis is a best way to handle and tackle this problem. Dc motor plays a very vital role in steel industry and there is a strong demand for their reliable and safe operation. The history of fault diagnosis and protection of electrical machines is as old as such machines themselves. However, nowadays, condition monitoring of electrical machines has become increasingly essential. It plays a very important role in their safe operation and helps to avoid heavy production losses in industry. The conditioning monitoring and fault-detection techniques of electrical machines have moved in recent years into artificial intelligence techniques. When an artificial intelligence technique is used, fault detection and evaluation can be accomplished without an expert. In this paper, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are used to build a condition monitoring system that has incremental learning capabilities. The condition-monitoring of dc motor using AI technique schemes have concentrated on sensing specific failure modes in field windings.
Monitoring wind turbine using wi fi network for reliable communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Review on Different Techniques for Differential Protection of Power TransformerIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for differential protection of power transformers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of protecting expensive power transformers from internal faults. It then summarizes several existing techniques for digital relaying, including signal processing methods, model-based techniques, and artificial neural networks. The remainder of the document discusses specific techniques in more detail, including methods using current and voltage ratios, wavelet transforms, second central moment analysis, convolutional neural networks, and wavelet energy entropy. Each technique is evaluated based on its ability to quickly and reliably distinguish between internal faults and transient events like inrush currents. The reviewed methods generally demonstrate improved performance over traditional techniques in differentiating fault types and avoiding maloperation.
As the world's energy demand rises, so does the amount of renewable energy, particularly wind energy, in the supply. The life cycle of wind farms starting from manufacturing the components to decommission stage involve significant involvement of cost and the application of AI and data analytics are on reducing these costs are limited. With this conference talk, the audience expected to know some of the interesting applications of AI and data analytics on offshore wind. And, also highlight the future challenges and opportunities. This conference could be useful for students, academics and researcher who want to make next career in offshore wind but yet know where to start.
A Survey on Smart DRIP Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on a proposed smart drip irrigation system. The key points are:
1) The proposed system uses sensors to monitor soil conditions and weather. It sends this data to an Android app via a base station to allow remote control and monitoring of the irrigation system.
2) The smart system aims to automate irrigation based on environmental conditions rather than schedules, reducing water use and increasing crop yields.
3) Researchers believe this Internet of Things approach could make irrigation more efficient and beneficial for farmers by allowing remote control from any location.
This document discusses potential applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to aircraft systems. It describes how WSNs could be used for distributed aircraft engine control systems, replacing wired connections between sensors and controllers. WSNs may also enable new engine health monitoring and maintenance approaches through real-time sensor data collection. Finally, the document explores how WSNs could support future "fly-by-wireless" flight control systems, increasing sensor capabilities while reducing weight. However, significant technological challenges around high temperature electronics, communication reliability, and certification of safety-critical systems must still be addressed.
This document discusses a study that uses a hybrid CNN-LSTM attention model with quantile regression to predict faults in electrical machines by analyzing time series sensor data. The model aims to better manage uncertainties in the data compared to traditional models. Researchers collected vibration data from sensors on a real electrical machine measuring variations in three axes. They preprocessed the data using empirical wavelet transform and Savitzky-Golay filtering to extract relevant features and reduce noise. The hybrid deep learning model was trained on this data and used with quantile regression and anomaly detection algorithms to predict faults and provide probability levels to machine operators. The study aims to help optimize maintenance scheduling and improve electrical machine performance.
Fault Management of Electrical Drives Onboard Ship using Power Line Communica...IRJET Journal
The document proposes using power line communication to monitor and control electrical drives onboard ships. Sensors would monitor parameters like speed and direction of electric drives and transmit the data over existing power lines to a centralized control room. This approach allows for fault detection and management of electrical drives from a remote location while avoiding additional communication cables onboard.
