Cell organelles
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Animal and plant cells contain similar organelles except for lysosomes, which are only found in animal cells, and chloroplasts, which are only found in plant cells. The document then provides detailed information about the structure and functions of various organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, nucleus, chromatin, and nucleolus.
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Lysosomes
This document discusses lysosomes and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). It provides background on the discovery of lysosomes and their structure and functions. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest macromolecules, cellular debris, and foreign material. CMA selectively degrades cytosolic proteins through binding to a chaperone and lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A. Disruption of CMA is implicated in diseases like Parkinson's and cancer. CMA activity declines with age.
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Peroxisomes in dermatology.ppt
Peroxisomes are intracellular organelles found in mammalian cells including keratinocytes. They contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and help break down fatty acids, hormones, and other molecules. Peroxisomes proliferate in response to peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs) which are nuclear receptors that bind to peroxisome proliferator response elements in DNA and modulate gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and peroxisome biogenesis. PPARs have roles in skin homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and lipid metabolism and are targets for modulating peroxisome functions.
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This document discusses lysosomes and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). It provides background on the discovery of lysosomes and their structure and functions. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest macromolecules, cellular debris, and foreign material. CMA selectively degrades cytosolic proteins through binding to a chaperone and lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A. Disruption of CMA is implicated in diseases like Parkinson's and cancer. CMA activity declines with age.
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Mitochondria and lysosomes are intracellular organelles that play important roles in cellular functions. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, with cristae folds in the inner membrane containing oxidative enzymes involved in respiration and ATP synthesis. The respiratory chain includes enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase that are involved in energy production. Mitochondria are also involved in apoptosis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function to digest foreign bodies, with lysosomal enzymes produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes aid in cellular waste removal and have bactericidal functions. Peroxisomes also contain oxidative enzymes and functions include detoxification and breaking down excess fatty acids.
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Mitochondria are organelles found in animal cells that produce ATP through respiration. They have a double membrane structure with an inner and outer membrane. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and are only inherited from mothers. As the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy through aerobic respiration using oxygen to convert food molecules into ATP.
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Peroxisomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that contain enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other organic substances. They produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct which is immediately broken down by the enzyme catalase. Peroxisomes play important roles in processes like fatty acid breakdown, bile acid and cholesterol synthesis, and the breakdown of toxic peroxides. Defects in peroxisome function can lead to genetic disorders affecting the nervous system, liver, and other organs.
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Peroxisomes are intracellular organelles that contain enzymes involved in various metabolic processes like lipid metabolism. They contain oxidases rather than hydrolases. Peroxisome biogenesis involves the recruitment of lipids and proteins. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate peroxisome functions. PPARs have roles in skin homeostasis, inflammation, differentiation, wound healing and diseases like psoriasis. Activation of PPARs modulates these processes by regulating gene expression.
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• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
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• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
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Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
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Cell organelles
- 2. The organelles of animal and plant cells are similar to each other except that __________ are present only in animal cells, and ___________ are present only in plant cells. ORGANELLES Animal and plant cells have organelles . Organelles compartmentalize functions within the cell.
- 26. Adrenoleukodystrophy: Deficiency in -oxidation of very long- chain fatty acids Zellweger syndrome: Defect in protein import, giving rise to “ghost peroxisomes”
Editor's Notes
- Depending on developmental stage and environment, #, size, enzymes, metabolic function, varies. Grow on sugar: small peroxisomes Grow on methanol: large peroxisomes that oxidize methanol Grow on FA: large and break down FA to AcetylCoA by -oxidation