The document discusses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is an extensive membrane network inside cells. It has two regions: the smooth ER and rough ER. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and finishes making proteins. It is important for producing proteins that are essential for other organelles to function. The smooth ER produces lipids, engages in metabolism, and makes steroid hormones. It is also involved in detoxification. Dysfunctions of the ER and unfolded protein response are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and kidney diseases. Treating ER stress may aid in diagnosis and treatment of such diseases.

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY
(BSBT – 201)
PRESENTATION ON
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
NAME:- CHANDERHASH
1ST SEMESTER
ENROLLMENT NO. ASU2017010100041

2. ENDOPLASMIC = INSIDE THE CELL
RETICULUM = NETWORK
1) EXTENSIVE MEMBRANE SYSTEM
2) INCLUDES UP TO HALF OF
MEMBRANE OF CELL

3. There are two distinct regions of ER
1) Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes

4. Rough ER :- surface is studded with ribosomes

5. RIBOSOMES (PROTEIN FACTORIES)
Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
 In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
 On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear
envelope (bound ribosomes)
RIBOSOMES CAN BE FOUND ALONE IN THE CYTOPLASM

6. FUNCTIONS RER :-
 The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to finish making the proteins.
 Process: the rough endoplasmic reticulum wraps around the protein creating protection.
 This organelle works with ribosomes
 Without the rough endoplasmic reticulum producing proteins, the plasma membrane, Golgi
apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, and endosomes would not be able to work and the
cell would die.
which secrete glycoproteins

7. FUNCTIONS SER :-
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids, metabolism, and steroid
hormones.
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in the cytoplasm.
 Another function is to detoxify products, like in the liver.
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also works with the Golgi apparatus.
Golgi apparatus
Lipids

8. The endoplasmic reticulum is important
 The endoplasmic reticulum is important because without
proteins, everything would die.
 The endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids, lipids make the cell
wall, which keeps unwanted products out of the cell.

10. Parkinson’s disease :-
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
the death of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of protein aggregates (Lewy bodies,
LBs) in a distinct brain region.
 PD is a “protein misfolding” disorder.
 Current studies have shown that impaired protein quality control and
dysfunction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) have essential roles in
the pathogenesis of this disease.
 PD have revealed mutations in the Parkin gene, which encodes an enzyme
involved in the degradation of unfolded proteins.
 The loss of activity of this protein results in the accumulation of a
substrate of Parkin in the ER, leading to ER stress and apoptosis.
 overexpression of Parkin protects cells from ER-stress-induced death

11. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and autophagy in
kidney diseases :-
Our understanding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress the unfolded protein response (UPR)
and ER stress-induced autophagy in the kidney has increased.
using the presence of ER chaperones in the urine as a biomarker of renal ER stress,
TREATMENT :- Using pharmacological agents that improve protein folding or induce
the expression of chaperones,
may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease, respectively.
RESEARCH :-

13. THANK’S