Monitoring of power transformers using thermal model and permission time of ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the problem of increasing the reliability of electricity supply to consumers. Uninterrupted power supply to electricity consumers depends on the reliability of power supply system in general and power transformers in particular, the accident rate of which is quite high. The causes of the problem are the location of transformer substations at a considerable distance from the service centers, their spreading out over a large area, missing information about the current modes of their operation and so on. One of the ways to solve this problem is development and implementation a system for continuous diagnostics of power transformers. Failure analysis of power transformer based on fault tree is considered, the diagnostic parameters are determined. The insulation wear rate and permission operating time under overload have been defined with help of equivalent heat circuit. It is proposed to use a permission time as a parameter to diagnose the operation mode and increase the efficiency of maintenance of substations through remote monitoring based on the global service mobile (GSM) network. Remote diagnostics allows to receive an information about emergency situation timely. It helps to reduce operating costs, to ensure the reliability and quality of electricity supply for consumers.
Arc Fault and Flash Signal Analysis and Detection in DC Distribution Systems ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach for detecting arc faults and flashes in DC distribution systems using wavelet transform and fuzzy logic. The researchers designed a model of an arc condition and analyzed the arc voltage using wavelet transform. Wavelet analysis was able to extract features of the signal that were then used to design a fuzzy rule base. This approach allows for arc fault detection by analyzing features in the PV output voltage. The full system was implemented and tested in MATLAB. The proposed method uses wavelet transform for spectral energy calibration of arc faults, which provides a more detectable signal signature compared to other techniques. This allows for accurate arc fault analysis and classification in DC systems.
Autonomous sensor nodes for Structural Health Monitoring of bridgesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using autonomous sensor nodes and wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring of bridges. It aims to detect damage in structures early through continuous monitoring. Sensor nodes containing microcontrollers, temperature, vibration and pressure sensors would be attached to bridges and transmit data wirelessly. This would make inspections more efficient and improve safety by identifying issues early. The document reviews related work using similar wireless sensor network systems for structural monitoring. It discusses the need for such monitoring in India given the increasing construction of large buildings and infrastructure. The objectives are outlined as detecting, locating, identifying and quantifying any damage. Hardware and software components are listed including ESP32 microcontrollers and sensors to measure temperature, vibration and pressure.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Smart Substation with Automatic Monitoring, Smart Controlling and Overload Pr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed smart substation system with automatic monitoring, controlling, and overload protection of transformers using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The key aspects covered include:
- The system uses sensors to collect data from the substation which is processed by PLCs and transmitted to the SCADA system for monitoring and control.
- SCADA provides an interface for operators to remotely monitor the system in real-time and control equipment as needed. It can detect abnormalities and alert operators.
- PLC acts as the "brain" of the system and works with SCADA to automate monitoring and controlling of the power distribution network
Design of an Advanced Phasor Data Concentrator for Monitoring of Distributed ...Reza Pourramezan
Published in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
2017
Authors: Reza Pourramezan, Younes Seyedi, Houshang Karimi, Guchuan Zhu, and Michel Mont-Briant
DOI: 10.1109/TII.2017.2697438
Inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults on the induction machine has received much attention in the recent years. Early detection of such faults in wind turbine systems would allow to avoid fluctuation on wind power output and maintain the reliability level. In this paper, Sliding Mode Observers (SMO)-based fault detection and isolation method is developed for induction generator (IG)-based variable-speed grid-connected wind turbines. Firstly, the dynamic model of the wind turbine and IG was given and then, the control was made based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method. The IG closed-loop via Indirect Rotor Flux Oriented Control (IRFOC) scheme was also described. Hence, the performance of the wind turbine system and the stability of injected power to the grid were analyzed under the ITSC fault conditions. The control schemes were proved to be inherently unstable under the faulty conditions. Then, robust SMO were investigated to design an ITSC fault detection and isolation scheme. Finally, simulation results of ITSC detection and isolation in the variable-speed grid-connected wind turbine with affected IG confirm the theoretical development.
Similar to Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbines (20)
Energy Efficient Enhancement of TDEEC Wireless Sensors Network Protocol Based...chokrio
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks are two important wireless technologies which have a wide variety of applications in current and in future systems. By integration of these technologies, it is
feasible to improve the operating functionalities. In the heterogeneous network, the need to apply the balancing of
energy consumption across all nodes is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the lifetime of the network .The most part of the network energy is consumed in the localization and in the communication stages, when nodes are sending HELLO packet, this energy can be recovered by implementing a passive RFID circuit in each node. This approach extends the network lifetime and increase the number of packet messages sent to the base station. Computer simulation in MATLAB with different scenarios comparison shows that the proposed method presents an efficient solution to enhance the energy network performance.
Fuzzy Logic Approach to Improving Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Hete...chokrio
The wireless sensor network is composed of a set of nodes which energy is limited in terms of computing, storage and communication power. In this network, a few nodes become cluster head which causes the energetic heterogeneity of the network, therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable as soon as the life of the first node is elapsed. SEP has proposed the extension of time to network stability before the death of the first node and the reduction of unstable time before
the death of the last node. This protocol is based on the election
of cluster head by the balance of the probabilities of the
remaining energy for each node. In this paper, we propose to improve SEP by fuzzy logic (SEP-FL). We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed method increases the stability period and decreases the instability of the sensor network compared with LEACH, LEACH-FL and SEP taking into account the energy level and the distance to the base station. We conclude by studying the parameters of heterogeneity as the protocol proposed (SEP-FL) provides a longer interval of stability for large values of additional energy brought by the more powerful nodes (advanced).
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING LIFETIME IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ...chokrio
The major challenge for wireless sensor networks is energy consumption minimization. Wireless transmission consumes much more of energy. In the clustered network, a few nodes become cluster heads which causes the energetic heterogeneity. Therefore the behavior of the sensor network becomes very unstable. Hence, the need to apply the balancing of energy consumption across all nodes of the heterogeneous network is very important to prevent the death of those nodes and thereafter increase the
lifetime of the network. DEEC (Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering) is one of routing protocols
designed to extend the stability time of the network by reducing energy consumption. A disadvantage of
DEEC, which doesn’t takes into account the cluster size and the density of nodes in this cluster to elect the
cluster heads. When multiple cluster heads are randomly selected within a small area, a big extra energy
loss occurs. The amount of lost energy is approximately proportional to the number of cluster heads in this
area. In this paper, we propose to improve DEEC by a modified energy efficient algorithm for choosing
cluster heads that exclude a number of low energy levels nodes due to their distribution density and their
dimensions area. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases the number of
received messages and prolong the lifetime of the network compared to DEEC. We conclude by studying
the parameters of heterogeneity that proposed technique provides a longer stability period which increases
by increasing the number of nodes which are excluded from the cluster head selection.
Efficiency Evaluation Metrics for Wireless Intelligent Sensors Applicationschokrio
The metrology field has been progressed with the
appearance of the wireless intelligent sensor systems providing more capabilities such as signal processing, remote multisensing fusion etc. This kind of devices is rapidly making their way into medical and industrial monitoring, collision avoidance, traffic control, automotive and others applications. However, numerous design challenges for wireless intelligent sensors systems are imposed to overcome the physical limitations in data traffic, such as system noise, real time communication,
signal attenuation, response dynamics, power consumption, and effective conversion rates etc, especially for applications requiring specific performances. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of the mentioned sensing devices systems which stands for superior measurement, more accuracy and reliability. Study findings prescribe researchers, developers/ engineers and users to realizing an optimal sensing motes design strategy that offers operational advantages which can offer cost-effective solutions for an application.
The document discusses various wireless communication technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G/4G networks, RFID, WIMAX, and WAP. It provides information on each technology such as how they transmit data wirelessly, their typical range, and common uses. Wireless communication allows data transfer without wires by using techniques like radio waves, infrared light, and radio frequency identification. Public wireless internet access points also allow wireless internet connectivity in various locations.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbines
1. International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2014] 1
Journal Homepage: www.ijcst.org
Saad Chakkor1, Mostafa Baghouri2 and Hajraoui Abderrahmane3
1,2,3University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics,
Communication and Detection Systems Laboratory, Tetouan, Morocco
1saadchakkor@gmail.com, 2baghouri.mostafa@gmail.com, 3ad_hajraoui@hotmail.com
Abstract— In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Index Terms— Embedded System, Monitoring, Wind Turbine, Faults Diagnosis, TCP/IP Protocol, Real Time and Web
I. INTRODUCTION
N front of the huge increase demand in energy over the world, and in order to search a substitutional kind of energy against the prices rise of the energy fossil fuels resources and its exhaustion reserves in the long term. Furthermore, the commitment of the governments to reduce greenhouse gases emissions has favored the research of others energy sources. The recourse to renewable energy becomes a societal choice. The development of this alternative is encouraged because it offers natural, economic, clean and safe resources. Among the renewable energies, wind energy has been progressed in a remarkable way in these recent years. It provides a considerable electrical energy production with less expense a part from the construction and maintenance budget. Nowadays, wind energy investment has increased by the multiplication of the wind parks capacities. This contributes greatly to the expansion of terrestrial and offshore wind parks which are usually installed in far locations, difficult to access and subject to extreme environmental conditions [1]. Wind turbines contain a complex
electromechanical system which is prone to defects. Therefore, their monitoring and diagnosis become essential to reduce maintenance costs and ensure continuity of production because stopping a wind installation for unexpected failures could lead to expensive repair and to lost production [2]. This operating stopping becomes critical and causes very significant losses. For these reasons, there is an increase need to implement a robust efficient remote maintenance strategy to guarantee uninterrupted power in the modern wind systems [3]. This online surveillance allows an early detection of mechanical and electrical faults. It must be able to prevent major component failures. That facilitates a proactive response, anticipates the final shutdown of wind generators, minimizes downtime and maximizes productivity by analyzing continuously the measured physical signals collected from different types of sensors [4], [5], [6]. This is why reliability of wind turbines becomes an important topic in scientific research and in industry. Most of the recent researches have been oriented toward electrical monitoring, as it would be the most practical technique and less costly. Another powerful tool used for diagnosis of an induction motor or generator is current stator analysis (CSA) [1], [4], [5], [6], [7]. It utilizes the result of the spectral analysis of the stator current to indicate an existing or incipient failure. Moreover, with recent digital signal processor (DSP) and wireless communication technology developments, it is possible to detect electric machine faults prior to possible catastrophic failure in real-time based on the stator line current allowing precise and low-cost [7]. The main objective of this paper is to study the design of a real time monitoring and controlling system for state supervision of wind generator machines which integrates intelligence and robustness functions.
II. RELATED WORK
In the literature review, few of research studies have been developed to analyze the theoretical aspects of the application part in condition monitoring of wind turbines operating [1], [8], [9], [16]. As known, these faults cause a modulation impact in the magnetic field of the wind generator, which is reflected by
I
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbines
ISSN 2047-3338
2. Saad Chakkor et al. 2
the appearance of a significant harmonics (peaks) in the stator current spectrum [3]. Some research works are applying enhanced signal processing techniques like Fast Fourier Transform method (FFT), Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), periodogram, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Wigner-Ville representation, Concordia Transform (CT) and the Hilbert-Huang transform and other advanced tools based on wind generator stator current to diagnose prospective electromechanical faults under transient conditions [3], [6], [14], [15]. Besides, in [2] a statistical diagnosis approach is proposed based on residues analysis of the electrical machine state variables by the use of the Principal Components Analysis method (PCA) for faults detection in offshore wind turbine generator. The main drawback of this approach is that the detection efficiency requires a good choice of the principal components number. Some researchers are proposed failures diagnosis and monitoring of wind turbines generators using impedance spectroscopy (IS) [17-21]. Due mainly to their advantages, high resolution methods (HRM) such as MUSIC, ESPRIT and their zooming techniques having high accuracy can detect frequencies with low SNR [21], [22], [24]. They have been recently introduced in the area of induction motors and wind generators faults diagnosis to improve the detection of a large number of frequencies in a given bandwidth. Other practical research techniques are used to solve online maintenance problems with the help of real time by integration of the Wireless Sensor Network and the industrial communication protocols in wind turbines diagnosis [10-13], [20], [23]. This paper presents an intelligent remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system for wind turbine using real time hardware based on a wireless communication module.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The current maintenance planning based online monitoring systems used in wind parks is not optimized. It has several limitations both in terms of performance and installation cost. This is the result of various reasons:
Cable structure monitoring with its problems (cuts, noise, and configuration), mainly through fiber optic, is not effective and not appropriate since wind parks are often deployed over a large geographic area having environmental obstacles such as offshore, desert, mountains, rivers, forests and plains that are located far away from the control center.
Wind turbines monitoring need to implement a proactive maintenance system based on an early, fast and real time fault detection and diagnosis, allowing a secure and reliable communication for better maintenance management. This strategy avoids failures leading to serious damages, expensive repair and production loss.
The storage of the monitored parameters in the control center database is a need, because it is an essential operation which helps to monitor accurately the lifetime of the wind turbine components. Therefore, it allows exploiting collected data for studying statistically the most
occurring faults and their timing.
To overcome these imposed application constraints, an interactive embedded system has been designed to provide an efficient, reliable and economical link between various wind turbine sensors for an accurate remote controlling and monitoring scheme.
IV. MONITORED PARAMETERS IN WIND TURBINE
Since the wind turbine machine is a complex system, it contains a large number of parameters to be monitored. Hence, to pursue and to control all functions of the wind turbine in order to ensure its optimum operation at any wind velocity, there is a strong need to install a set of sensors that collect performance data of the wind turbine continuously and then transmits it to an internal controller which is designed to allow local supervision and command in case the machine functions are required. In case of anomalies or errors, the data is stored in a database or log alarm, allowing error analysis of wind machine. The monitored parameters are acquired through ADC devices connected by means of the direct connection or by RS232 and USB interfaces of the computer or by a wireless connection. When a failure occurs inside the wind turbine, the controller reacts quickly to avoid the evolution of any type of defects. In this optic, a robust and reliable system must be developed leading to the possibility of real time and detecting faults accuracy in their incipient stages before they transform into more serious failures causing undesirable downtimes and damages. Table I encloses the list of sensors and the parameters monitored in wind turbine.
Table I: Monitored parameters
Parameter
Sensor
Bearing, gearbox lubrication
SKF Windlub
Windvane
INV-40A
Anemometer
INA-46A
Temperature, gear bearing
PT100
Temperature, generator
PT100
External Air Temperature
PT100
Temperature Nacelle
PT100
Temperature gear oil
PT100
Rotor speed (gear tooth)
EI 30 10 PPos, PNP
Generator speed
DU 10, EP, PNP
Pitch position (linear actuator)
Vert-X 22
Atmospheric Pressure
NRG #BP20, WXT520
Humidity
P14 SMD
Vibration
WLNJ-S2-G, HS-100
Hydraulic oil level
Gems LS600-150-NO-10
Fig. 1 gives a detailed description of the location of various sensors used in the monitoring of a wind machine. The current/voltage intelligent sensors, based on generator current stator spectral analysis (CSA), are used in cooperation with one bit vibration sensors for an early identifying of prospective occurring mechanical faults.
3. International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2014] 3
Fig. 1. Sensors localization scheme
V. DESIGN OF SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND NETWORK
The proposed system is an Intelligent Embedded System for Control and Remote Monitoring (IESCRM) that has the capability of processing, monitoring and controlling [29], this system finds its application in many field areas especially remote electromechanical condition monitoring of wind turbines in a park. It comprises sensors, microcontroller, memories, etc. It typically has a specialized function with programs stored on ROM. An added feature in this embedded system is its ability to communicate. The communication can be via Wi-Fi, GPRS, Wi-Max or Ethernet cables. The TCP/IP protocol is a widely used standard for modern digital communication. It provides real time data traffic. The main goal of this hardware is to make internet/IP enabled for the developed embedded device which serves as advanced remote data logger to be accessed remotely via workstation. The mentioned device will be interfaced with various sensors as illustrated in Table I.
Fig. 2. Block diagram of monitoring and control system Architecture
The measurements and control data are then communicated to the central server, which adopts client/server web and database frameworks, through an Ethernet or wireless connection. This server holds all the past data transmitted by the system using web pages. Fig. 2 illustrate the monitoring and control system architecture allowing online data transfer between the wind turbines and the control center. The designed interactive embedded hardware provides an efficient, reliable and economical link between various systems, sensors and actuators. The choice of the GPRS and Wi-Max protocols is justified by several reasons: first, wind parks are implemented on a large geographical area that can reach some kilometers. Thereafter, their remote monitoring requires a wide cover wireless communication protocol, and then the implementation of these communication technologies does not require any new infrastructure installation because it uses the mobile cellular telephony network 2.5G, 3G or 4G. Some differences existing between these two protocols are data rate and transmission time [25]. The sensors listed in table 1, are connected to the microcontroller which is used as a computer and the Ethernet chip ENC28J60 [28] is used to connect the microcontroller to LAN with Ethernet cable by an RJ45 port. Fig. 3 shows the interconnection of ENC28J60 with MCU.
Fig. 3. Ethernet Chip and MCU interconnection
The electrical power supply of the IESCRM module does not pose a problem because it can be powered by a rechargeable battery connected to an AC/DC conversion circuit of the current received from wind turbine during operation. Whereas, Wi-Max or GPRS module (like ZTE IX256-RJ45 Modem [26] for Wi-Max or SIM900A-RS232 Modem [27] for GPRS) are used to establish an online wireless internet connection with the base station server. The sensors are connected to the AN0-7 pins. The MCU is chosen from PIC24 family of microcontrollers because it has many advantages: large number of I/O pins, high memory space, built in ADC channels which make it easy for interfacing the sensors, developed using NanoWatt technology that reduces power consumption during operation. The LCD displays the current and any new IP address of the communication. The serial connection RS232 is used to configure the module (to change the IP address). It can also be used for debugging purposes. The IESCRM module is an automaton with integrated web server. Once programmed, it contains software consisting of web pages for configuring, monitoring and visualization of data measurements of the different sensors connected to this module. Both GPRS and Wi-Max are two IP based service protocols which can be used to access a range of IP services by running TCP/IP protocol stack, such as FTP, Web Browsing, Machine-to-Machine M2M and Simple Mail Transfer E-mail SMTP. TCP/IP Stack is divided into multiple layers. The code implementing each layer resides in a separate source file, while the services and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are defined through header/include files. Another protocol used in IESCRM module is HTTP which simply involves an exchange of text messages followed by the transfer of Web data via a TCP connection. To fetch a Web page, the browser opens a TCP
4. Saad Chakkor et al. 4
connection to server port 80, and then uses HTTP to send a request. The basic program which is localized in MCU EPROM runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. A MySQL/PHP Web/Database server based on APIs are used to implement adequate software through CGI protocol for interfacing external application software with an information web server. By this technique, the information regarding physical parameters is sensed from the sensors. This is received by microcontroller and is stored in CGI variables. These CGI variables can be accessed by CGI scripts running in web/database server. The data are stored in the MySQL database. Finally the required graphical representation of the data can be displayed interactively in the dynamic website as illustrated in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. CGI and Web Server connection with Database
The developed module offers several features that require a SIM card:
Access to web pages of the module via Ethernet connection, GPRS or Wi-Max
Sending alarm messages by e-mail via GPRS or Wi-Max
Sending alarm messages by SMS
The IESCRM module provides an early damage detection procedure that enables remote, automatic maintenance and control of a wind turbine hard to access, eliminating the need for an on-site service engineer to perform extra manual intervention. Reacting to the problems detected by this system. A condition monitoring specialist can set the proper alarm settings to trigger appropriate decision. If failures are detected such as empty or blocked lubrication pumps or torn feed lines or oil/grease levels, operators are notified immediately. In this case, depending on the type of fault and its severity, it will be necessary that the wind turbine controller takes an operating strategy of around four operational states:
On
Pause
Off
Emergency
VI. CIRCUIT DESIGN USING PROTEUS SOFTWARE
To evaluate the operation of the designed module, its computer simulation has been made with Proteus ISIS software version 7.7, Fig. 5 shows electronic schematics circuits of IESCRM with a GPRS module. Furthermore, Fig. 6 presents electronic schematic circuits of the IESCRM using Wi-Max modem whereas the architecture of the centralized network for supervision and remote maintenance of a wind park can be described as shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 5. Electronic schematics of IESCRM with GPRS module
The web pages can be viewed by browsing directly to the specific IP address device from the base station or from any other computer on the network. To maximize program memory space (and be able to fit the code in a PIC24FJ128GA010) an external 25LC256 Serial EEPROM is added which uses the SPI interface that can be shared with the ENC28J60 and the device much faster than the I2C part.
Fig. 6. Electronic schematics of IESCRM with Wi-Max modem
The IESCRM physical interface model transmits and receives data packets to base station through GPRS or Wi-Max connection. Meanwhile, the PIC24 runs it own TCP/IP stack and software, comprising a simple web server. This software enables the microcontroller to behave as a communications server, providing a support for a web client/server. When the simulation is started, the LCD display the IP address allocated
5. International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2014] 5
to the wireless modem by the office network DHCP server. For
demonstration purpose, the IP address of different IESCRM in
wind park network are assigned to be 192.168.11.X, where X
take it value between 2 and 255 and the IP of the central
web/database server was assigned to be 192.168.1.1, both
connected to the same network router.
Fig. 7. Structure of control and monitoring system of a wind park
In this architecture, each wind machine is equipped with an
IESCRM module identified by its own IP address, this allows to
collect and to store data received from different sensors
installed on each wind turbine. The IESCRM takes care of the
real time regular transmission of all measurements via GPRS or
Wi-Max to the server of supervision and control station which
has a specific IP address. This communication is established by
means of a dynamic web page shown in Fig. 8 indicating the
time and date, the wind turbine ID and its IP address and the
received data.
Fig. 8. IESCRM Server Web/Database Page monitoring
On the other side, IESCRM collaborates with the central
automaton regarding the operation mode of the wind machine.
The base station server allows management and processing of
the database samples received from different wind turbines in
order to make a decision or to apply a command using
diagnostic algorithms.
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS
The system described in the previous section for wind park
controlling and monitoring has been implemented and
simulated based on a realistic task by the OPNET Modeler 14.5
an Proteus ISIS via virtual serial connection ports under two
scenarios and carried out the simulation to evaluate and to
compare the performance of the IESCRM system in term of real
time data traffic for two different network technologies. The
scenarios developed in OPNET for Wi-Max and GPRS over
UMTS are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 and the system
parameters for both networks are detailed in Table 2 and Table
3.
Table 2: Wi-MAX Simulation Environment Parameters
System Parameters
Simulation time (sec) 3600
Data traffic rate 10 Mbps
Basic rate 1.5 Mbps
Service Class Name Gold/UGS
Antenna Gain 15 dBi
PHY profile Wireless OFDMA 20 MHz
Max. Transmit power 0.5 Watt
Path loss Pedestrian
BS MAC address Distance based
Table 3: UMTS Simulation Environment Parameters
System Parameters
Simulation time (sec) 3600
UMTS MN cell state CELL_DCH
UMTS RLC process time 0.015 sec
CPICH transmission Power 1Watt
Shadow fading Standard deviation 10
Processing time 0.02 sec
Path loss Pedestrian
UMTS GMM Timer 15/30/10
Two different applications are used: HTTP and Database.
The studied Wi-MAX and UMTS network models consists of
two Base Stations and two cells; each cell has four fixed wind
turbine machines which are equipped with an IESCRM to serve
all applications types. The coverage of one cell is approximately
2km by 2km of area.
6. Saad Chakkor et al. 6
Fig. 9. GPRS over UMTS wind park monitoring OPNET scenario
UMTS model shown in Fig. 9 comprises user equipments, Radio Network Controller (RNC) which is connected to the packet switched network via GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and through GPRS Gateway Support Node (GGSN) which in turn is connected to the IP Network.
Fig. 10. Wi-Max wind park monitoring OPNET scenario
Based on Fig. 11, the average response time in database query for GPRS has an unstable behavior. It is delayed with almost 127 times compared to the same time for Wi-Max network. In other side, it is clear from Fig. 12 that the average traffic received in database query increase significantly with time increasing and it takes a fixed maximum value for both GPRS and Wi-Max networks.
Fig. 11. Average response time in Database Query
The traffic received is much more important for the Wi-Max compared to GPRS and the difference between them is about 80%.
Fig. 12. Average traffic received in Database Query
Whereas, referring to the simulation results illustrated in Fig. 13, Wi-Max is much faster to provide web page in HTTP service and it exceeds GPRS with about 187 times in average. This page response time has an unstable evolution. Concerning the average traffic received in HTTP service for GPRS and Wi-Max shown in Fig. 14, it can be observed that the value of this parameter is greater for Wi-Max than GPRS with about 94%.
Fig. 13. Average Page response time in HTTP service
Indeed, as illustrated in Fig. 15, average network activation delay for Wi-Max is multiplied 137 times than that of GPRS. The obtained results can be justified by the fact that GPRS network covers a wide area but it data transmission is only able to achieve a data rate between 35Kbit/s and 87Kbit/s in practice. This is much less than Wi-Max which can reach 75Mbit/s. Wi-Max is able to bring more bandwidth and provides more connection quality services to benefit from the wind park monitoring. Furthermore, GPRS has a huge fluctuation in speed whereas Wi-Max gives a constant bandwidth which results in a constant and a fastest Internet service.
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Fig. 14. Average traffic received in HTTP service
Wi-Max remains the most appropriate technology choice to satisfy the QoS requirements and real time data traffic for wind turbines control and monitoring application.
Fig. 15. Average network activation delay
VIII. CONCLUSION
Wind turbine machines need periodical proactive maintenance to prolong their electromecanical components lifetime. The main contribution of this paper is to design, by study and analysis, an intelligent wireless remote monitoring and control system according to wind turbines features and requirements. Both hardware module and operating mode have been described in detail. This system based on IP communication combines Web and database client/server technology to copy data measurements received from the differents sensors installed in the wind turbine machines and therefore sends it to the base station through a wireless connection. The simulation comparison, with Proteus ISIS and OPNET simulators between GPRS and Wi-Max implementation with the studied module, favorites Wi-Max network due to their benefits over GPRS network. This intelligent device has low cost and it can be used in other application areas. Maintenance issues are now able to be resolved with this efficient communicator tool. The future work will be focused on the test and application of the whole monitoring system in the practice.
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